著者

會田 宏

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.1, pp.61-74, 2008 (Released:2008-03-04)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

7 6

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The purpose of this study was to gain practical wisdom about the individual tactics of prominent ball game players, and understand how players cultivate these strengths. To accomplish this, interviews were conducted with two goalkeepers and three shooters regarding handball shooting techniques. The interviewed players had excelled at the international level. Using qualitative methodology, the interviews were analyzed and the following points were identified.1) To reveal useful tactics from the experiences of individual players, assessing their individual actions alone will not suffice. Interactions between a player and his opponents must be studied as well.2) To take full advantage of the final moments preceding a shot, goalkeepers and shooters move with intentionality to react to opponents' actions. While paying close attention to the reactions of opponents, players adjust their movement accordingly.3) Individual tactics among prominent players are not only the result of implementing actions based on sensory and cognitive perception. In addition, players make preconscious actions, continually adjusting their actions according to interactions with opponents.

著者

相川 聖 高井 秀明 平山 浩輔

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18046, (Released:2019-03-20)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

2

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The present study was conducted to develop a Japanese version of the sport imagery ability questionnaire (SIAQ) and examine the features that determine imaging ability depending on the athlete’s competition level and competitive characteristics. In study 1, a questionnaire survey was conducted using the collective survey method. The subjects belonged to an athletic club at University A (N=196). Content validity was confirmed using the Content Validity Index, and factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure (subscale): skill imagery, strategy imagery, goal imagery, and mastery imagery. Furthermore, the results confirmed the reliability of using Cronbach’s α-coefficient. In study 2, a questionnaire survey was conducted in July 2017 using the collective survey method. The subjects were students of Physical Education University A (N=609). In order to confirm the test-retest reliability, a retest was carried out 2 weeks later. The results showed that athletes at a higher competitive level found it significantly easier to generate skill imagery, goal imagery, and sport imagery, and that skill imagery, goal imagery, mastery imagery and sport imagery reflected the competitive characteristics of the subjects. In addition, the test-retest reliability of the Japanese version of the SIAQ was confirmed. The Japanese version of the SIAQ developed in the present study will be useful for future research on imagery and image training in sports fields.

著者

鈴木 智晴 藤井 雅文 村上 光平 中本 浩揮 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

2019

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One of the important roles of a baseball catcher is to check whether an opponent is trying to steal a base. This checking action must occur as part of other events: a quick throwing action (short operation time), a high ball speed (short duration of ball flight), and accurate tagging (the time from the fielder catching the ball to touching the opponent runner is short). In other words, in order for the catcher to check whether an opponent is trying to steal a base, it is necessary to shorten the time between catching the ball and when the fielder touches the opponent runner. However, the relationship between the time and the possibility of checking for an attempt to steal a base and the influence of each phase on the steal check rate have not been examined. The present study investigated the relationship between the time required to prevent a steal and the steal check rate of a baseball catcher using video recordings. The video recordings used for our analysis were videos of steal check successes and failures in exhibition and official university and amateur baseball games, with a focus on runners attempting to steal second base. We classified Motion Time as the period from catching the initial pitch to ball release, Ball Time as the period from ball release to ball arrival at second base, and Touch Time as the period from ball arrival at second base to the fielder touching the runner; the sum of these 3 phases was defined as All Time, and the sum of Motion Time and Ball Time was defined as Pop Time. We constructed 3 models in which the success or failure of the steal check was set as a target variable and each phase time as an explanatory variable, and performed logistic regression analysis on each model. As a result, we clarified that the baseball catcher could check for a steal if the All Time was less than 2.429 s, and there was a significant negative correlation between the steal check rate and All Time. In addition, among the three phases, Touch Time had the greatest effect on the steal check rate. Therefore, it was suggested that accurate throwing is the most important factor in preventing a steal to second base.

