著者
増沢 武弘
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.62, no.3, pp.387-391, 2012-11-30
参考文献数
17
被引用文献数
2

南アルプスはユネスコエコパークになりうるか、というテーマに対し、解説を試みた。ユネスコエコパークは自然保護と持続可能な利用とを考慮し、自然と人間との相互関係の構築を目指した地域であり、核心地域・緩衝地帯・移行地域に区分されて、各々が相互に関係し合って、核心地域を保全しようとするものである。本稿では、これらの区分の各々の特性を挙げ、ユネスコで定められた規準に適合するかを検証した。その結果、核心地域と緩衝地帯については、両区分を構成している素材の価値が十分あるものと思われた。移行地域に関しては、関係者に対して十分な説明と時間をかけての話し合いが必要であると判断された。
著者
斎藤 晋 百済 弘胤
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, no.5, pp.213-221, 1972-10

Life history, reproduction and population structure of an amphipod, Orchestia platensis (KROYER) were investigated in the forest of Kiyosumi, Chiba Prefecture. The breeding period of O. platensis in Kiyosumi was from May to October. Newborn animals appeared in May, and from June to August, clear growth of the new-born animal was found. Pregnant rate of the adult female of the amphipod was 40 per cent in September, and the average rate throughout the breeding period was 25.3 per cent. The relationship between the size of the female and number of eggs produced by the female is, Y=0.021X^<2.717> where Y is the estimated number of eggs produced, X is the size of the female in head and peraeon length. An adult female, 31 mg in body weight, of O. platensis had 10 eggs in her brood pouch, the percentage of these eggs to the mother was 18.7 per cent in terms of biomass, and 24.1 per cent in terms of energy. The reproduction efficiency of an individual (E_<rp>) in terms of energy is defined as, [numerical formula] Reproduction efficiency of an individual for O. platensis was 19.4 per cent, and those for three isopods were from 28 per cent to 33 per cent.
著者
西田 隆義
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.62, no.2, pp.287-293, 2012-07-30

生物の分布と個体数を、生物間の相互作用によって統一的に説明することは生態学のもっとも基本的な目標である。しかし、資源競争説が徐々に衰退するにつれ、統一的な説明のみこみは低下し続けているようだ。本論文では、近縁種間に潜在的にある繁殖干渉を説明の第一原理として取り込むことにより、分布、生息場所選択、ニッチ分割、競争排除、外来種による近縁在来種の急速な駆逐など、資源競争では説明が困難であった多様な生態現象が統一的に説明できることについてのべる。そして、過去の研究においてなぜ繁殖干渉がほとんど見逃されてきたかについて、資源競争や交雑の効果と比較検討することにより考察する。
著者
森 照貴 三宅 洋 柴田 叡弌
出版者
一般社団法人 日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.55, no.2, pp.377-386, 2005
参考文献数
52
被引用文献数
2

岐阜県北部を流れる2つの小規模河川において、河畔林が現存する河川区間(現存区)と河畔林が伐採された河川区間(伐採区)との間で環境特性および底生動物の群集構造を比較した。相対光量子束密度および底生動物の生息密度は現存区よりも伐採区で高かった。刈取食者および捕食者に属する底生動物の生息密度は現存区より伐採区で高かった。光量の増加に伴う付着藻類の一次生産量の増加が、底生動物(特に刈取食者)の増加を引き起こしたものと考えられた。付着藻類量は伐採区よりも現存区で多かった。刈取食者の生息密度が増加するに伴い摂食圧が増大したために、付着藻類の現存量が減少したものと考えられた。河畔林の部分的な伐採により底生動物の群集構造が変化していた。伐採による群集構造の変化は、コカゲロウ属の生息密度の変化と強い関係があるものと考えられた。河畔林の部分的な伐採は、光環境の改変を介して、高次の栄養段階に属する底生動物の群集構造に影響を及ぼすことが明らかになった。
著者
門脇 正史
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, no.1, pp.1-7, 1992-04-10
被引用文献数
2

