著者

伊藤 政展

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.93-100, 1979-09-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

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The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses suggested by a motivational account of hypnotic phenomena: (1) The performance on the hand dynamometer task in the hypnotic state without additional motivating suggestions (hypnosis per se) would be better than the performance in the waking state with no suggestions. (2) The performance on the hand dynamometer task in the hypnotic state with task motivating suggestions would be better than the performance in the waking state with the same suggestions, and also better than the performance in the hypnosis per se. Thirty university male students were employed as subjects (Ss) in the experiment, who were able to pass the item of arm catalepsy in the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS). Ss performed the hand dynamometer task under three experimental conditions which were completely counterbalanced (hypnosis per se, and hypnotic and waking states with task motivating suggestions) and three base level conditions, all intertrial intervals being 20 min. Ss were hypnotized with aid of HGSHS and were tested after passing the item of arm catalepsy. The results of Newman-Keuls test revealed that the hypnotic and waking suggestions resulted in significant increments in performance, but that the difference of the increment between both conditions was not significant. That is, two hypotheses were not confirmed here. However, the results of cluster analysis indicated that on the performance of Ss of high and medium levels of susceptibility to hypnosis, the two hypotheses were supported and that the induction of hypnosis tended to depress the performance of Ss of low susceptibility to hypnosis. These findings seem to suggest that the hypnotic susceptibility is one of the most important factors to determine the effects of hypnosis on muscular strength, and to provide an insight into the contradictions of hypnotic literature.

著者

高岡 治子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.391-407, 2008-12-10 (Released:2009-02-25)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1 2

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Japanese married women only began participating widely in sports after the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964. It is often said that participation in sports by housewives symbolized their liberation from isolated domestic life, thereby promoting gender equality. This thesis examines the development of housewives' sports activities and the characteristics of the sports institution, taking “Mums' Volleyball” as the main example, and concludes that those housewives undertook their role without themselves realizing that they were contributing to national economic growth, thereby exaggerating the sexual division of labor. The perpetuation of “housewifeliness” signifies repeated states in which housewives were liberated from their daily household routine, and then were empowered to fulfill their roles as home-makers even more effectively by the sports activities in which they participated. Thus the perpetuation of “housewifeliness” could be expressed as a circular diagram illustrating repeated liberation from “housewifeliness” and its prepetuation. With the development of their sports activities, the image of housewives changed from “isolated” to “cheerful”, and then to “autonomous”, and thus the circle could be considered a spiral diagram.In order to examine the concept of perpetuation of “housewifeliness”, how married women came to be regarded as “housewives” will be outlined, then the reasons why the housewives' sports movement occurred in the 1970s will be discussed. Finally, analysis of the institutional characteristics of “Mum's Volleyball”, such as ideology, rules, facilities for training, etc., will explain how “housewifeliness” was perpetuated.“Mums' Volleyball” was an informal name, and “Housewives' Volleyball” was the official one. Although since the 1970s, the word “housewife” has almost never been used because of its gender inference, it has been used in many cases with reference to sports activities by married women. As the word “housewife”, however, symbolized a good wife and mother, sports activities were accepted and acknowledged by their husbands and their families and, ultimately by society.The housewives who perpetuated “housewifeliness” contributed to the country's economic growth by ensuring that their husbands were always in top condition for work. In the meantime, they were required to have organizational skills, for example, skills for managing their teams, sports associations, and various tournaments in which they participated. Thus the housewives' sports activities could be said to have two faces: one was to free housewives from home-bound chores, encouraging them to have social empowerment, and the other was to accelerate their sexual division of labor as home-makers.

