著者

恩田 重直

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.611, pp.245-251, 2007-01-30 (Released:2017-02-25)

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper explains how streets and their facing buildings in the southern Chinese city of Amoy (Xiamen) were redesigned during a city improvement plan in the early 1930s. By using a map from the "Simingxilu and Shengpinglu Street Plan" and other planning documents, I show how the new street plan was superimposed atop the city's old urban district. In addition, I have also conducted onsite surveys of existing buildings, verified if the buildings were built to plan or not, investigated the process of land and building expropriation, and discuss the building of the city's characteristic covered-sidewalks (qilou or piaolou).

著者

麓 和善 加藤 由香

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.651, pp.1231-1239, 2010-05-30 (Released:2010-07-26)

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The Principal Tower of Nagoya Castle was repaired on a large scale from 1752 to 1755. This paper evaluates and analyzes the Principal Tower based on historical drawings and specifications, which explain the repair of the main body of castle tower. The northern and the western parts of the first and the second layers on the top of the stone wall of the Principal Tower were dismantled before the stone wall was dismantled. Also, the builders cleverly applied a system of levers. Then the subsidence and the inclination of the Principal Tower were fixed logically and systematically using the system.

著者

木下 知威

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.672, pp.427-436, 2012-02-29 (Released:2012-03-07)

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The study covers the architecture of Daijyo-ji Kyakuden. Method of the study was by analyzing field conducting fieldwork, the antique documents of Daijyo-ji and research of the Japanese art history.The results from the anlysis showed the following 5 aspects. 1. Preparation for the Daijyo-ji kyakuden rebuiilding started from March 1794 of 1786. 2. Pictures on partitions other than between the room of wistaria, the monkey, the duck, and the peacock have been drawn for the Tenmei era. Most pictures were drawn in the Tenmei era except for the pictures in the room of wistaria the monkey, the duck, and the peacock. 3. It is thought that the old draft were produced before August 1787 when considering the year of the order and the year of production of pictures on partitions. 4.As for the room of wistaria, carp, and dog, the modification had not been done since the year of rebuilding. 5. It is thought that priest's living quarters were planes similar to the old draft, however it was remodeled from the situation of the Shingu-ji hondo after 1829 or 1830.

著者

福岡 孝幸 伊藤 一秀

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.659, pp.25-33, 2011-01-30 (Released:2011-03-07)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

3

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The indoor environment can play a significant role in the transmission and exposure of various contaminants. In some emerging aerial infections, such as influenza virus, tuberculosis virus, and other biological, the airborne route of transmission is thought to be important to evaluate exposure health risk. In this paper, first, we have presented the relationship between basic SIR (MK) model and Wells-Riley model, and introduced the analytical procedure of coupled analysis of CFD based prediction of unsteady contaminant concentration distribution and basic SIR model to predict exposure risk of residents in large enclosed space. The results of sensitivity analysis that changed ventilation rate and other parameters of infections showed non-uniform distribution in enclosed spaces and strong dependence on unsteady contaminant distribution.

著者

小野 啓子 安藤 徹哉

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.612, pp.177-184, 2007

被引用文献数

1 2

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日本統治下ミクロネシア(旧南洋群島)の経済を牽引し、大量の移民とプランテーションタウンの形成を促したのは糖業であったが、その原点は日本が初めて植民地として領有した台湾にある。本論文は、ミクロネシアにおける日本型糖業プランテーションタウンの原型を台湾に求め、その成立過程や特性を文献、聞き取り調査、航空写真からの地図再現などによって解明している。強力な官民パートナーシップのもと、初めて台湾に進出した日本資本の製糖会社は台湾製糖株式会社である。その最初の製糖工場が高雄の北側・橋仔頭に設置されたのは1902年のことで、当初は治安不安定のため、工場の周辺に事務所や宿舎を集中して配置していた。1905年、山本悌二郎所長以下3名の技術者がハワイ視察に出向く。その際、現地で見たハワイ糖業の効率性や規模に感銘を受け、帰国後直ちに狭軌鉄道の導入やハワイ式工場の導入を進める。さらに二つ目の後壁林工場(1907年設立)の開設にあたっては、ハワイ視察に参加した技術者の1人で工場長となった草鹿砥祐吉(1875-1961)が農場や工場だけでなく、労働者のための宿舎区の計画もハワイを範として計画した。テニスコートのあるオープンスペースや社員クラブを中心に置き、職階に従って戸建て、二戸一、長屋建ての住宅などを周辺に配置している。こうした「社宅街」は続く屏東工場(1910年設立)ではさらに拡大された。1910年代に入ると多数の日本資本が台湾に進出し、30以上の製糖工場が建設されたが、並木のあるグリッド状街区に整然と建物が並び、購買部からレクリエーション設備まで備えた社宅街は台湾における糖業プランテーションに欠かせない象徴的な景観となった。やがて台湾における製糖業の成長の限界が認識され、新高製糖の専務であった松江春次が1920年代に南洋群島への進出を目論んだ際には、こうした台湾での経験を生かし、短期間で事業を成功に導くことができたのである。