Niche breadth and overlap of diets among two sympatric snake species, Elaphe quadrivirgata and Rhabdophis tigrinus, in the paddy fields in Yamagata were studied for four years (1983-1986). Stomach contents were taken by forced regurgitation and classified into five major categories or eight minor categories : major categories mainly consist of taxonomical groups (e.g. frogs or voles) and minor categories indicate species in a major category. In the major categories, frogs were found to be the most dominant for both E. quadrivirgata and R. tigrinus with food niche breadth, 0.331 (E. quadrivirgata) and 0.441 (R. tigrinus). Food resource overlap was 0.879 in the major categories. In the minor categories, Japanese tree frogs, Hyla japonica were most dominant among the two snake species with food niche breadth, 0.513 (E. quadrivirgata) and 0.600 (R. tigrinus). Food resource overlap was 0.875. Thus, the food breadth was slightly wider among R. tigrinus than E. quadrivirgata with high food resource overlap in both categories. No difference in food size and the distribution of the captured spots was found between the two snake species. Seasonal niche overlap was high (0.788). Abundant frogs as prey items of the snakes would permit a high overlap of food resources between the two snake species in the field studied.
著者
西村 昌彦
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.2, pp.133-140, 2000-08-25

The activity of a venomous snake, habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) was represented by the frequencies of bites of sleeping men in the Okinawa Islands. Five climate factors recorded at the Okinawa Meteorological Observatory were selected to get correlations to the snake activity on each day in each season through logistic regression analyses. Habu was estimated to be active on the days of low means of air pressure in winter, of high means of air temperature in March, or high means of humidity in autumn. In summer with high means of air temperature and humidity few climate factors were correlated to the snake activity. The patterns of seasonal change in mean temperature and mean humidity corresponded with these results. The mean air temperature, the mean humidity and the precipitation were the first, second and third important factors, respectively, in the analyses of all through the year. This is the first intensive study to analyze the daily change in the snake activity in field.
著者
大原 利眞
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.1, pp.77-81, 2011-03-30
被引用文献数
5

対流圏オゾンが再び大きな問題になっている。日本で測定されている光化学オキシダント(その大部分がオゾン)の濃度は、1980年代後半から全国の測定局で上昇し、その年平均濃度は1985〜2007年度の間に、約0.25ppbv/年(1%/年)の割合で上昇している。さらに、光化学オキシダント注意報を発令した都道府県は徐々に増加し、2007年には28都府県に達して観測史上最大となり、汚染地域が拡大している。2007年5月8日から9日にかけて、九州をはじめ西日本の広い範囲で光化学オキシダント注意報が発令され、大きな社会問題になったことは記憶に新しく、同様な現象は2008年、2009年にも発生した。また、離島や山岳のような清浄地域でもオゾン濃度が上昇していることが報告されている。対流圏オゾンは、工場や自動車などから排出された窒素酸化物や揮発性有機化合物が大気中で光化学反応を起こすことによって生成される。しかし、日本では発生源規制等によって、これらのオゾンの原因物質は年々減少している。なぜ原因物質が減少しているのにオゾン濃度が上昇しているのか。なぜ発生源が近くにない地域でもオゾンが上昇し、汚染が広がっているのか。これらの原因の1つとして、アジア大陸からの越境汚染の影響が考えられる。経済成長が著しいアジア地域では、火力発電所、工場、自動車等による化石燃料の燃焼などによって大気汚染物質の排出量が急増している。これに伴って、オゾンやその原因物質が大陸風下の日本に運ばれて、日本のオゾン濃度が広域的に上昇していると考えられる。オゾン以外にも、窒素酸化物、硫黄酸化物、硫酸塩・硝酸塩・黒色炭素・有機炭素などの粒子状物質(エアロゾル)、POPS(残留性有機汚染物質)、水銀などの様々な大気汚染物質が大陸から流入している。このため、東アジアにおける越境大気汚染の実態、発生メカニズム、生態系や人の健康に与える影響、将来予測などに関する総合的な研究を進めるとともに、科学的知見も踏まえた国際的な大気環境管理の構築に向けた取り組みを強める必要がある。
著者
新井 哲夫
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.1, pp.49-55, 1979-03-30
被引用文献数
3