著者

唐木 国彦 前川 峯雄 丹下 保夫 弘中 栄子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.5, 1967

著者

鈴木 健介 浅井 武 平嶋 裕輔 松竹 貴大 中山 雅雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19002, (Released:2019-08-20)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1

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In football it is necessary to score more goals than one’s opponents in order to win the game. One strategy for gaining goals and scoring opportunities is attacking through the gap between an opposing defender (DF) and a midfielder (MF) (the DF-MF gap). However, research on this form of attack has revealed that it is merely more likely to lead to scoring and scoring opportunities than other forms of attack. In the present study, therefore, through a comparison between the Japanese J League (JL) and the German Bundesliga (BL), we examined the features of DF-MF attack play in the JL and BL and differences between them, in order to clarify the challenges in the JL for creating scoring opportunities. We determined the number of passes into the DF-MF gap, the number of passes from players receiving the ball in the DF-MF gap, and the relationship between receiving the ball in the DF-MF gap and the opposing DF. The sample used for analysis was a total of 40 games: 20 in the JL (2015 season) and 20 in the BL (2015/2016 season). For statistical analysis, independent t test and chi-squared test were conducted. In comparison to the BL, the rate of penetration into the DF-MF gap was lower in the JL. In addition, it became clear that in the JL there was a lower proportion of scoring opportunities such as penetration into the PA and shots when penetrating into the DF-MF gap than was the case in the BL. This was considered to be due to the fact that in the JL, the number of balls received in the DF-MF gap in the direction of goal was lower than that in the BL. Furthermore, in the JL, when the ball was received in the DF-MF gap, the proportion of moves defended from the opponent goal side was higher than in the BL, suggesting a problem in how the ball is received. These findings suggest that in the JL it is necessary to increase the opportunity for scoring by making it easier for the ball to advance in a goalward direction by receiving the ball when separated from the opponent DF.

著者

小野寺 孝一 宮下 充正

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.4, pp.191-203, 1976

被引用文献数

38 24

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本研究は, 全身持久性運動における主観的強度(Rating of perceived exertion:RPE)をratingするscale をBorgのscaleに対応させて作成し, 主観的強度と客観的強度との対応関係を検討した. 本報告は3つの内容からなる. (1)持久性運動における主観的強度のrating scaleの日本語表示法を検討し, scaleを作成した. このscaleを用いて得られた値は, %VO_2max及び%HRmaxと高い相関があり, Borgのscaleを用いた結果とも比較検討が可能であり, 日本語表示のrating scaleとして適切なものであるとの結論に至った. (2)作成した日本語のrating scaleを用い, トレッドミル走及び自転車エルゴメーター駆動における主観的強度と客観的強度との対応関係を検討した. その結果, RPEは作業の種類や被検者の体力水準が異なっていても, ある作業における各個人の最大作業能力に対する相対値と高い相関があることが明らかになった. (3)主観的強度を用いて全身持久性向上のための運動処方を行った. トレーニングの結果, 最大酸素摂取量は増加した. 各個人について, トレーニング前後のRPEと測定値との関係を比較してみると, RPEと走速度, RPEとVO_2との関係は最大作業能力の増加にともなって変化したが, RPEとHR及び%VO_2maxとの関係は変わらなかった.

著者

松田 太希

出版者

日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.407-420, 2016-12

著者

高松 祥平 山口 泰雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.793-806, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

2 3

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This study was conducted to examine the competency of Kokoyakyu (Japanese high-school baseball) managers by developing and then applying a suitable measurement scale. First, we interviewed 6 Kokoyakyu managers, identifying 245 competency items. To categorize these items, one professor and 4 graduate students in sport sociology conducted a panel discussion. This yielded 48 competency items that were divided into 10 categories. Second, to appraise the reliability and validity of the resulting scale, we sent questionnaires to 1,000 managers, and received 421 replies. Item-total correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis revealed 6 factors comprising 24 competency items: (1) trust relationship (6 items), (2) powers of observation (4 items), (3) educational guidance (3 items), (4) autonomy support (4 items), (5) relationship of supporters (3 items), and (6) skill and tactics instruction (4 items). The indices of model data fit were χ2/df=1.72, GFI=.87, CFI=.90, and RMSEA=.058. Assessment of construct validity comprised 3 components: convergent validity (Cronbach's alpha, average variance extracted, and construct reliability), discriminant validity, and content validity. The scale was observed to be reliable and valid. Comparison of the scale based on managers' profiles indicated significant differences based on team results, experience in developing players on the path to professional baseball, and years of experience.

