著者

稲葉 智彦 向井 直樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.147-155, 2010 (Released:2010-07-20)

参考文献数

20

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When a unilateral transfemoral amputee performs sprinting, alternation between the sound limb and the prosthetic limb causes asymmetrical motion. One of the causes of the asymmetrical sprinting performance is that the knee joint of the prosthetic limb does not flex easily due to strong flexion resistance in order to prevent giving way during the landing by extension delay of the shank after flexion in the swing phase. This study examined whether the prosthetic limb performs the same motion as the sound limb working with the movements of the hip joint and other areas by setting the knee joint to allow easier flexion when relaxing the flexion-and-extension resistance of the knee joint in the swing phase. Moreover, when possible, we also examined whether this allows more rational motion than during sprinting when the flexion resistance of the knee joint is set strongly. The composition of the prosthetic limb used for the trial was an IRC (Ischial Ramal Containment) suction socket, high-activity hydraulic knee joint (model 3R55; Otto Bock, Duderstadt, Germany) in which the flexion-and-extension resistance was relaxed, in combination with an energy-storing prosthetic foot for running (model Sprinter; Otto Bock, Duderstadt, Germany). Sprinting was performed by a unilateral transfemoral amputee using this prosthetic limb after the subject had learned how to sprint while using it. Sprinting performance was filmed (30 fps) with a video tape recorder (DCR-PC101 NTSC, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and we compared the motion of the prosthetic foot and the knee joint angle with the motion of the sound limb. Moreover, the motion was also compared with that during sprinting when the flexion-and-extension resistance of the knee joint was set strongly. As a result of the relaxed setting of the prosthetic knee joint, it was shown that the prosthetic limb performed the same motion as a sound limb without giving way at landing by extension delay of the shank of the prosthetic limb during the swing phase. Moreover, it was shown that this setting facilitates more rational motion than that during sprinting with a stronger setting for the flexion resistance of the knee joint.

著者

永田 晟

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, 1965

著者

円田 善英 日高 義晴

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, 1968

著者

大久保 英哲

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.12047, (Released:2013-01-16)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2

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It is said that the history of Association Football in Japan, especially student soccer, began when an Englishman named DeHavilland moved from the Fourth High School in Kanazawa to the Tokyo Higher Normal School in September 1904, where he started coaching soccer. It has been recorded in the history of the Tokyo Higher Normal School soccer club that “some students of the University in Tokyo who said they had been taught football in Kanazawa came to Otsuka with their teacher, and we played a practice match together in December, 1904”. This article suggests that DeHavilland had also taught soccer in Kanazawa. However, in the history of the Fourth High School soccer club, it is stated that “soccer began in Kanazawa in 1924”, and does not mention DeHavilland. On the basis of this evidence, the history of soccer in Japan states that “this may have not been the case, because of the short stay of DeHavilland and lack of any proof that soccer was played in Kanazawa”. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to obtain documentary evidence of DeHavilland and to clarify whether he did, in fact, play soccer in Kanazawa during 1898-1904, based on new documents from the Fourth High School and articles in the school union magazine at that time. The findings obtained were as follows: 1.  DeHavilland urged students to play football after he started working at the Fourth High School in 1898. His words at the kick-off, which marked the start of student soccer in Japan, were: “ It is no matter, hailing, snowing, raining. Come and play!” 2.  It is stated in Hokushinkai magazine that DeHavilland was involved in establishing a football club in 1898. Mention of the football club appeared in the Fourth High School Union rulebook in 1899, and the name DeHavilland appeared in the list of board members of the football club in 1901. 3.  On April 18th, 1901, football was played for 30 minutes at the Fourth High School as one of the sports at the sports festival. 4.  On October 5th, 1902, at the ceremony to mark the opening of the “football club” at Ishikawa Prefectural Second Junior High School, DeHavilland and Wohlfarth both played goalkeeper. This evidence of the involvement of DeHavilland and Wohlfarth in soccer at the Fourth High School and in Kanazawa should be regarded as one of the hidden roots of student soccer in Japan.

