著者
伊藤 伸幸 ITO Nobuyuki
出版者
名古屋大学文学部
雑誌
名古屋大学文学部研究論集 (ISSN:04694716)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.57, pp.65-86, 2011-03-31 (Released:2011-04-14)

Existen dos tendencias escultóricas muy conocidas en Mesoamérica en la que se representan cabezas humanas, ambos estilos fueron realizados en formatos distintos: las cabezas Colosales y las cabezas Grandes. La cultura Olmeca se distingue por haber plasmado una forma escultórica conocida como “Cabeza Colosal”. Esta escultura muestra como atributos distintivos la cabeza y el rostro de un personaje que porta un casco con dos protecciones sobre las orejas. Sus rasgos faciales son realistas, ojos almendrados, nariz corta y ancha, labios gruesos, ceño fruncido y otros caracteres. Por otra parte, en varias regiones de Mesoamérica, existen otro tipo de representaciones escultóricas que podría llamarse “Cabeza Grande”. Esta corriente escultórica se caracteriza por que el personaje no porta casco como el que se representa en las “Cabezas Colosales”, de igual forma mantienen una expresión facial menos realista y su tamaño es más pequeño que el de las “Cabezas Colosales”. Referente a la distribución de las esculturas, las “Cabezas Colosales” sólo se encuentran en la región de Golfo de México a diferencia de las “Cabezas Grandes”, mismas que se distribuyen en varias regiones del Golfo de México, Altiplano Central de México y Costa Sur. Se presume que en Costa Sur se esculpieron las “Cabezas Grandes”, modificando algunas de las características originarias que poseen las “Cabezas Colosales” del Golfo de México. Hasta el periodo Clásico Tardío continuó la tradición escultórica de las cabezas, convirtiéndose en otra forma escultórica representativa de la Costa Sur de Mesoamérica.
著者
Sato Jun J. Wolsan Mieczyslaw Prevosti Francisco J. D'Elía Guillermo Begg Colleen Begg Keith Hosoda Tetsuji Campbell Kevin L. Suzuki Hitoshi
出版者
Elsevier
雑誌
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (ISSN:10557903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.3, pp.745-757, 2012-06
被引用文献数
126

We analyzed a concatenated (8492 bp) nuclear-mitochondrial DNA data set from 44 musteloids (including the first genetic data for Lyncodon patagonicus) with parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic and biogeographic inference and two Bayesian methods of chronological inference. Here we show that Musteloidea emerged approximately 32.4-30.9 million years ago (MYA) in Asia, shortly after the greenhouse-icehouse global climate shift at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. During their Oligocene radiation, which proceeded wholly or mostly in Asia, musteloids diversified into four primary divisions: the Mephitidae lineage separated first, succeeded by Ailuridae and the divergence of the Procyonidae and Mustelidae lineages. Mustelidae arose approximately 16.1 MYA within the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, and extensively diversified in the Miocene, mostly in Asia. The early offshoots of this radiation largely evolved into badger and marten ecological niches (Taxidiinae, Melinae, Mellivorinae, Guloninae, and Helictidinae), whereas the later divergences have adapted to other niches including those of weasels, polecats, minks, and otters (Mustelinae, Ictonychinae, and Lutrinae). Notably, and contrary to traditional beliefs, the morphological adaptations of badgers, martens, weasels, polecats, and minks each evolved independently more than once within Mustelidae. Ictonychinae (which is most closely related to Lutrinae) arose approximately 9.5-8.9 MYA, most likely in Asia, where it diverged into the Old World Ictonychini (Vormela, Poecilictis, Ictonyx, and Poecilogale) and New World Lyncodontini (Lyncodon and Galictis) lineages. Ictonychini presumably entered Africa during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (at the Miocene-Pliocene transition), which interposed the origins of this clade (approximately 6.5-6.0 MYA) and its African Poecilictis-Ictonyx-Poecilogale subclade (approximately 4.8-4.5 MYA). Lyncodontini originated approximately 2.9-2.6 MYA at the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition in South America, slightly after the emergence of the Panamanian land bridge that provided for the Great American Biotic Interchange. As the genera Martes and Ictonyx (as currently circumscribed) are paraphyletic with respect to the genera Gulo and Poecilogale, respectively, we propose that Pekania and Poecilictis be treated as valid genera and that "Martes" pennanti and "Ictonyx" libyca, respectively, be assigned to these genera.
著者
Fan Yibo
巻号頁・発行日
2009