著者

白井 祐介 品田 貴恵子 吉岡 利貢 鍋倉 賢治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.263-274, 2014 (Released:2014-06-13)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

2 1

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of differences in stroke rate (SR) on energy expenditure during rowing. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured under different SR conditions with the same power output. Eight male collegiate rowers (age: 21.6±1.4 yr, height: 171.1±1.8 cm, weight: 68.7±1.9 kg) participated in the study. First, they performed an incremental test on a rowing ergometer to determine power output at the blood lactate threshold (PLT). On other days, they performed 6 different SR trials maintaining their power output at 80% PLT (80% LT test) and 90% PLT (90% LT test), respectively. During the 80% and 90% LT tests, each subject used a triaxial accelerometer sensor placed on the back, and integrals of the absolute value of the accelerometer output from three directions (IAA) were calculated as an index of physical activity level. The most economical SR, at which VO2 was lowest, was found at 80% and 90% LT. In both tests, a higher IAA was observed with increasing SR. Under SR conditions higher than the economical point, there was a significant correlation between the increasing amount of IAA (ΔIAA) and VO2 (ΔVO2) from the economical SR during the 90% LT test (r=0.673, P<0.001). There were strong correlations (r>0.9) between IAA and VO2 in many subjects at a SR higher than the economical point. These results suggest that there is an economical SR point with the same power output during rowing. Additionally, an increasing amount of VO2 associated with IAA at a higher SR than the economical point. This suggests that IAA is useful for estimation of energy expended by the moving body during rowing.

著者

野中 由紀 安藤 真太郎 山田 幸雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.241-262, 2017 (Released:2017-06-22)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

2

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This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of the games played by every world top-level women chopper by studying 8 players (A-H) using notational game performance analysis. The games sample comprised 6 games per player, 48 games in total, from the 2013-2015 world championship and International Table Tennis Federation World Tour. Analysis items were the number of shots played per rally, the utilization, the winning and the losing ratios according to the classification of techniques, the utilization ratios of each techniques belonging to the classification. It also considered utilization ratios of various attacking combinations and the techniques used before an attack. The data obtained were processed using statistical methods such as Fisher's exact test and the Kruskal-Wallis test.  The main results were as follows: 1) In terms of the average number of shots played per rally, more losing rallies than winning rallies were observed. Furthermore, winning ratios for 1-3 shots of the rally were high, except for H while they were low for 4-9 shots. Winning ratios after 10 shots of the rally were high in 3 players, who had higher world rankings while they were low in other players. 2) The utilization of an attack was 16% of maximums. In addition, losing ratios for attack for a high-ranking player were less than 25% while they were high for other players. 3) The total percentages for the chop and the push were 81% of maximums and 62% of minimums. Moreover, some players mainly utilized the chop while others mainly utilized the push. 4) The utilization ratios of the various attack different for each player, and these could be classified into 5 types: Forehand counter loop drive (Fhdr), Backhand smash (Bsm), Forehand speed drive (Fsdr), Forehand smash (Fsm), and Backhand speed drive (Bsdr). 5) The utilization ratios for all players had more backhand chop (Bc) than forehand chop (Fc) and more backhand push (Bt) than forehand push (Ft), except for one player. This was considered to be common for all world-class choppers. 6) The utilization ratios of the technique used before an attack were different for each player, and these techniques could be classified into 3 types: the chop, the push, and the service before the attack.

