著者
津田 直則 Naonori Tsuda 桃山学院大学経済学部
出版者
桃山学院大学総合研究所
雑誌
桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.49, no.4, pp.139-178, 2008-03-10

The article examines the co-operative values and management efficiency in the case of the Mondragon Co-operative Corporation(MCC). In the first section of the article, the history of the MCC is investigated, which is divided into three periods, 1956-70, 1971-90 and 1991-2006. In the second section of the article, which will appear in the following volume of the bulletin, the co-operative values, management efficiency and their relations would be analyzed. The First Period(1956-70)of the history of the Mondragon co-operatives is characterized by founding the basis of co-operatives and expanding business projects in various sectors of the Basque economy in Spain. In the Second Period(1971-90), the Mondragon Co-operative Group suffered from the oil shock effects and began to construct the protecting system against stagnation by inventing the institutional systems of solidarity. At the same time, the management top of the Group increased investments at foreign countries for attaining the superior competitive condition in international markets. In 1987, the First Co-operative Congress of the Mondragon Co-operative Group decided the famous Ten Principles as the value basis of the organization of the Group. They are: Open admission, Democratic Organization, Sovereignty of Labor, The Instrumental Character of Capital, Self-Management, Pay Solidarity, Group Cooperation, Social Transformation, Universal Nature and Education. In 1991, the beginning year of the Third Period(1991-2006), the Third Co-operative Congress was hold. The key decisions at the congress were:(a)The centralization of the organization and pursuit of a strategy for the sake of survival in the international market.(b)The reorganization of the co-operatives away from the regional groupings and toward to the sector groupings for increasing efficiency.(c)The renaming of the Mondragon Co-operative Group as the Mondragon Co-operative Corporation(MCC). In 2006, the performance of MCC is as follows. MCC Co-operatives107 Subsidiary companies126 MCC workforce83,601 MCC Total Assets27,550(million of euros)MCC Equity4,696(million of euros) Total Turnover(Industrial)6,880(million of euros) Total Turnover(Distribution)6,510(million of euros) MCC Overall Investment1,240(million of euros)
著者
加納 三千子 藤井 輝明 西川 龍也
出版者
福山市立大学
雑誌
福山市立女子短期大学研究教育公開センター年報 (ISSN:13485113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, pp.17-26, 2009

On this paper we introduce New Lanark in Scotland and the Mondoragon Corporation Cooperativa (MMC) in Spain as typical measure examples of revitalization plan for local communities by Social Enterprise.New Lanark is a village on the River Clyde, in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It was founded in 1786,and there were cotton mills and housing for the mill workers. Robert Owen, who carried on his father-in-law's ownership, tried to improve the workers' conditions. He paid particular attention to the children working at the mills, and opened the first infant school in Britain in 1816.New Lanark became a successful business and an epitome of utopian socialism.The New Lanark mills operated until 1968. The New Lanark Conservation Trust was founded in 1975,and have been restored most of the buildings.UNESCO nominated the New Lanark as World Heritage Sites in Scotland in 2001.Now New Lanark has become a major tourist attraction.The Mondoragon Corporation Cooperativa (MMC) in Spain is consists of approximately 150 cooperatives and 20000 members. The MMC invented an ideal organizational system such as OPEN ADMISSION,DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION,SOVEREIGNTY OF LABOUR,PARTICIPATORY,MANAGEMENT,PAYMENT SOLIDALITY etc.Solving the problems of risk taking of capital and labor, capital financing, the MMC satisfies democratic conditions of an optimal cooperative.
著者
Muhammad Hasinur RAHMAN 河合 成直 Shah ALAM Sirajul HOQUE 田中 章浩 伊藤 實
出版者
Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture
雑誌
熱帯農業 (ISSN:00215260)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.3, pp.129-135, 1999-09-01 (Released:2010-03-19)
参考文献数
27

農耕車輌などの踏圧による締固めが黒ボク土の特性とコムギ (Triticum aestivum L.cv.Nanbu-Komugi) の生長に及ぼす影響について, 温室環境下で検討した.測定は, 土壌の仮比重, 水分保持力, 全孔隙率, および, 草丈, 分げつ数, 茎および根の乾物重量, 根の体積・最大重・密度・バイオマス, 蒸発散量, 要水量および栄養消費量について行った.本研究から以下の結果が得られた.土壌締固めにより, 黒ボク土の仮比重は統計的に有意に増加し, 水分保持力と全空隙率は減少した.コムギの茎と根の生育量および蒸発散量は, 土壌の締固めにより, 著しく低下することが認められた.その反面, 要水量は締固め土壌で増加していた.また, 根: 茎葉の割合は高締固め土壌において高い数値を示した.しかし, 根の密度およびバイオマスは, 逆に高締固め土壌において低い値となった.さらに, 養分吸収量は土壌の締固めにより, 有意に減少した.
著者
安藤 昭代 岸野 すき江 松井 澄子 清水 恵子
出版者
東海学園大学
雑誌
紀要 (ISSN:02858428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.19-32, 1974-06-30