Hatching in Gampsoleis buergeri was synchronized neither in continuous darkness nor in continuous light at any temperature. However, it occurred synchronously at around sunrise under natural light conditions at about 24℃, and also at around lights-on in an artificial photoperiod of 12-hr light : 12-hr dark at temperatures between 15 and 25℃. The hatching in thermoperiods (12-hr warm phase : 12-hr cool phase) was concentrated at 8-10 hr after the temperature down in continuous darkness but spread over the entire cool phase in continuous light. Hatching was also synchronized by a single light-dark shift, a temperature down or a high temperature pulse in otherwise constant conditions. when eggs were transferred from cyclical to constant external conditions, the daily rhythm of hatching disappeared almost at once. It seems, therefore, that any circadian oscillator is not explicitly involved in the determination of hatching time. The direct response to a single stimulus of light or temperature was different between G.buergeri and Metrioptera hime, but in other respects their responses were similar, which suggest that they share the same basic system of time measurement.
著者
平井 賢一
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, no.2, pp.69-93, 1972-04-20
被引用文献数
12

The relationship of the food habits to the habitat of nigorobuna larvae was investigated at Yamanoshita. Bay in the south basin of Lake Biwa from 1964 to 1968. Quantitative analyses of feeding of the larvae were for consideration on the significance of the aquatic plant belt as the habitat of the larvae. Though the larvae are more or less distributed throughout the aquatic plant belt, they are very abundant in the submerged plant belt. The more abundant floating plant materials present, the higher the density of the larvae is observed. It is commonly observed that there is a fairly good quantity of plankters available for the nigorobuna larvae in the aquatic plant belt, and their amount increases corresponding to that of the floating plant materials. The nigorobuna larvae devoured small Crustacea and chironomid larvae which are commonly found in the aquatic plant belts, above all they eat Chydorus intensively. The bulk of the gut contents of the larvae increase in accordance with the increase of the amount of the plankters. The food habits of the nigorobuna larvae is discussed in relation to their habitat preference. It is suggested that a submerged plant belt with abundant floating plant materials where numerous small cladocerans flourish, is the most favourable as a nursery ground for the nigorobuna larvae.
著者
島田 和則
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.44, no.3, pp.293-304, 1994-12-15
被引用文献数
18 1

Patterns of topographical distribution of five pioneer tree species (Idesia polycarpa, Cornus controversa, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, Euptelea polyandra, Mallotus japonicus) and their tree forms were studied in natural forests on Mt. Takao, Tokyo Metropolitan county, central Japan. The study area was divided into six landform types, four of which were free from human activities (upper side slopes, dells, lower side slopes and foot slopes). Patterns of topographical distribution of each species were explainable by their tree form properties (trunk angle, trunk number and maximum tree height). Such a relationship between the form properties and distribution of trees was due to differences in the disturbance regime (mainly by landslides) of each landform type. Species with higher ability to grow when the trunk is inclined and to develop sprouts were more tolerant of higher disturbance pressure. When taller stands suffered lower disturbance pressure, species with a larger maximum tree height and higher ability to grow below the canopy were at an advantage.
著者
中静 透 山本 進一
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.1, pp.19-30, 1987-04-30
被引用文献数
28

The roles of the disturbance regime in the dynamics and stability of forest communities are reviewed, and various types of mosaic structure are classified according to this factor. A community shows a mosaic structure including mature phases when the rotation period of disturbance exceeds both the return interval and the maturation time of the community. The relative length of the former two factors in comparison to the maturation time can be a major criterion of community stability, while fluctuation of biomass, as an index of stability, depends on the rate of disturbance relative to that of recovery. As a case study, the influence of the disturbance regime on the stability of cool-temperate deciduous forest communities in Japan is overviewed. The loss caused by a large typhoon may exceed the annual increment of forest biomass tenfold or more. Further problems in the study of disturbance and forest regeneration are discussed, with speclal emphasis given to the necessity for continuous study over a large area.
著者
伊佐治 久道 杉田 久志
出版者
一般社団法人 日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.2, pp.121-129, 1997
参考文献数
29
被引用文献数
6

The removal of fallen seeds of Aesculus turbinata was investigated by simple marking methods. In order to clarify the agent animals, an experiment was carried out to examine the sizes of the animals using a set of netted cages with different-sized apertures, together with wood mouse censuses. Current-year seedlings were found on the upper part of the slopes than the upper front line of the crowns of A. turbinata, where no seeds had fallen in the previous autumn. Of the total fallen seeds, 96% were removed from their original location and then disappeared by the end of autumn. Line marking revealed that the mean interval for transportation was 12 days, and that the mean and maximum transportation distances for non-missing seeds were 0.61 m and 2.11 m, respectively, although the lines of most of marked seeds had been cut and the seeds were missing. The maximum distance from the original location to the missing point was 6.45 m, and seeds were buried in cases of 31.5% of transportation. The agent animals were assumed to be small enough to allow them to pass through as aperture size of less than 40 mm but more than 16 mm. Feeding signs on seeds, and droppings found around seeds, seemed to be those of wood mice. The mouse censuses showed that Apodemus speciosus and A. argenteus were dominant. Thus, it is concluded that fallen seeds of A. turbinata were transported through the scatter-hoarding behavior of wood mice, mainly A. speciosus.
著者
畑田 彩 鈴木 まほろ 三橋 弘宗
出版者
一般社団法人 日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.58, no.1, pp.57-61, 2008
被引用文献数
3 2