著者

西尾 達雄 油野 利博

出版者

日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.4, pp.205-220, 1995

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Until now Michiaki Nagai has been regarded as a deserving person of school physical education reform, and there have been many studies about his school physical education theory. But no analysis has been made on the subject of his national physical education theory. Nagai who took a leading role in a school physical education reform from the late Meiji era to early years in the Taisyo did not have school physical education in mind as a problem limited to school. He described on his book titled "The Essence of School Gymnastics" published in 1913 that we could not realize a people of strong physique until the physical education should be practiced equally in families, schools, the military, and among the public with connection with and support from each other. In this paper an attempt is made to examine the process of development of his national physical education theory and to make clear its purpose, contents and method. The present study can be summarized as follows: 1) Nagai studied abroad to work out a policy for national physical education. And then with the experiences he would try to present a national physical education theory in an appropriate form to our country. The purpose of Nagai's national physical education is, physically, to build up a strong and active body with which people could survive a civilized society in which only the fittest can survive, and spiritually, to cultivate the samurai mentality that was a characteristic of our race, and then to encourage a foundation of Emperor's system through upbringing people of 'spirits'. 2) Nagai paid attention to the fact that in Europe and America, each government enforced public physical recreation as a public measure a long time ago, and planed to connect a school physical education both with public physical recreation and military physical education. In Europe and America people, very aware of the importance of physical education, exercised a family gymnastics vigorously. Nagai learned the contents and methods, and then he tried to execute national physical education in a way that family physical education was closely connected with physical education at schools and military institutions, and public physical recreation in Japan, too. But in our country people were retarded in awareness of the importance of public physical recreation and the economic situation was poor. So Nagai planed to fill up school physical education and to connect it with public physical recreation. 3) Nagai's plans of public physical recreation work were, firstly to found suitable facilities for physical recreation available for people from childhood to old age, secondly, to open school facilities, and thirdly, to invigorate young men's associations. And he thought that school teachers should take the lead and promote the plan in cooperation with the army and municipal authorities to attain these objectives. On the measures for public physical recreation, he took a serious view of young men's physical education. It was for the sake of the vitality of the nation and for the military in a broad sense, and for individuals in a narrow sense. 4) Nagai insisted on practice of family gymnastics to make up for a difficulty of public physical recreation work. He hoped that at first people of middle class and upper became an example of family physical education and then they should spread it to lower class. 5) Especially Nagai's serious point of view on exercise practice was to make people recognize a necessity of exercise rather than to make them take an interest in it. He insisted to practice national physical education as a discipline with an educational intention. Therefore Nagai's methods and contents of national physical education laid stress on a gymnastics.

著者

笹島 恒輔

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.6, 1961-09-01 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

苅山 靖 図子 浩二

出版者

一般社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.397-411, 2014-12

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The aim of this study was to clarify the point of attention and determine an effective method for the vertical single-leg rebound jump (VSJ) and horizontal single-leg bounding jump (HSJ) in plyometrics by investigating the differences and relationship between the two jumps with respect to take-off movement and joint kinetics. 11 male track and field athletes performed the VSJ, 50%HSJ, 75%HSJ, and HSJ. The kinematics and kinetics during the take-off phase were recorded using a high-speed video camera (300 Hz) for movements in the sagittal plane and force platforms (1000 Hz), and then analyzed. The results are summarized below:1.According to a spring-mass model, the vertical velocity of the center of gravity in the VSJ was attained by using shortening-lengthening movements. However, in the HSJ, most of the horizontal velocity of the center of gravity was due to rotational movement. This velocity increased with increasing jump distance.2.The extension torque of the knee and hip joints during the former phase, the negative torque power of the knee, and the positive torque power of the ankle and hip joints in the HSJ were greater than those in the VSJ. However, the ankle joint torque during the former phase and the negative torque power in the HSJ were smaller than those in the VSJ.3.The jump distance for the HSJ was correlated with the RJ-index for the VSJ. Moreover, there was a correlation between the HSJ and VSJ with respect to negative joint work and joint contribution.These results suggest that there are differences in take-off movement and joint kinetics between the VSJ and HSJ; however, both jumps show similarities in the recruitment characteristics of the take-off leg muscle during the former phase.