著者

朝岡 正雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.1-18, 2011 (Released:2011-07-08)

参考文献数

69

被引用文献数

1

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Modern physical education appeared in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. In this article, we trace the developmental process of “instruction theory” in European physical education studies and sports science from the end of the eighteenth century to the present in order to consider the relationship between the didactics of physical education and contemporary training science. Focusing on general theories of instruction, we examine the nature of science and make proposals for the restructuring of training science that could be useful in practice. These considerations revealed the following points: 1) In Europe, the theory of instruction in physical education differentiated into Didaktik (didactics), Methodik (methodology), and Bewegungslehre (movement theory) in the 1950s and 1960s. 2) In the end of the 1960s, “Trainingslehre” (theory of training in competitive sport) appeared in Eastern Europe. In the 1970s, the theory of training based on induction from practical experience became a scientific discipline, and was applied as a general theory to various fields such as physical education, recreational sport, and physical activity for health. As a result, the name was changed to “Trainingswissenschaft” (training science). In this way, training science began to incorporate the didactics of physical education. 3) When attempting to restructure training science as an interdisciplinary applied science, we face an insoluble aporia. That is, human movement as a subject of study is so complex that any natural scientific approach needs to be divided infinitely into sub-disciplines, making it more difficult to integrate as an interdisciplinary science. 4) In order to overcome this problem, it is necessary to derive a general theory from practice, rather than from principles of established science. We propose the term coaching science to describe this new theory.

著者

山地 啓司 猪飼 道夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.7-16, 1972

被引用文献数

1

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一般成人10名(23〜29歳), 中・長距離選手6名(20〜25歳)について, Filleyの steady state method でCO及びO_2肺拡散容量(D_<Lco>及びD_<Lo_2>)を, Douglas bag method で酸素摂取量(Vo_2)を測定した. さらに, 一般成人l8名, 中・長距離選手15名について, 同じ測定法で最大O_2肺拡散容量(max D_<LO_2>)及び最大酸素摂取量(max Vo_2)を測定した. その結果, 両グループとも酸素摂取量(Vo_2)の増加にともなってCO及びO_2肺拡散容量(D_<Lco>及びD_<LO_2>)が比例して増加することを認めた. また, 中・長距離選手は一般成人よりも同一量の酸素を摂取する時, CO及びO_2肺拡散容量(D_<LCO>及びD_<LO_2>)が高いことが認められた. さらに, 最大酸素摂取量(max Vo_2)と最大O_2肺拡散容量(max D_<Lo_2>)との間には相関係数が r=0.817となり, 最大酸素摂取量(max Vo_2)が大きい者は最大O_2肺拡散容量も大きいことが明らかとなった.

著者

松尾 博一 山田 幸雄 増地 克之 松元 剛

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.353-367, 2019-06-17 (Released:2019-06-25)

参考文献数

31

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The purpose of this study was to extract current issues associated with the understanding of tackling techniques taught by college football coaches in Japan. The goal was to acquire fundamental information for a coaching method that would promote safe and effective tackling techniques. A total of 99 college football coaches from Japan (mean age 36.7±0.5 years) took part in the study. A questionnaire was conducted in order to understand key points that were considered important in their coaching methods. The results and observations can be summarized as follows. 1. Tackling techniques taught by football coaches in Japan often lead to concussions. This is due to coaching methods that focus heavily on tackling techniques with high concussion risks, and placing no importance on HUT-based tackling. In addition, their understanding of the “Hit” phase and “HUT” varies, leading to a greater possibility of teaching tackling with a high risk of concussion. 2. Regardless of factors such as age, the position taken as an active player, the instructor’s income, and coaching qualifications, coaches who do not have much player or coach experience have an increased tendency to teach tackling techniques associated with high risks of concussion and injury. 3. In order to prevent concussions and promote safer tackling coaching in Japan, it is crucial for coaches who have little experience in playing or coaching to have access to appropriate information and education opportunities, and for coach certification programs to be improved.