著者

水谷 光壮 久々 宮二 笠原 茂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, 1966

著者

石田 智巳

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.3, pp.325-339, 2006-05

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Kentaro Sasaki (1923-1994) was a teacher who established a new method of physical education using essay writing in the postwar period when new methods of physical education had been sought for. He is also known as a teacher who advocated "physical education for defending our lives". The purpose of this research is to clarify the meaning of his slogan "defend our lives" and the process and his intention in advocating this approach. Sasaki began to advocate his ideas in the autumn of 1953. Based on materials written by him and the members of his kinan sakubun kyoiku kenkyukai ("Kinan Essay Writing Workshop"), I analyzed the following points: (1) the trend of study of the kinan sakubun kyoiku kenkyukai, (2) Sasaki's writing concerning "life", and (3) his "physical education theory". It was apparent that he used the term "defend our lives" in two ways: (1) in the sense of "building up our health", and (2) in the sense of "making students more aware of factors that hinder health-building". Moreover, I prove that his advocacy of "physical education for defending our lives" came not only from the fact that he was against "education for giving up our lives" (which had always been pointed out by many people), but also from his critisism of the fact that physical education and its teachers at that time did not defend the lives of children, in other words, from his criticism of the teaching method that he had been adopting.

著者

高岡 治子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.525-538, 2010 (Released:2010-12-28)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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Japanese married women only began participating widely in sports after the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964. It is often said that sports activities by housewives indicated their liberation from isolated domestic life, thereby promoting gender equality. However, close examination of the systemic characteristics of the ‘Mothers’ Volleyball’ movement (based on its ideology, competition rules and the nature of its routine activities) has shown that these activities possess both a recycling structure that releases housewives from their homes temporarily and reflects the participants’ ‘housewifeliness’, thereby reinforcing the separation of roles between the sexes. In order to clarify by whom and for what purpose this recycling structure was created, this paper focuses on the organizing bodies (sponsor organizations, supporting companies and other bodies that organized and ran the national championships, incorporating the systemic characteristics of Mothers’ Volleyball), analyzing the reasons for their involvement with the movement and the benefits they derived from it. The results show that the periodic reflection of housewifeliness, which housewives needed in order to continue in their role as housewives, was necessary for the economic and social benefit of all the organizations involved, and that this is why these organizations committed themselves to the movement. Participating in sports freed housewives from the routine of daily home life, and activities such as helping to organize competitions promoted their socialization and changed their image from that of ‘isolated housewife’ to ‘sporting housewife’ and further to ‘independent housewife’. The recycling structure mentioned earlier can therefore be thought of as being a directional spiral, and the organizing bodies that ran the national championships can be said to be its drivers. This spiral, which helped to reproduce ‘housewifeliness’, supplied society with good-quality labour for sustaining Japan's rapid economic growth, which was a political issue in the 1970s. The participation of housewives in sports as one of the activities of parent-teacher associations and women's associations can also be said to have contributed to local revitalization, another political topic at that time. Meanwhile, making sports one of their routine, repeated activities made housewives’ lives more satisfying, so that Mothers’ Volleyball acted as a medium for the formation of a conjugate relationship between housewives and society.

著者

富木 謙治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, 1963

著者

万井 正人 伊藤 一生 大山 良徳 菊池 邦雄 高木 公三郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, 1965

著者

鈴木 清 松田 岩男 近藤 充夫 石川 尚子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, 1965

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.259-273, 2005-05

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Until about 1920, swordsmanship was known as kenjyutsu or gekiken (gekken). Now, however, it is well known as kendo. This article attempts to clarify the reasons why kendo took the place of kenjyutsu. As the Japanese Ministry of Education first adopted gekiken in 1911 as a field of gymnastics, the Ministry ran a special school for swordsmen selected from middle schools across the entire country. Such a move was necessary because most swordsmen were not qualified as school instructors. Fortunately, a book written by a participant who recorded the lectures from this special school remains. From the manuscript, it is clear that, despite the fact that swordsmanship which consisted of fencing with bamboo swords was renamed gekiken, the Ministry instructed that the aim of swordsmanship practice was not to advance its techniques, but to build up spiritual endurance. A lecturer at the school, Sasaburo Takano, the first swordsmanship instructor at the Tokyo Higher Normal School, did not comment about the naming of swordsmanship, because he used both the terms bujyutsu (martial arts including kenjyutsu) and budo (martial arts including kendo) to describe the relationship between practice and the aim of martial arts. However, it is very interesting that another lecturer at the school, Michiaki Nagai, who was the only professor of gymnastics, argued that because the characters geki and ken emphasised technique over spirituality, gekiken should not be used at all. Thus what he emphasised was not gekiken but kendo.