著者

布目 寛幸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.491-500, 2008

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Recently, “Nijiku” sports motion theory has been proposed and is being widely disseminated for many types of sports events including association football (soccer). It appears that this theory has some scientific basis for improving performance in sports. However, as the theory did not follow the necessary procedures, to date, its scientific validity has never been examined. This paper was designed to precisely examine the scientific validity of the “Nijiku” sports motion theory in relation to soccer from the viewpoint of science philosophy and biomechanics. Falsifiability is an important concept in science. However, only a few objective data—the ground reaction force of the supporting leg during soccer kicking and the peculiar motion referred to as “unfasten knee” motion—were demonstrated in the related literature with incorrect interpretation, and there were no falsifiable data to prove the existence of “Nijiku” during sports actions. Thus, it has been considered that the “Nijiku” sports motion theory runs contrary to the principle of science. Moreover, there are many misleading descriptions, particularly with regard to the effect of gravity. As a result, it can be considered that the “Nijiku” sports motion theory is classified as a “pseudoscience” labeled inaccurately or misleadingly portrayed as science. Scientific counterarguments to stimulate debate on these matters by the proponent and/or supporters are expected.

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, 1971

著者

馬場 崇豪 和田 幸洋 伊藤 章

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.186-200, 2000-03-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

12 7

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The muscular activity pattern, function and maximal contraction velocity during the starting dash and sprint running at maximal velocity were studied. The subjects were five adult male sprinters, whose sprint running movements in the sagittal plain were analyzed (100 fps) from videotape recordings made with a high-speed catera. The ground reaction forces and EMGs of eight leg muscles were also recorded. Changes in length from the origin to the insertion (muscle-tendon complex : MTC) of the eight leg muscles were calculated using several methods reported by Grieve et al. (1978), Hawkins and Hull (1990), Visser et al. (1990) and Jacobs and Van Ingen Schenau (1993). The muscular activity pattern and the maximal contraction velocity were investigate from the change in length of the MTC when the EMG activity was observed. The turnover velocity of the muscular activity pattern in the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) was calculated from the acceleration of the contraction. Also the hip, knee and ankle joint torques were calculated, and the following results were obtained.1. Changes in muscular activity pattern and maximal contraction velocity during the starting dash During the first half of the swing period, the m.gluteus maximus exhibited shortening activity, the m.rectus femoris exhibited stretching activity and the m.iliopsoas exhibited SSC muscular activity. The m.vastus lateralis exhibited shortening activity during the last half of the swing period and stretching activity during the first half of the foot contact period. The m.biceps femoris exhibited SSC muscular activity from the middle of the swing period to the middle of the foot contact period. The m.gastrocnemius and m.soleus exhibited SSC muscular activity during the foot contact period. Above all, the maximal shortening stretching velocity, and the turnover velocity increased with increasing sprint running velocity after the start, except for the shortening velocity of the m.gastrocnemius and m.soleus, and the stretching velocity of the m.vastus lateralis, whose contraction velocity stayed almost constant. 2. Muscular activity and function during sprint running at maximal velocity During the first half of the swing period, the m.rectus femoris produced knee extension troque by stretching activity which functioned to reduce the knee flexion force which occurred through the joint force related to hip flexion torque. During the latter half of the swing period, knee flexion torque developed as a by-product from the m.biceps femoris, which serves as a hip extensor. On the other hand, the knee extension force which occurred through the joint force related to hip extension torque, the momentum required to extend the knee joint, and the knee extension torque which was produced by the shortening activity of the m.vastus lateralis were observed during the same period. Therefore, the knee extension movement observed from the outside occurred as a result of the total of these forces. The m.tibialis anterior acted to offset the ankle extension force which occurred through the joint force related to knee extension torque during the first half of the swing period, and the ankle extension torque developed during the latter half of the swing period preparation for foot contact by the m.gastrocnemius an m.soleus.