著者

村井 友樹 李 燦雨

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.565-575, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

64

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The aim of this study was to clarify the background and features of implementation of the Nationwide Swimming Training for Conscription Candidates (NSTCC). The tasks of the study were to elucidate the 1) background, 2) preparation, 3) contents, and 4) results of NSTCC implementation.   The results of this study were as follows:   1)  After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war, the problem of a lack of swimming ability was observed among soldiers, so municipal governments and the Ministry of Health and Welfare turned to the STCC as the solution.   2)  As the Sino-Japanese war was prolonged, the Ministry of Health and Welfare integrated the STCC, which had previously been conducted as a separate program, into one implementation throughout the whole country.   3)  After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the situation was worsening, and the lack of swimming ability in ground forces became obvious. To resolve this problem, the Ministry of Health and Welfare decided on a comprehensive implementation program, which was planned at the beginning of 1943, through the NSTCC.   4)  The NSTCC was supported by the Imperial Rule Assistance Association and its neighborhood associations. Since swimming training on a nationwide scale was not compulsory for all conscription candidates, the Imperial Rule Assistance Association mobilized conscription candidates to participate in training through different propagandas.   5)  The National Physical Training Association trained coaches for each prefecture and each implementation district. Most coaches in each implemental district were school teachers.   6)  In was recommended that the NSTCC be conducted using swimming pools, but a number of implementation districts did so in seas, rivers, or lakes.   7)  The first half of the NSTCC was intended to cultivate the ability to float, on the assumption that this ability was basic training in order for beginners to master swimming.   8)  During the second half of the NSTCC, attaining the technique of sidestroke or breaststroke was preferred. Each implementation district was able to choose a stroke (sidestroke or breaststroke).   9)  Disciplinary training was highly regarded in the NSTCC.   10)  As 95% of all participants were able to swim for more than 10 meters upon completing training, the NSTCC was judged to have been effective in eliminating a lack of swimming ability.

著者

谷中 拓哉 矢内 利政

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.799-810, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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In baseball batting, rotation around the long axis of the bat, know as " rolling ", has been observed. A batter who can attain a higher rolling speed before ball impact can achieve a higher rotation speed of the struck ball, which increases the ball’s flight distance. It has been suggested that batters who swing the bat with high nutation can attain a high rolling speed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of instruction aimed at increasing the rolling speed in baseball batting. Ten batters performed tee-stand batting under 2 conditions: a usual swing (CON1), and a swing after being instructed to position the bat vertically, and then swing by rapidly lowering the bat head (CON2). The three-dimensional motion of the bat was measured using a small accelerometer and gyro sensor attached to the grip-end of the bat. This sensor was able to measure the swing speed, swing time, rolling speed, swing angle (angle between the bat head velocity vector and the horizontal plane) and vertical angle of the bat (angle between the long axis of the bat and the horizontal plane) before ball impact and the swing trajectory from the start of the swing until ball impact. The rolling speeds employed were 726°/s (CON1) and 854°/s (CON2). The rolling speed for CON2 was significantly higher than that for CON1 (p <0.05). On the other hand, there was no evident difference in swing speed between CON1 (30.1 m/s) and CON2 (30.2 m/s), nor were there any differences in other swing parameters before ball impact. Batters who swung the bat at a high nutation speed in response to instruction increased the rolling speed, but those who were unable to change the swing trajectory and nutation speed failed to change the rolling speed. These results indicate that batters increase the rolling speed without changing swing parameters such as swing speed, swing time and the vertical angle of the bat in response to the above instruction.

著者

小木曽 一之 串間 敦郎 安井 年文 青山 清英

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.6, pp.449-462, 1997

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The puropose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the pattern of change in the sprinting speed that is the final results of the sprinting movements, and (b) to find out whether the characteristics in the sprinting speed change due to the differences in age, sex, sprinting ability and training status. One-hundred thirty male and 123 female ordinary students aged 6 to 18, and 30 male and 23 female sprint runners aged 9, 10, 11 and 18 participated in this study. They were instructed to excute an exhaustive sprinting. Sprinting times ranged from about 20 to 30 sec. The elapsed times were measured every five meters in their sprinting. In the analysis, the polynomial curve fitting from 5th-degree to 9th-degree was used for the predictions of the sprinting distances with respect to the elapsed times every 0.1 sec. From the relations of the distances to times the following speeds were computed: 1) the sprinting speed that was computed by differentiating the sprinting distance, and 2) the average speed form start to the elapsed time every 0.1 sec. The sprinting speed reached the peak speed after about 6to 7 sec from start. The average speed showed the peak speed after about 15 sec from start. These characteristics with respect to time remained unchanged despite the differences in age, sex, sprinting performance and training status. The time at the maximum average speed was particularly stable. The maximum average speed was about 90% of the maximum sprinting speed. This result also remained unchanged despite the differences in age, sex, sprinting performance and training status,respectively. These results indicate that the pattern of change in the sprinting speed with respect to time is rather constant without the distinction of age, sex, sprinting performance and training status. The sprinting performance, however, improved with age and by training. This result was mostly caused by the increase of the maximum sprinting speed with age and by training. These characteristics with respect to time and speed seem to cause the differences in the sprinting distance.