著者

田中 康裕 鈴木 毅

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.632, pp.2107-2115, 2008-10-30 (Released:2009-10-28)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

4 5

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It is important that we associate with those who are not intimate with us. To clarify where contacts with these people take place, we paid attention to acquaintances of different generation for children and youth. The purpose of this article is to clarify where children and youth contact with acquaintances of different generation. The survey of this article is questionnaire to university students. This article clarified following things. Many people whom children and youth contact are considered to be "hosts of the place", who are always at the place, who cherish the place, and who play some role there. Because "hosts of the place" are always at particular place, if children and youth want to meet them, they can go there. And even if children and youth don't intend to meet them, they meet them inevitably when they go there. And many contacts with acquaintances of different generation take place not at public places but at semi-public places.

著者

山岸 吉弘

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.813, pp.3076-3082, 2023-11-01 (Released:2023-11-01)

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This paper treats how carpenters in the Middle Ages inherited and accumulated their techniques. First, an investigation revealed carpenters who come from advanced countries to bring new various techniques. Another investigation then the foreign technology was inherited by local carpenters, and they were able to build by themselves. Finally, still another investigation of an unknown craftsmen acquired high skills and productivity, and social standing improved. Consequently, the transition of carpentering could be understood by organizing it into three periods.

著者

石榑 督和 青井 哲人

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.694, pp.2627-2636, 2013-12-30 (Released:2014-07-10)

被引用文献数

1 5

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This paper aims to grasp the reformation process of the block in front of Shinjuku east station-square during postwar recovery from the viewpoint of formation of black markets and land ownerships. In immediate postwar years, Matsujiro Nohara and Kinosuke Ozu each built black market that was both unlawful occupation at the object region. Nohara's market survived until the beginning of 1960. However Ozu's market was removed from 1948. Nohara's market and Ozu's market are different as regards to land ownerships. They were a street stall keeper. Notwithstanding, after that Ozu acquired four lot of land on the object region. The fact is worthy of note.

著者

佐久間 英二 二宮 秀與 永田 明寛 萩原 伸治

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.731, pp.31-41, 2017 (Released:2017-01-30)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

4 4

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In this study, we focused on the improvement of the additional thermal resistance of windows with shading devices. The measurement of the additional thermal resistance of windows with shading devices, such as blinds or roller screens was conducted for 64 cases under the identical test devices and conditions. The results were further analyzed in terms of gap in the opening, porosity of surface material, ventilation characteristics and emissivity, so as to verify the improved elements of additional thermal resistance. (1) To improve additional thermal resistance of the shading devices, the followings are the elements to consider:  - Make the gaps of the shieling material smaller.  - Use low emissivity material.  - Make the heat resistance of the shading devices bigger. (2) Venetian blinds can have a better additional thermal resistance by adopting the high degree of shielding and air tightness. (3) Roller screens can have a better additional thermal resistance by adopting of low-emissivity screen and side rails. (4) Cellular screen has the highest thermal resistance among the shading devices, thanks to cellular structure and its air layer. The performance can be further improved by filling the gaps with side rails. The No. 50, the best performance one, achieved an additional thermal resistance of over 0.5[W/m2K]. (5) Using two layers of shading devices helps the additional thermal resistance improve. (6) Measured values are mostly consistent with calculated values by ISO 15099. However, there are some different values between the measurement and the calculation. The desirable difference between the tested and the calculated value is within 10%. The evaluation method taking into account the air permeability (airleakage) of the window with shading devices and the emissivity of shield member is regarded as the future subject to examine, because it is valuable in terms of simplifying the evaluation of the additional thermal resistance of the window with shading devices. (7) Even though the improvement of the window's additional thermal resistance by using shading devices is an effective measure, it is regarded as the future subject to examine because the dew condensation possibly appear on the glass surface.