著者

大峰 光博 友添 秀則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.149-157, 2014

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&nbsp;&nbsp;In this study, we focused on the collective responsibility of baseball club members who were not directly involved in a scandal, with the aim of providing a new insight into the ethics pertaining to suspension of the club from the Japan Student Baseball Association (JSBA). For this purpose, we referred to R&auml;ikk&auml; and Miller, who had conducted a rigorous analysis of collective responsibility for scandal involving individuals, and on this basis considered the punishment imposed by the JSBA in such cases.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;Cases of scandal can be classified broadly into three categories: one in which there is no direct victim, one in which the victim is a member of the same team, and one in which the victim is a member of the public. We assessed the collective responsibility of the baseball club members who were not considered to have committed any misconduct directly related to these categories. The issue of individual scandal in high school baseball was addressed by considering the following four points:<br> 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing without seriously risking their position.<br> 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing by appealing for any facts readily available to them.<br> 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing but did not do so because such efforts would have been considered futile.<br> 4.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the club members had accepted any wrongdoing without opposition.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;On the basis of these considerations, we considered it reasonable to support disciplinary action from the JSBA in cases where violence and bullying at the club had continued for a long period. On the other hand, in clubs where there is a hierarchy structure of senior students over junior students, we considered it unreasonable to support any action of the JSBA against junior students who are unable to oppose any wrongdoing because of their inferior position. Also, in cases where there are no direct victims, such as those involving smoking and drinking, we considered that it was not appropriate to impose a suspension unless the prevailing ethos within the club promoted such practices. In cases where the victim is a member of the public, we considered it inappropriate to impose any suspension on members who have not been directly involved in misconduct.<br>

著者

森丘 保典 伊藤 静夫 持田 尚 大庭 恵一 原 孝子 内丸 仁 青野 博 雨宮 輝也

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.181-190, 2003-03-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

1 2

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本研究の目的は,異なる種目を専門としながらほぼ同等の400m走能力を有する被験者群(SPR、MID,DEC)を対象として,間欠的な漸増負荷走行テスト(MART)を行い,Laから推定されるパワーと400m走記録との関係を検討することであった。結果の要約を以下に示す。1)MARTにおける安静時から速度増加中のLaおよびPBLaにおいては,SPRが最も高く, MIDが最も低かった。この結果,PBLaはSPRがMIDに比べて有意に高い値を示し,P3mM,P5mMはMIDがSPRに比べて有意に高い値を示した。2)400m走記録とMARTにおけるPmaxとの間(r = -0.662,P<0.05),およびP60%Laとの問(r = -0.662,P<0.05)には,いずれも有意な相関関係が認められた。以上のことから,MARTは400m走能力を反映するテストとして有用であること,また,P60%Laは400m走能力を反映する評価指標の一つとして用いることができることなどの可能性が示唆された

著者

豊嶋 陵司 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17126, (Released:2019-02-26)

参考文献数

19

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In sprint running, stance time and flight time influence running speed. This study investigated the relationship between flight ratio (= flight time/stance time) and the upper limbs and recovery leg during the top speed phase in sprinting. Sixteen male sprinters (age 19.3±0.6 y, height 1.74±0.06 m, weight 66.1±5.2 kg) performed maximum-effort 60-m sprints. Video data from the 43.5 to 50 m section of the sprint were collected using a high-speed camera (300 Hz). Flight ratio and vertical acceleration force of the upper limbs relative to the sternum and recovery leg relative to the hip were calculated. The data revealed a significant positive correlation between flight ratio and the relative vertical acceleration force of the forward arm, backward arm, and recovery leg at the instant of touchdown (r =.597, .546, .592). The maximum value of the relative vertical acceleration force of the forward arm, backward arm, and recovery leg during the stance phase was not associated with the flight ratio. In contrast, early appearance of the maximum value of the vertical relative acceleration force of the forward arm, backward arm, and recovery leg during the stance phase was associated with a high flight ratio (r = -.553, -.644, -.855). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the high angular velocity and low extension acceleration of the arms and recovery leg at touchdown made a significant contribution to high relative vertical acceleration. In conclusion, rapid swinging and high shortening acceleration of the arms and recovery leg can contribute to a high flight ratio by facilitating a high relative vertical acceleration force.