連載「博物館と生態学」では、毎回生態学と関わりの深い博物館事業をテーマとして取り上げてきた。当初予定した6回が終わったところで、これまでの執筆者を中心に連載によって達成できた点や今後の課題について話し合った。その内容をまとめることで、連載「博物館と生態学」の意義を考えてみたい。
著者
佐川 志朗 山下 茂明 佐藤 公俊 中村 太士
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.2, pp.95-105, 2003-08-25
被引用文献数
2

1.北海道北部の河川支流域における秋季のイトウ未成魚の生息場所の物理環境特性を2つの異なる河川規模において調査し,年級群による比較を行った。さらに同所的に生息するサクラマス幼魚との植生の比較により,採餌様式および種間関係について考察をおこなった。2.解析の結果,イトウは当歳魚よりも1歳以上魚の方が深い水深を必要とした。一方,流速には両者間での差がなく,当歳魚および1歳以上魚共、流速が0m/sec程度に緩和された箇所に生息した。3.2次水流では当歳魚が多く,3次水流では1歳以上魚が多い傾向がみられた。さらに,当歳魚は岸寄りに,1歳以上魚は流心に定位する傾向がみられた。4.イトウ未成魚の体サイズと水深およびカバー長との間には有意な関係が認められ,さらに,成長に伴い必要とする水深およびカバーの規模が大きくなることが示唆された。5.胃内容物分析の結果,サクラマス幼魚は流下動物依存型の採餌様式を持つのに対して,イトウ未成魚は河床上もしくは河床中の底生動物依存型の採餌様式を持つことが示唆された。また,イトウ当歳魚はカゲロウ目に依存した採餌様式を示すが、1歳以上魚になると魚類への依存度が最も高くなり、共食いのケースも確認された。6.本研究結果より,イトウの保全のためには,上流域から中流域への未成魚の分散経路の保全,未成魚の生息場所となるカバーを有する様々な水深の緩衝帯の保全、餌資源の生息場所となる河畔林および砂礫底の保存が極めて重要であることが示唆された。
著者
木村 保夫 國井 秀伸
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.3, pp.257-264, 1998-12-25
被引用文献数
2

Shoot morphology and growth characteristics of two morphologically similar submerged plants, Ranunculus nipponicus var. submersus and R. nipponicus var. okayamensis, were compared to clarify their morphological and ecological differences. Under both field and experimentally equalized conditions, these two plants were clearly distinguishable from each other on the basis of leaf and peduncle size by separating the reproductive and vegetative shoots, and also by leaf color during winter. Both plants showed continuous shoot growth in thc field, and seasonal change was higher for R. nipponicus var. okayamensis than for R. nipponicus var. submersus, possibly because of fluctuations of water temperature in the field. While the flowering of R. nipponicus var. submersus occurred all year round with a peak during June and July, that of R. nipponicus var. okayamensis was seen only during May and November. As to the effect of temperature on shoot growth, both plants showed thermophobic traits, and no significant difference. The elongation rate of R. nipponicus var. okayamensis was higher than that of R. nipponicus var. submersus in both of the water sampled from the Hongu River and the Utsumiya Rive, which are the natural habitats of R. nipponicus var. submersus and R. nipponicus var. okayamensis, respectively. The present results provide support for the suggestion that these two plants may be varieties rather than ecotypes.
著者
湖城 重仁
出版者
一般社団法人 日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.3, pp.109-111, 1968

The distribution of marine-algae in Fukaya Canal, which connects Ago Bay directly to the Pacific Ocean, and in its vicinity was studied. It was found that the vegetation with respect to the zonation and the number of species change gradually through the canal in the sublittoral zone, but in the littoral zone they change remarkably, especially at the canal exit.