著者

湯淺 かさね 宋 俊煥 泉山 塁威 三浦 詩乃 村上 早紀子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.790, pp.2677-2688, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-01)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 4

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This study focused on changes in residents’ uses and awareness of outdoor spaces due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to gain understanding of the following three aspects of people’s behaviors believed to have been greatly affected before the Emergency Declaration in Japan and during the State of Emergency: 1) changes in how people use outdoor spaces, and 2) people’s demands with respect to the use of outdoor spaces in the future. In addition, as a byproduct of this investigation, this study aims to produce a summary of findings concerning residents’ use of outdoor spaces against the backdrop of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as well as to discuss future issues. The survey method for this study was a national questionnaire, and responses were obtained from 1860 citizens. The details clarified as a result of analysis of the data generated by the survey are described below. First, the reality of residents’ use of outdoor spaces is summarized as follows. A large number of residents used outdoor spaces that were close to their homes (less than five minutes away on foot) on a daily basis or three or more times per week during the State of Emergency. A large number of residents made use of streets and areas adjacent to waterways or other waterfront areas as outdoor spaces during the State of Emergency period. Such use diverged from their use patterns prior to the Emergency Declaration, but these spaces were near residents’ homes. Residents used such spaces primarily for wellness and relaxation. Next, the survey revealed the following information describing residents’ perceptions of the use of outdoor spaces. Regarding the importance of outdoor spaces to respondents’ everyday lives, 80% or more of respondents who used outdoor spaces even during the State of Emergency reported such spaces to be “important.” In addition, 25% of respondents reported feeling that the use of outdoor spaces improved their quality of life during the State of Emergency, and this proportion far exceeded that of the respondents who reported “no change” or “I don’t feel any importance.” The characteristics of the respondents to this survey can be grouped into the following six categories: G1: People valuing their daily activities outside the home; G2: People valuing outdoor recreational activities; G3: People who primarily used nearby outdoor spaces before the Emergency Declaration; G4: People who rarely use outdoor spaces; G5: People who used outdoor spaces during the State of Emergency; and G6: People who rarely use outdoor spaces/people whose activities are primarily at home. Furthermore, under the influence of COVID-19, it became clear that an outdoor space that can be used as a part of daily life is required. In G1 and G2, there is a high need for various activities , and it can be said that the respondents are seeking an outdoor space as a place for their own activities. G3 seeks a place for work and social activities, and G5 seeks interaction, and has a need as a place for relationships with others. It is suggested that the need for an outdoor space that functions as a place to connect people and society has become apparent.

著者

牛島 朗 菊地 成朋

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.799, pp.1720-1730, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-01)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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The aim of this study is to make clear the spatial composition and formative process of reclaimed villages by a case study on Kojo Shinden. The reclamation work of Kojo Shinden was performed in the end of early-modern times whereby, large-scale latticed arable land was developed. After that, the characteristic arable land units were distributed by unique process. In this paper, we attempt to clarify the formative process of reclaimed villages on Kojo Shinden, therefore, we analyzed the process of setting down and standardized arable land subdivision. As a result, we revealed the individual character of the dispersed settlements.

著者

田島 昌樹 井上 貴之 大西 裕治

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.728, pp.885-892, 2016 (Released:2016-10-30)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

5 8

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CO2 included in exhaled breath is often used as a tracer gas when estimation of ventilation aspect in buildings with occupants is performed. In Japan, CO2 production rate written in JIS A 14061974, which revised in 1974, has been referred for the estimation. The CO2 production rate calculation formula given by ASTM D6245-12 can be referred also, however, the formula is based on westerner adult data. Hence, based on Japanese subjects' exhaled breath data obtained by using Douglas bag method with approximately total 170 points, equations for recent Japanese CO2 production rate are developed in this study. Moreover, an equation, whose variables are occupants' height & weight, gender, age and Met, is used for estimating ventilation aspects in single zone with occupants aiming at accuracy testing. Firstly, a simple equation (9) is derived with regression analysis using 23 subjects and 3 testing activities data. The equation requires AD (Japanese body surface area given by equation (6)) Met and CG (coefficient of gender as male: 1 and female: 0). Secondly, aiming at expanding the targets, equation (9) is transformed and verified by using additional testing whose conditions are shown in Table7 and 8. The obtained 20s males' exhaled breath data is used to derive the equation (10) whose coefficient of deamination is larger than the equation (9) shown in Fig. 4. Then, the equation (10) is added a variable Ca (coefficient of age given by table9) and is transformed into the equation (11) whose coefficient of deamination is larger than the equation (9) shown in Fig. 5. Also, the equation (10) is added a variable Cg (coefficient of gender male: 1.0 and female: 0.73 determined by Table9) and is transformed into equation (12) whose coefficient of deamination is larger than the equation (9) shown in Fig. 6. As a result, the equation (13) is derived and its coefficient of deamination is larger than the equation (9) shown in Fig. 7. With substituting CO2 production rate given by the equation (13), ASTM and JIS, into the equation (14), calculated CO2 concentration are compared to the measured value obtained in single zones with the conditions shown in Table11 with employing testing instruments shown in Table10. The experimental results are shown in Fig. 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14. From the experimental results, calculated CO2 concentration of present work shows the closest to the measured value compared with the other standards’ value. Therefore, these results can allow estimating more correct ventilation aspects with Japanese occupants.