著者

冨田 幸祐

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.707-721, 2018

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This study was performed to clarify the issue of Japan's participation in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Indonesia in 1963. Indonesia, which was officially banned by the International Olympic Committee from participating in the Olympic games due to its rejection of Taiwanese and Israeli participation in the 4th Asian Games in 1962, launched GANEFO as an alternative international sporting competition. Despite the fact that Indonesia invited Japan to GANEFO, the invitation was sent to neither the Japan Amateur Sports Association (JASA) nor the Japan Olympic Committee, but instead to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). This was because GANEFO was, by nature, inseparable from Indonesian national policy, and Indonesia suggested that Japan participate in the newly launched competition as a political request. The MFA preferred to avoid political intervention in sport and left the decision to JASA. However, the cabinet of Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda tried to address GANEFO's request in view of the relationship between Japan and Indonesia that existed in those days and the upcoming meeting between Prime Minister Ikeda and President Sukarno. In principle, Ikeda's cabinet needed to refrain from intervening in GANEFO (as it was a matter of sport), but in practice it was unavoidable for the cabinet to deal with GANEFO's request because of the highly political nature of the issue.

著者

奥村 基生 吉田 茂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.3, pp.245-257, 2007 (Released:2007-07-14)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the response selection of collegiate kendo players (mid- and high-level skill groups, n=9 for both groups) during matches from complex viewpoints. First, the subjects reported their own skill (or waza) knowledge utilized during practices and matches, and then participated in matches with players of the same group. We analyzed their thinking processes and frequencies of utilization of skill knowledge as processing contents, as well as the consequent processing times and starting times of defenders’ appropriate reactions to the response selection. Although differences in the thinking processes and processing times of the two groups were not significant, the high-level skill group utilized their skill knowledge more frequently and delayed the defenders’ appropriate reactions. The reported thinking processes, i.e., those that could be verbalized, reflected effective thought processes such as brief thinking. The processing times, which we expected to be significantly different between the two groups, were influenced by time variabilities produced by the players themselves, as they must utilize various processing methods in different match situations. Analysis of the processing contents also showed that the high-level skill group selected actions actively and frequently by using their skill knowledge to anticipate situations and assess non-immediate environmental information. This processing mode led to tactical “active response selection”, which we believe is an important factor in the creation of 100-ms delays in the appropriate reactions made by defenders, delays that translate into points scored. Such active response selection, which differs from passive processing of environmental information, i.e., the “passive response selection” that has been reported in highly skilled players in other sports studies, indicates that the processing mode in response selection changes according to the characteristics of a sport. Also, the mid-level skill group adopted passive response selection more frequently. Consequently, we suggest that 1) kendo players should aim towards active response selection, 2) should acquire effective skill knowledge, and 3) should utilize this knowledge actively and frequently in response selection.