制度:新 ; 報告番号:甲2780号 ; 学位の種類:博士(工学) ; 授与年月日:2009/3/15 ; 早大学位記番号:新5000
著者
畠山 華子 立川 雅司
出版者
北海道大学 高等教育推進機構 高等教育研究部 科学技術コミュニケーション教育研究部門(CoSTEP)
雑誌
科学技術コミュニケーション (ISSN:18818390)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, pp.18-27, 2012-06

Purpose of the paper is to elucidate various factors which lead to settlement of arguments among scientists in the context of regulatory science (safety assessment) using a case of a transgenic crop showing drought tolerance. The transgenic crop was regarded as a new type of GMO and posing scientific uncertainty. Novel assessment techniques (Omics) were proposed to use to assess the safety of the crop. While seemed promising at first, after discussing various aspects of the method, the GM Food Safety committee finally decided not to adopt the technique at that time. Minutes of the meeting of the Committee and interviews to related scientists were analyzed to understand the process to reach the conclusion. It is observed that the discussion among scientists has reached consensus through taking into account various kinds of knowledge, not only purely scientific but also institutional one, such as chronological consistency. Under the context of regulatory science, this latter type of knowledge (institutional knowledge) are accumulated within the committee and applied to the issue which constitutes a crucial factor to bring closure of the discussion. Science communication would need to take a harder look at this fairly neglected area, and foster the public to understand this aspect of science in action.
著者
佐藤 憲昭
出版者
物性研究刊行会
雑誌
物性研究 (ISSN:07272997)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.89, no.6, pp.919-930, 2008-03-20

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。
著者
浅見 克彦
出版者
北海道大学大学院経済学研究科
雑誌
經濟學研究 (ISSN:04516265)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.3, pp.299-314, 2003-12-16
著者
清水 佳奈
出版者
[出版者不明]
巻号頁・発行日
2006-10

制度:新 ; 文部省報告番号:甲2286号 ; 学位の種類:博士(工学) ; 授与年月日:2006/10/19 ; 早大学位記番号:新4326
著者
佐々木 昌一 池内 隆人 神谷 浩行 小島 祥敬 梅本 幸裕 郡 健二郎
出版者
泌尿器科紀要刊行会
雑誌
泌尿器科紀要 (ISSN:00181994)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.8, pp.559-563, 2004-08

擬似的な微小重力環境における哺乳類の造精機能や精子運動性,受精,初期発生に対する影響を検討した.微小重力環境における頭側への体液移動モデルである尾部懸垂マウスでは,精巣/体重比と血清テストステロン値が有意に減少した.ジェット機のパラボリックフライトにより作り出された微小重力環境においてヒト精子運動能は低下した.クリノスタットを利用した擬似微小重力環境下では体外受精の受精率には影響しなかったが,96時間の培養でマウス受精卵が桑実胚および胞胚形成した割合は有意に少なかった.微小重力環境下では,精巣萎縮とテストステロン産生低下をきたし,精子運動性の低下を認めるが,受精能には影響を与えず,受精卵の初期発生には障害を及ぼす可能性がある
著者
塚田 美紀
出版者
東京大学大学院教育学研究科
雑誌
東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.38, pp.347-355, 1998-03-26

This paper examines art education of Kakiyama Ban-yu, who studied in the Art School of Tokyo founded by Ernest Fenollosa and Okakura Tenshin, and contributed to the birth of "art pedagogy" in primary education. Revealing the composition of drawing and painting technics in his "art pedagogy", this paper illuminates the structure of his systematization of art skills. The conception of "art pedagogy" was raised by professors of Art School of Tokyo and Teachers School of Tokyo, to construct a systematic teaching method in general education by integrating the technics of Western art and Japanese traditional art. Kakiyama actually tried to explore his own method by organizing the technics not from the teacher's viewpoint but from student's one as art creator. This Kakiyama-method succeeded to those of his antecedents and resembled to those of his contemporaries much in contents of the technics. Nevertheless the way of organizing drawing and painting technics as art creator was unique, and at this point he should be regarded as a pioneer of art education in general education, and as an educator quite different from the mainstream of "art pedagogy".