著者

高橋 幸一

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.19-30, 2011

被引用文献数

2

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In recent decades, much evidence for women's sports in the ancient world has been uncovered. In ancient Greece, men concentrated on politics, wars, athletics, and the like, whereas desirable womanly qualities were considered to be beauty, modesty and obedience. Accordingly, no women's events were included in the ancient Olympic Games. It is said that married women were not allowed to be present at Olympia during the games, although unmarried women were permitted to watch the games. Except in militaristic Sparta, athletics were usually for male citizens.<br> However, in the festivals of Hera, only girls could compete in foot-races. Like the boys, Spartan girls paraded naked in the presence of the men and participated in foot-races, wrestling, discus and javelin. Tryphosa, but also her two sisters, competed in and won foot-races in several major athletic festivals, but not at Olympia. Although married women could not compete in the Olympics, they could win Olympic victories in the equestrian events. Thus it is certain that women did participate in athletics. This paper examines the participation of women in sports at the Olympic Games and the festivals of Hera.<br> Except for the priestess of Demeter Chamyne, married women were forbidden to attend the Olympics as spectators. Unmarried women and girls were also excluded from watching the games. In order to prevent bribery, trainers had to present themselves naked and undergo physical examinations. Unmarried women competed every four years in foot-races at the festivals of Hera held at Olympia. Some have suggested that the Heraian games became Panhellenic, but there is no historic evidence for this. The local festivals in which only women and girls were able to participate took place separately from the Olympics.<br> Kyniska of Sparta was the first women's Olympic victor in the four-horse chariot race. Agesilaus persuaded his sister Kyniska to enter a chariot race at Olympia and showed that Olympic chariot victories could be won by wealth and not by manly courage. However, it is certain that Kyniska was exceedingly ambitious to enter the Olympic Games, winning twice in all. However Kyniska's victories did not lead to the spreading of women's sports or to improvement of women's rights.<br>

著者

竹中 晃二 大場 ゆかり 満石 寿

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.157-168, 2010 (Released:2010-07-20)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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The Relapse Prevention Model (RPM) has provided a framework for successful long-term maintenance of some types of health behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify high-risk situations for inducing exercise slip and lapse, which may lead to real relapse, and to clarify the coping strategies in this regard for Japanese regular exercisers, from the viewpoint of the RPM. We examined 677 regular exercisers by obtaining open-ended responses about 1) their typical high-risk situations as immediate determinants interfering with their planned exercise, 2) their coping responses to those situations, and 3) subsequent patterns of exercise outcome. High-risk situations included fatigue, bad weather, bad conditioning or injury, work or academic obligation, troubles in personal life, interpersonal relationships, and getting into a groove, although the frequency orders differed according to gender. Females were more aware that interpersonal relationships were associated with a higher incidence of exercise slip and lapse than did males, whereas males identified fatigue as the highest risk. Positive coping strategies as problem solving and behavior strategies as execution of routine work were most commonly employed, and were associated with positive exercise outcome for both females and males. On the other hand, the usage of negative coping strategies tended to lead to slip and lapse. These results suggest that adoption of coping strategies regarding high-risk situations is associated with exercise outcome, although the effects differ between males and females. These data demonstrate the importance of coping ability or strategy for exercise and suggest that slip and lapse may result from ineffective coping with high-risk situations. These findings confirm and extend previous work on the application of the RPM for examining exercise slip and lapse. Measurement issues and knowledge derived from this study are discussed in relation to future application to real practice.

著者

下田 学 福永 哲夫 金久 博昭 川上 泰雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.1, pp.87-97, 2008-06-30 (Released:2008-09-13)

参考文献数

33

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of varying inter-contraction intervals on central and peripheral muscle fatigue during intermittent contractions. Six healthy men carried out maximal unilateral isometric plantar flexions 50 times, separated with an interval of 2, 4, 10, or 30 s. Supramaximal electrical stimuli (twitches) were imposed percutaneously on the tibial nerve during and after every 10th contraction to assess the level of voluntary activation. The surface electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from the medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG and LG) and soleus (Sol) muscles. Plantar flexion torque and other parameters were maintained over contractions with 30-s intervals, while the torque as well as EMG activity of the MG, LG and Sol and the level of voluntary activation decreased significantly under conditions using 2-, 4-, and 10-s intervals. The amount of decrease in the parameters was greater for shorter intervals. With 2-s intervals, the twitch torque decreased significantly, the half-relaxation time of the twitch torque increased significantly, and the EMG mean power frequency of the MG and LG shifted significantly toward lower frequencies, whereas no significant changes were found under other conditions. These results indicate that there are differences in the contributions of central and peripheral fatigue, both of which are a function of inter-contraction interval.