1)バナナ・みかん・りんごの個々の果汁の色の経時的変化, 果汁の加熱による色の変化, 三者のミックスジュースを作成する場合の搾汁順序による色の相違, pulpを除去した果汁としないものとの色の相違並びに経時的変化を検討した。2)個々のジュースの色は, 時間の経過に従って, バナナ・みかん・りんごの何れも褐変した。3)加熱果汁は未加熱果汁に比較して, 単独・混合試料の何れの果汁においても褐変が著るしい。4)三者の搾汁順序による色を比較すると, 同時混合搾汁が最も褐変が少く, 色が安定である。順次に搾汁する場合は, みかんを最初に搾る方法が褐変をいくらか防止する。5)生ジュースのごとくpulp混合の果汁は, pulpを除去した果汁に比較して褐変が少ない。

2 0 0 0 OA 中尊寺大観

著者
斎藤隆三 編
出版者
精華社
巻号頁・発行日
1918
著者
土谷 岳史
出版者
慶應義塾大学大学院法務研究科
雑誌
慶應法学 (ISSN:18800750)
巻号頁・発行日
no.4, pp.123-196, 2006-01

1.はじめに2.EC/EUにおける人の自由移動3.「セキュリティ」と共同体の境界4.EU市民の自由移動指令案の提出と判例の発展5.ネイション‐ステートの防衛6.EUシティズンシップとしての自由移動と平等の地平7.2級市民の存在8.おわりに
著者
土谷 岳史
出版者
The European Union Studies Association-Japan
雑誌
日本EU学会年報 (ISSN:18843123)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2005, no.25, pp.244-266,293, 2005

The enlarged EU has now entered on a new phase; ratification of Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. The <i>Constitution</i>, which represents the will of EU to be more democratic political community, defines the EU citizens as one of the subjects of New Europe. The 'EU citizen' is every person holding the nationality of a member state. Consequently, the third-country national residents are excluded. Moreover, they are at a disadvantage by comparison with EU citizens. The EU citizen has a lot of rights which third-country nationals (TCNs) don't because the EU Citizenship is the membership both in EU and member states. In other words, the <i>Duality of EU Citizenship</i> disadvantages TCNs. However, the boundary of citizens cannot be determined by democratic processes because by definition, democratic decisions are made only by the citizen. Initially, at least, the boundary of citizens is given. However, there are immigrants crossing borders. In this sense, the democratic citizenship is defined as permanent re-demarcation of the boundary identifying citizens and subjects. Therefore in this paper, we explore the access of EU Citizenship in order to make EU Citizenship democratic, focusing on legal status of third-country national residents in the context of the 'integration' of TCNs in EU which has established 'progressively an area of freedom, security and justice' since the Treaty of Amsterdam. In this area, TCNs are now considered not only human resources, but also members of society. In 2003, EU established 'long-term resident status' of TCNs, which would be a core legal status in 'integration process'. The long-term residents have many rights including freedom of movement. However, the EU Citizenship is still linked to nationality of a member state, which is the final legal status in 'integration process' of TCNs. Paradoxically, if a long-term resident exercises her right to free movement, she and her family may not meet conditions of nationality acquisition because of the residency requirement. Therefore, the asymmetry of duality turns out to be a problem, and the EU Citizenship must have another criterion independent of member states nationality. Finally we would find the possibility of open membership in the <i>symmetrical Duality of EU Citizenship</i>, which could ensure integrity of memberships in EU.
著者
岡本 透 大丸 裕武 池田 重人 吉永 秀一郎
出版者
Japan Association for Quaternary Research
雑誌
第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.39, no.3, pp.215-226, 2000-06-01
参考文献数
30
被引用文献数
2 8

下北半島北東部の太平洋岸には,砂丘砂や泥土に覆われたヒバの埋没林が各所に認められる.この埋没林の形成期は,約2,600~2,000年前,約1,000~850年前,約500年前,および現代である.調査地域に分布する砂丘砂中に認められる埋没腐植層の年代は,<sup>14</sup>C年代値と白頭山苫小牧火山灰の年代から,約5,300年前,約2,700年前,約1,000~900年前,約600~500年前,そして約200年前に区分された.埋没腐植層の年代により,調査地域に分布する砂丘の形成期は,約5,000年前以降,約2,500年前以降,約1,000年前以降,約600年前以降,約100年前以降と推定された.約2,500年前以降は,砂丘の形成期の年代とヒバ埋没林の形成期の年代とがほぼ一致するため,ヒバ埋没林の形成には砂丘砂の移動が大きく関与している.約2,600~2,000年前のヒバ埋没林は,その年代と分布から,約3,000~2,000年前の小海退にともなう砂丘砂の移動によって形成された.約1,000年前以降に形成された砂丘については,人為的影響によって形成された可能性がある.<br>一方,調査地域周辺には,約700~500年前の製鉄遺跡が数多く分布し,江戸時代後期にも南部藩などによって製鉄が試みられている.砂鉄採取のための砂丘の掘り崩しや,製鉄用の木炭を得るための沿岸部における森林伐採といった人為的影響によって,約600年前以降と約100年前以降に砂丘砂の移動があった.それにともなって,約500年前,現代の年代を示すヒバ埋没林が形成された.
出版者
農林省農業改良局特産課
巻号頁・発行日
vol.昭和28年12月現在, 1954
出版者
農林省農林経済局統計調査部
巻号頁・発行日
vol.昭和31年産, 1958