著者

長坂 一郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.686, pp.925-933, 2013-04-30 (Released:2013-06-04)

参考文献数

36

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In this paper, we base the primary concepts appear in Alexander's four volume “The Nature of Order”, such as wholeness, center, structure-preserving transformations, mirror of the self tests, and God on A. N. Whitehead's cosmology called “philosophy of organism”. Firstly, we examine the motivation of writing these four books by analyzing the criticisms towards “Pattern Language.” After showing Alexander's the tacit and new assumption in the books, we show how Whitehead's problem of the bifurcation of nature, that causes some of the deep problems in pattern language, is solved in the Nature of Order in terms of the Whitehead's philosophy.

著者

原戸 喜代里 大場 修

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.658, pp.2953-2959, 2010-12-30 (Released:2011-03-02)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 1

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After the Taisho enthronement, the buildings used for the ceremony were granted to various places in Kyoto.Upon research of receivers, it is found the buildings which still exist are in shrines and temples.This paper shows the analysis of how these buildings in shrines and temples were converted.By seeing the conversions in shrines and temples, we can see the surroundings of social situations of shrines and temples at the beginnings of Taisho period.Then economic situation of citizen was very bad and ideology for respecting the emperor's throne was not stabilized yet.Therefore, in shrines and temples asked for granted buildings used at the enthronement ceremony because of economical reasons rather than memorying the solemn ceremony.

著者

松下 哲郎 平尾 宙 丸山 一平 野口 貴文

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会構造系論文集 (ISSN:13404202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.623, pp.1-8, 2008-01-30 (Released:2008-10-31)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

8 2

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In this study, Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)/Rietveld analysis, which has been utilized in recent years as a technique for quantifying the crystal mineral phase of cement and cement paste, was applied to quantify the reaction rate of cement minerals and the proportions of hydration products. Its accuracy and availability was verified by comparing with the following properties, reaction rate of minerals by internal standard methods of XRD quantitative analysis, rate of heat liberation of cement by conduction calorimeter and amount of combined water of cement paste. Experimental factors were three types of cements, three levels of W/C, three levels of mixing/curing temperatures. The results showed that XRD/Rietveld analysis can quantify the hydration rates and products of cement paste with high accuracy.

著者

市川 紘司

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.802, pp.2561-2570, 2022-12-01 (Released:2022-12-01)

参考文献数

12

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“The festival plaza” with its big roof, designed by Kenzo Tange, was the facility of the Japan World Exposition 1970. The purpose of this study is, first, to examine how the big roof was removed at the seemingly halfway point of 1978, and second, to examine the case of conversion during its temporary existence. Through the analysis, it became clear that it was temporarily preserved as a symbol of “memories” of the Expo in the site utilization plan by Eika Takayama, and that a temporary exhibition hall with a tent structure was constructed for the China Exhibition held in 1974.

著者

篠原 廉 権藤 智之 蟹澤 宏剛 林 盛 保坂 至

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.773, pp.1525-1534, 2020 (Released:2020-07-30)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