著者

嶋津 航 髙山 史徳 丹治 史弥 鍋倉 賢治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18089, (Released:2019-05-15)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

2

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Heart rate (HR) monitoring, which reflects exercise intensity and environmental factors, is often used for pacing strategies in the marathon race. However, it is difficult to obtain appropriate feedback for only the HR value since cardiovascular drift (CV drift) occurs during prolonged exercise. Recently, cardiac cost (CC: HR divided by running velocity) has been shown to be a potential index for evaluation of CV drift during the marathon race. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between CV drift and performance in the marathon race. Fourteen male university student runners participated. They carried out incremental tests on a treadmill and took part in an actual marathon race. CV drift was evaluated from differences between CC in the 0-5-km section and over every 5-km section (ΔCC). The marathon performance was examined from two viewpoints: absolute performance (average running velocity during the race: Vmar), and relative performance (Vmar against velocity corresponding to ventilatory threshold: vVT achv.). Significant correlations were found between ΔCC and vVT achv. in the 25-30 km, 30-35 km and 35-40 km sections (r = −0.672, −0.671 and −0.661, respectively), suggesting that excessive CV drift had a negative impact on relative performance. We can therefore conclude that suppression of CV drift after 25 km is an important factor for improvement of relative performance.

著者

鈴木 康介 後藤 悠太 欠畑 岳 彼末 一之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18007, (Released:2019-04-18)

参考文献数

46

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This study was performed to devise an instructional program for children who were not good at sprinting and to verify the program’s effectiveness for improvement of sprinting ability and motion. The participants were 19 upper grade elementary school children who were not good at sprinting. The program included 2 drills with some teaching devices and running on flat markers. The children attended the program for 8 days (2 days per week) and each lesson lasted an hour. In order to validate the program outcome, sprint time (50 m), interval speed (every 10 m), average speed, maximal speed, rate of speed decline, interval and average step frequency and step length were analyzed, and sprint motions were evaluated. The results were as follows: 1) Most of the children’s 50 m times were below the national average. This suggested that their negative feelings toward sprinting resulted from the realization that they were unable to run as fast as other children. 2) The children’s sprint times were improved after the program, and a significant correlation between pre-time and post-pre time was revealed. It was also found that the greater the increase in the children’s step frequency, the faster their sprint times became. These results suggest that sprinting instruction allows low-performing children to increase their step frequency and improve their sprint times. 3) The main aim of the program was to improve children’s sprint motions in the mid sprint phase, and the participants practiced start motions only twice during the program. As a result, speeds from the start to 10 m, 20-50 m, and maximum speed were increased significantly by this practice, suggesting that significant changes of speed led to improvement of the sprint times. 4) Participants became able to swing back their leg under their body and to make contact with the ground with the middle or front of the foot. Therefore it was considered that the drills and running on flat markers with teaching devices were valuable for improving the children’s sprint motions. 5) Although the scissors-like leg motion was not improved by practice with a color board and bells, the kneefolding motion of the swing leg did appear to be improved. Therefore, the children seemed to acquire basic skill in more rapid scissors-like leg motion. These results suggest that our instructional program was effective in enabling children to improve their sprinting ability and motion. However, additional research focusing on aspects such as the relationship between sprinting ability and sprint motion, or individual feelings and motor competency in the context of sprinting, will be needed.

著者

岡田 悠佑

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.903-920, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

33

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the nature of the “tairyoku(bodily power)issue” during the period after World War II to the 1950s through analysis of newspaper articles published at the time. Soon after World War II, the issue of taii, as assessed in terms of height, weight and chest circumference, was identified in children. A hange from a decrease to an increase occurred in 1948, based on comparison with records obtained before the war. It was also assumed that tairyoku could be regarded as an index of post-war recovery, reflecting the increase of taii in children. At the end of the 1940s, the tairyoku problem was thought to have been due to lack of nutrition during the war. Therefore, it was concluded that improved nutrition and rest for children would be the solution. In the 1950s, the tairyoku issue in Japanese athletes also emerged after the poor performance of the Japan team in the Helsinki Olympics, and this was extended to an interpretation that a “tairyoku problem” existed in the Japanese nation as a whole as a result of wartime privation. However, in the mid 1950s, the notion of the physical ideal evident in the West was held in sharp contrast to the statistics obtained in Japan immediately after the war. Thus, tairyoku was considered to be a functional index of modernization. These circumstances illustrate that in the process of post-war reconstruction, the “tairyoku issue” was always problematic because it was based on criteria that were representative of that era.