著者

森丘 保典 持田 尚 内丸 仁 青野 博 雨宮 輝也 伊藤 静夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.117-124, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

22

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本研究の目的は, 十種競技者を対象に間欠的な漸増負荷走行テスト (MART) を行い, La動態と走能力との関係を検討することであった.結果の要約を以下に示す.(1) V400m, V1500mおよびTPRとVmaxとの間にそれぞれ有意な正の相関関係が認められた. また, V400mとPBLaとの間に有意な正の相関関係が認められた.(2) 十種競技者の走能力 (V100m, V400m, V1500m, TPR) は, VRLaとの間にVALaよりも高い有意な正の相関関係が認められた.(3) VRLaは, 無気的能力の向上 (最大下のLa濃度およびPBLaの増加) によるLa動態の変化を, トレーニング効果として評価することができた.以上のことから, MARTが十種競技者の走能力を反映したテストであること, また, PBLaおよびVRLa (V20%La, V40%La, V60%La) が, 個々の競技者の生理的特性やトレーニングによる無気的能力の変化を考慮した, 十種競技者の走能力評価の指標として利用可能であることなどが示された.

著者

苅山 靖 図子 浩二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.397-411, 2014 (Released:2014-12-20)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

5 2

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The aim of this study was to clarify the point of attention and determine an effective method for the vertical single-leg rebound jump (VSJ) and horizontal single-leg bounding jump (HSJ) in plyometrics by investigating the differences and relationship between the two jumps with respect to take-off movement and joint kinetics. 11 male track and field athletes performed the VSJ, 50%HSJ, 75%HSJ, and HSJ. The kinematics and kinetics during the take-off phase were recorded using a high-speed video camera (300 Hz) for movements in the sagittal plane and force platforms (1000 Hz), and then analyzed. The results are summarized below:1.  According to a spring-mass model, the vertical velocity of the center of gravity in the VSJ was attained by using shortening-lengthening movements. However, in the HSJ, most of the horizontal velocity of the center of gravity was due to rotational movement. This velocity increased with increasing jump distance.2.  The extension torque of the knee and hip joints during the former phase, the negative torque power of the knee, and the positive torque power of the ankle and hip joints in the HSJ were greater than those in the VSJ. However, the ankle joint torque during the former phase and the negative torque power in the HSJ were smaller than those in the VSJ.3.  The jump distance for the HSJ was correlated with the RJ-index for the VSJ. Moreover, there was a correlation between the HSJ and VSJ with respect to negative joint work and joint contribution.These results suggest that there are differences in take-off movement and joint kinetics between the VSJ and HSJ; however, both jumps show similarities in the recruitment characteristics of the take-off leg muscle during the former phase.

著者

新井 宏昌 渡邉 信晃 高本 恵美 真鍋 芳明 前村 公彦 岩井 浩一 宮下 憲 尾縣 貢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.4, pp.335-346, 2004-07-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

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A study was conducted to investigate the changes in anthropometric factors, physical fitness, and sprint ability and motion during the preparatory and competitive periods in two Japanese female elite sprinters. The measurements were carried out from the preparatory period to the competitive period three times. The main results were as follows : 1) In both athletes, sprint speed decreased after the preparatory period and increased in the competitive period. 2) High-intensity sprint training during the competitive period led to hypertrophy of the psoas major muscle and improvement of anaerobic power of the upper limbs. 3) During the competitive period in both athletes, the knee continued to flex after contacting, and took off while maintaining a minimal angle. These results suggest that the performance of elite sprinters changes through each training period, and is influenced by a combination of anthropometric factors, physical fitness and sprint motion.