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In recent times, the design of three-dimensional (3D) complex shape architectures has become much easier since the advent of 3D-CAD or BIM software. However, the roles of designers, contractors or sub-contractors have become uncertain. For example, in the construction of an architectural project, it is necessary for the associated sub-contractors to possess the prerequisite knowledge of the design processes to avoid discordance of roles or prevent irrelevant design alterations. Additionally, in the application of 3D modeling for designs, the method of transferring design information from designers to contractors is difficult. This research elucidates the construction process of formworks of different 3D complex shape reinforced concrete RC architectures. In particular, this research focused on transferring design information from designers to contractors or sub-contractors. Further, the research analyzed the different options involved in the transfer and clarifies the advantages or disadvantages of each option. The results are outlined below. First, from the investigation of two architectural magazines, “Shinkenchiku” and “Kenchiku–Gijutsu” from January 2000 to July 2019, the authors collected 265 3D complex shape RC architectures and clarified their trends. From these architectures, the authors selected four 3D complex shape RC architectures recently constructed for case studies, each of which had different production system. Second, in the case studies, the authors interviewed the designers, the contractors, and the sub-contractors of the four projects and collected the plans or 3D models. From the data collected, the projects were classified according to the viewpoint of who took the initiative for deciding the construction details or information: the designer (project A), the contractor (project B), the sub-contractor (project C), or the contractor and the sub-contractor (project D). The problems associated with each project are outlined below. 1) Project A: There were no major design alterations or occurrence of discordance because the project designers adhered to the given coordinate values with high precision. However, the task assigned to the designer was too large compared with general cases such as making detailed 3D models. 2) Project B: The BIM manager of the contractors developed the BIM model and pioneered the consensus with the owners and designers. However, the sub-contractors were unable to directly apply the BIM model; therefore, the sub-contractors had to develop their own 3D model for the formwork. 3) Project C: The sub-contractors managed the 3D model unitarily, and design alterations made were reflected on the model quickly; this enabled the NC data for production of the formwork to be directly made from the 3D model. 4) Project D: The contractor and the sub-contractor examined the details of the design or construction method together. They joined design processes and shared the 3D model. Thus, no major design alterations or other problems occurred. Under recent circumstances, deciding who should develop 3D models or other necessary information for construction is difficult because the requisite skills or experiences are dependent on the companies involved. However, noticeable trials were present in project C; the sub-contractor managed the information and realized the smooth transfer of information. As a result, this research clarified the gray areas in the production process: how to transfer information, such as coordinate values; two-dimensional (2D) drawings; surface models; solid models; software, information sharing system, when the aforementioned information is decided, and whether construction drawings are directly made from 3D models.

著者

北條 光彩季 後藤 春彦 山近 資成 吉江 俊

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.775, pp.1931-1941, 2020 (Released:2020-09-30)

参考文献数

18

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In Akihabara, where various specialty stores accumulate, people gather searching for limited and rare products and exchange them to share their hobbies and interests outside the store, forming a kind of public sphere. This paper clarifies the mechanism of forming "the place for exchanges of goods". To grasp this mechanism that are common in the outdoor space of Akihabara is also important in considering the value of downtown, which used to be discussed with words "bustle" and was not considered its social meaning.  1) Geographical characteristics of group staying behavior on the street By patrolling Akihabara district, the distribution of places for exchanges of goods on the street was clarified from the wide-area viewpoint. Through this survey 12 locations were extracted where "appreciation and exchange" activities were concentrated, and from these locations it became clear that place for exchanges of goods tend to be formed in the near ground where manga, anime, and game content is sold.  2) Behavior and spatial transformation of places for exchanges of goods From the fixed-point observation investigation, the change of the range in which space for exchanges of goods forms and the change of the behavior were analyzed. As a result, special characters of places where exchanges of goods are likely to happen were grasped from a microscopic viewpoint. It has become clear that place for exchanges of goods occurs avoiding the flow of people. It was also confirmed that the larger the number of members, the more they stayed in the environment surrounded by street objects.  3) Behavioral psychology of people who form places for exchanges of goods Hearing investigation clarified what kind of behavioral psychology were seen behind forming the places for exchanges of goods, and what kind of actions were done for making their own place on the street. As a result, two types of actions were identified: "exchange of goods" and "exchange of information". It was confirmed that places for exchanges of goods occurs not only in search of a consensus of interests, but also in search of mutual empathy through the exchange of information in which people can deepen their knowledge of hobbies and preferences. It also became clear that they formed or joined in places for exchanges of goods with 9 kinds of behavioral psychology.

著者

林野 博司 森田 忠臣

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会東北支部研究報告集 (ISSN:13434713)

巻号頁・発行日

no.18, pp.53-56, 1971-10

著者

津田 智史 小林 茂雄

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.609, pp.85-91, 2006

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of interpersonal distance from others on the emotions and behavior of couples staying along by the sea. An investigation to observe the behavior of actual couples, and an experiment to assess the opinions of the couples were carried out in the early evening and the nighttime. In the results, the following points were demonstrated. ・ Couples tended to stay together longer and more closely when the distance from others was large. This tendency appeared more strongly in the nighttime than in the early evening. Couples expected to maintain a private space of at least 2 to 3 meters on both sides. ・ Women tended to notice the proximity of others more in the early evening. This tendency was stronger when the others were groups of men rather than mixed male-female groups. ・ Generally in the evening, couples' behavior was not affected by the attributes of others. In some cases, couples moved even closer together when another couple approached than when no-one was near.