著者

徳久 珠雄 山本 英毅

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.5, 1970

著者

池田 瑞音 宮永 豊 下條 仁士 白木 仁 水上 正人 吉田 廣 目崎 登

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.287-295, 2008-12-10 (Released:2009-02-25)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

2

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The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of teeth clenching on isokinetic muscle strength during isokinetic elbow (60, 120 degrees per second) and knee (60, 180 degrees per second) extension and flexion using a BIODEX isokinetic dynamometer. Twenty-five American football players (19.6±1.3 years) with normal occlusion served as subjects. Isokinetic muscle strength of the elbow and knee, extension and flexion strength were measured during tooth clenching (Bite), biting with a soft biteplate (Soft), biting with a hard biteplate (Hard), and without tooth clenching (No-bite). Analysis of the peak torque per body weight and the time to peak torque yielded the following results:1) The peak torque per body weight of elbow extension with Soft was significantly higher than with Bite and No-bite (120 deg/s, p<0.05).2) The time to peak torque of elbow extension with Hard was significantly slower than that with No-bite and Soft (60 deg/s, p<0.05), and those with Bite and Hard were significantly slower than that with No-bite (120 deg/s, p<0.05).3) The peak torque per unit body weight of knee flexion with Bite and Hard were significantly lower than that with No-bite (60 deg/s, p<0.05), and that with Bite was significantly lower than that with No-bite (180 deg/s, p<0.05).4) The time to peak torque of knee flexion with Soft and Hard were significantly slower than that with No-bite (60 deg/s, p<0.05), and that with Bite, Soft and Hard were significantly slower than that with No-bite (180 deg/s, p<0.05).These findings suggest that tooth clenching and the materials of the biteplate are factors that lead to increased isokinetic muscle strength of elbow extension and to decreased isokinetic muscle strength of knee flexion. Thus it appears that tooth clenching and the materials of the bite-plate do not influence isokinetic elbow flexion muscle strength or knee extension muscle strength.

著者

山中 邦夫 大石 三四郎 青井 水月 近藤 充夫 浅井 克晏 関岡 康夫 飯田 稔 滝 弘之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.5, 1970

著者

森田 昭子 和泉 貞男 豊田 博 鳥津 大宣 宇梶 公平

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, 1968

著者

大久保 英哲

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.1-14, 2009-06-30 (Released:2009-11-05)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

3 1

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The French military assistance advisory, which visited Japan in 1867, placed emphasis on “development of the body” as basic training for soldiers, and actually gave instructions for this purpose. The textbook used for this instruction had never been identified, but as a result of reviewing Mokuba no Sho (“the book of the wooden horse”, published around 1867) written by Hayashi Shojuro (1824–1896), their interpreter, it was found that this is a translation of the part describing wooden horse exercises in the French manual of army gymnastic exercises, “Instruction pour l'enseignement de la gymnastique”, which was the gymnastics textbook brought to Japan by the French military delegation. In addition to the 200-page text, a total of 18 pages of figures illustrating 33 pieces of gymnastic apparatus and exercises using them, and a plan of an outdoor apparatus gymnastics field with apparatus for 200 to 300 people are attached.The “Instruction” continued to be studied mainly by the army. On the other hand, the Ministry of Education established the taiso denshu jo (Physical Training Institute) in 1878, and invited the American medical doctor, George Adams Leland (1850–1924), to conduct research there. Through his study, the Ministry of Education selected light gymnastics as the most suitable method for the Japanese school physical education system, and it became popular nationwide around 1885 as alumni of the Physical Training Institute spread throughout Japan.In 1883, however, the Ministry of Education instructed the implementation of hohei soren (infantry training) and heishiki taiso (military exercises) for secondary schools in addition to the normal gymnastics. This marks the introduction of the French gymnastics, employed by the army, into school physical education.As we can see, the French military assistance advisory's visit to Japan at the end of the Edo Period and the “Instruction” they brought with them, were quickly followed by the establishment of the Japanese army gymnastics system. Along with the implementation of infantry training and military exercises around 1885, it also left clear traces in the formulation of the modern Japanese physical education system.

著者

雨宮 輝也 黒田 善雄 加賀谷 熈彦 塚越 克己 太田 裕造

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.5, 1969