著者

藤井 範久 小山 陽平 阿江 通良

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.17-32, 2010 (Released:2010-07-20)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of this study was to investigate techniques for accelerating the hammer head in the turn phase of the hammer throw by comparing the motions of hammer throwers. Ten male throwers (PB: 43.15-68.21 m) participated in the study. The hammer motions were videotaped on high-speed VTR cameras (250 or 200 fps), and three-dimensional coordinates were calculated using a DLT method. Various kinematic parameters were calculated, including the hammer head speed, the increase in hammer head speed at each turn phase, the leading distance of the handle (hand), the horizontal abduction/adduction angle of the left arm (shoulder), the twist angle of the trunk, the rotation angle of the pelvis, and the horizontal abduction/adduction angle of the left hip. The fundamental factors and techniques responsible for accelerating the hammer head were as follows: (1) Increasing the acceleration and decreasing the deceleration of the hammer head in the turn phase increased the release speed of the hammer head. (2) A longer positive leading distance of the handle (hand), defined as the distance from the handle to the line connecting the hammer head and the instantaneous center of rotation of the hammer head, had a larger effect on the acceleration of the hammer head in the turn phase. (3) The horizontal abduction of the leading arm (shoulder), the negative trunk twist (recoiling motion), and the sway motion at the midpoint between the two shoulder joints toward the rear and trailing-arm side of the body increased the positive leading distance of the handle by generating the power of the legs and trunk simultaneously.

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.151-163, 2006

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Michiaki Nagai, the only professor of gymnastics (now known as physical education) at Tokyo Higher Normal School, was the only person who maintained that the aim of <i>kendo</i> (swordsmanship) should be not simply to advance its techniques but to build up spiritual ability through swordsmanship practice, taking the place of <i>gekiken</i>, a part of <i>kenjutsu</i> (swordsmanship), which was hitting practice with a bamboo sword. He first suggested this idea at the first special school for swordsmanship instructors selected from middle schools across Japan, held by the Ministry of Education in 1911. The aim of this article is to clarify when Nagai decided to change the name from <i>gekiken</i> to <i>kendo</i> by researching all of his articles and books describing martial arts, including swordsmanship, published from 1909, when he returned from abroad study, to 1915, when he wrote the foreword for <i>kendo</i>, the first great reference book for instructors, written by S. Takano, the swordsmanship instructor of the School. It is concluded that because Nagai did not have any idea about the name for swordsmanship with a bamboo sword at the beginning of his research, he used <i>gekiken</i> as the subject name for the School. However, he decided to use <i>kendo</i> instead of <i>gekiken</i> in August 1910, when the School adopted <i>kendo</i> as the subject name. As soon as the Ministry adopted <i>gekiken</i> as the official term for the school subject in July 1911, he acted publicly to use <i>kendo</i> for the School, in spite of the decision of the Ministry.

著者

丹治 史弥 榎本 靖士 鍋倉 賢治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.523-534, 2017 (Released:2017-12-19)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

2

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This study investigated the relationships between running economy and various step parameters (ground contact time, step length and step frequency), as well as the effects of these relationships on differences in foot strike pattern at intensities ranging from below to above the lactate threshold in well-trained distance runners. Thirty-one male distance runners (20 middle-distance and 11 long-distance; age 19.5±1.2 years, height 171.7±4.5 cm, mass 57.6±3.5 kg, BMI 19.5±0.7) participated. Their seasonal best performance was 804.0±121.0 points, expressed as the IAAF score. Both running economy and step parameters were calculated for speeds of 15.0, 16.2 and 17.4 km·h−1, which corresponded to intensities below, equivalent to and above the lactate threshold, i.e. 93.2%±6.4%, 100.6%±6.9% and 108.1%±7.4%, respectively. As running speed increased, running economy, step length and step frequency increased, whereas the ground contact time decreased. A significant positive relationship was observed between ground contact time and running economy at an intensity above the lactate threshold (r=0.46, p<0.01). A significant positive relationship was observed between step length and running economy (r=0.54 and 0.52, p<0.01), and a negative relationship was observed between step frequency and running economy (r=−0.55 and −0.53, p<0.01) at intensities equivalent to and above the lactate threshold, respectively. Middle-foot strikers exhibited a shorter ground contact time than rear-foot strikers at intensities equivalent to and above the lactate threshold, whereas running economy exhibited no significant difference in terms of foot strike pattern. From the present results, it can be concluded that a shorter ground contact time enhances running economy; however, running economy is not related to the foot strike pattern at an intensity of 90%—110% of the lactate threshold.

著者

森 健一 吉岡 利貢 苅山 靖 尾縣 貢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.275-284, 2012 (Released:2012-06-02)

参考文献数

37

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The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of the Wingate test (WT) for evaluation of anaerobic capacity and performance in sprinters, based on the relationships among the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) during cycling, accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD-WT), and output power during the WT.   Eight 400-m sprinters (SP group; 49.29±1.56 s) and six decathletes (DC group; 50.29±1.27 s) participated. They performed the WT on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. The applied resistance was 7.5% of body weight, and the duration was 60 s. Moreover, anaerobic capacity (MAOD) was determined using a supramaximal constant load test. The oxygen uptake during each test was recorded using the breath-by-breath method.   The results were as follows: 1) There was no significant difference between MAOD during cycling and AOD-WT, and a significant correlation between these parameters was evident. 2) In the SP group, there were significant correlations between 400-m performance and MAOD during cycling, and the mean power at 30 s in the WT. However, no significant correlations were observed in the DC group.   These results suggest that in sprinters, the applicability of the WT for evaluation of anaerobic capacity and sprint performance differs between cycling exercise and running exercise.

著者

松尾 博一 山田 幸雄 増地 克之 松元 剛

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.665-677, 2017 (Released:2017-12-19)

参考文献数

32

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The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the Heads Up Tackling program for defensive players and its influence on safety and performance. Head impacts in football players are directly associated with brain and spine injury, and have been proposed to be associated with injuries such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Therefore, improvement of safety has been a challenge in American football, from the perspective of injury prevention. In 2012, USA Football, the national governing body for amateur American football in the USA developed the Heads Up Football (HUF) program which included “Heads Up Tackling” (HUT), a set of new guidelines for tackling. HUT has been attracting attention in the context of safe tackling through a new coaching methodology. Although in Japan so far, there have been no reports of football-related chronic injuries caused by head impacts, many concussions occur in football games. Therefore, it seem necessary to identify a methodology for teaching tackling techniques in order to reduce the risks of head and neck injury. A number of studies have focused on coaching intervention in relation to safety, and for reducing head impact exposure and injury. However, no reports have focused on the impact of these efforts on athletic performance during a game. If it could be confirmed that HUT reduces the risk of injury in football games without decreasing athlete performances, it would be a useful resource for instruction on tackling skills. Here, 4 matches in the Japan top league (X-league) 2014 and 2015 season were analyzed, before and after HUT intervention was executed in the preseason of 2015. A total of 166 coded tackles were compared in terms of “tackling characteristics”, “amount of injuries”, “effectiveness of tackling”, and “loss of yards” to examine the effect of HUT techniques on “safety” and “effectiveness”. The results revealed that (1) the frequency of “head down” tackling was significantly lower after HUT intervention, (2) the “amount of injuries” was reduced after HUT intervention, (3) there was no effect on the “effectiveness of tackling” in games, (4) “loss of yards” was reduced after HUT intervention, and (5) HUT appeared to reduce the risks of injury in football games, without decreasing tackling performance.