著者

湯田 厚司 鵜飼 幸太郎 坂倉 康夫 谷 秀司 松田 ふき子 楊 天群 間島 雄一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本アレルギー学会

雑誌

アレルギー (ISSN:00214884)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.7, pp.577-582, 2002

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

6

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基準木のスギ雄花着生状況から津市のスギ花粉飛散予想を行った.方法は三重県津市郊外の三重県科学技術振興センター敷地内に1964年に植樹された23種のクローンからなる69本を基準木に選定した.この69本の東西南北4面(合計276面)の雄花着生状況を目視法で0から3点に点数化した.その平均点数とスギ花粉飛散数を1988年より2000年まで検討した.その結果,1995年と2000年の大量飛散年以外は基準木雄花着生平均点数とスギ花粉飛散数の実数は一次関数で高い正の相関(r=0.914)を認めた.大量飛散年は前年の飛散状況に影響をうけていたため,前年より飛散の多い年を検討すると,基準木雄花着生平均点数から前年の平均点数を減算した値と,スギ花粉飛散数は極めて高く正に相関した(r=0.994).以上の結果より,基準木雄花着生状況から花粉予想が可能と考えた.

著者

楊 海英

出版者

内陸アジア史学会

雑誌

内陸アジア史研究 (ISSN:09118993)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.27-54, 1995-03

著者

楊 海英

出版者

東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所

雑誌

アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究 (ISSN:03872807)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, pp.71-113, 2001-03

著者

武田 裕吾 武田 はるか 渡邉 菜月 楊箸 隆哉 古川 勉寛

出版者

日本感性工学会

雑誌

日本感性工学会論文誌 (ISSN:18845258)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.4, pp.369-373, 2020 (Released:2020-12-25)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

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While there are reports on the reliability of the universal goniometer (UG) and smartphone application goniometer (SG), there have been no reports on user impressions when using these devices. In this study, impressions of users of UG and SG that are used in clinical practice were clarified and reliability was compared. Questionnaires on user impressions were administered to 13 staff members who work in the clinical field. Measurements in the hip and knee joints of seven participants were taken by three testers, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were obtained to assess reliability. Results showed that SG was superior in terms of appearance, weight, texture, portability, usability, versatility and readout. SG was inferior in terms of setting up measurement axes. However, SG demonstrated high reliability even when compared to UG. The intra-and inter-rater ICC were 0.51 to 0.89 and 0.65 to 0.75, respectively.

著者

楊洲周延

出版者

福田初次郎

雑誌

千代田の大奥

巻号頁・発行日

1896

著者

楊 天溢

出版者

Business History Society of Japan

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.4, pp.55-65, 1983-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

角山 栄 楊 天〓

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.87-94, 1976-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

楊 天溢

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.59-92, 1973-02-25 (Released:2009-10-14)

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In any economic system not in a state of complete stagnation, there must be somebody exercising the abilities to see new economic possibilities, the foresight to develop them, and the courage to take the necessary risks-the talents of the entrepreneur. Mao Tse-tung has always emphasized the importance of entreneurship. This is often obscured for the Western reader only by the fact that in the West people think of entrepreneurship as a characteristic of free market economies, and they do not even attempt to study entrepreneurship in socialist countries.Mao's entrepreneur, however, is not the individual per se, but the collective, or more precisely individuals operating in collective economies. In many examples of good Maoist-type enterprises, there is almost always one named individual, or a small group of individuals, who have taken the initiative in a new development, worked out the idea, embraced the effective forethought, and persuaded the collective to adopt it. The aim is not of course the maximization of individual profit, but the maximization of collective production. These are the qualities of the heroic leaders of the Taching Oilfield, the Tachai Production Brigade, and of a thousand other economic enterprises, industrial and agricultural, which have been presented as models of Maoist organization.Mao sees the education of peasants as the fundamental problem of the Chinese economy, and considers that economic growth as well as revolution must depend on the masses of the people and on everybody going into action, not depending on a few people issuing orders. Therefore, his strategy of developent is to bring peasants and local initiative more into play and, under the unified planning of the central government, let the localities do more. Given the one basic assumption that China's problems can only be radically solved by collective enterprise, there leaves no doubt that entrepreneurship within the collective organization is the keystone of Mao's hopes of rapid development, and a major object of educating peasants, sons into modern producers. Surely, maximizing these qualities within that system is one of Mao's greatest and most constant preocupation in the economic field.

著者

楊 天溢

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.55-79, 1969-01-26 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

楊 天溢

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.83-93, 1968-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

楊 天溢

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.3, pp.56-114,ii, 1966-12-20 (Released:2009-11-11)

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This paper is a study of the bureaucratic entrepreneur in the system of Kuan-tu sang Pan (Official Supervision and Merchant Managelnent System : 官督商弁組織), using the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co. and the Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill as case studies. The industrialization effort in late Ch'ing China, in response to increasing pressure from the Occident, was directed by powerful provincial leaders, of whom Governor-general Li Hung-chang was an outstanding example. The efforts made to introduce new industries started also as an anti-revolutionary movement in response to the threat of the Great Taiping revolutionary agitation, and aimed at a reorganization of the feudal system under the Ch'ing Dynasty, which was more in line with the interests of the educated elite. Therefore, the self-strengthening ideology which they helped to fashion sought to meet the challenge of both the Occident and the peasant. The introduction of modern industrial and commercial enterprise was the instrument (用) by which the essence (体) of traditional, Confucian, agrarian China was to be preserved. Accordingly, the Kuan-tu sang-pan system they devised, which set the model for the earliest modern industrial enterprise in China, was in effect a compromise between the urgent need for modernization and the conservatism of the traditional society. The system was not intended to subvert the old order, nor did it represent to its patrons an effort to remake the fundamental bases of the traditional society.The Kuan-tu sang-pan pattern was also deliberately designed to tap the new source of compradore capital which had developed in the treaty ports after 1842, and the share capital of these enterprises came largely from treaty-port merchants. Although the Kuan-tu sang-pan firms were joint official-merchant undertakings, the officials sought to regulate operations and keep them within their complete control by means of their great political weight in the traditional bureaucratic system; in general terms, merchant management was to be guided by official supervision. In the Kuan-tu sang-pan formula an appointee of the firm's promoter was the supervising official; although the position of the merchant manager was ambiguous, he usually held official rank and was also a representative of the shareholders. The management of these enterprises was characterized by their traditional practices, bureaucratic motivation, and corruption. It was deficient in the rationalized organization, functional specialization, and impersonal discipline associated with the development of modern industry in the West.The China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co. was established in an effort to compete with the foreign shipping, mainly British, which was dominating trade in Chinese waters. The establishment of the Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill was the first attempt to establish a Chinese-owned factory to manufacture cotton goods in competition with the huge, and growing, flood of imports from the mills of Lancashire and America. The history of these firms illustrates the incompetence of bureaucratic management and the characteristic features of modern enterprise in China.

著者

楊枝 嗣朗

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.5-14, 2008-07-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

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The thought of independence of central banking was generally accepted during 1990s. And then the relationship between money and state has hardly occupied the interest of monetary economists. Some of them emphasised that the central banking does not have any administrative power. Therefore, the query why the government must ultimately take the responsibility for the stability of financial system and why the central bank must contribute to it through the prudential policy, have not been drked theoretically. In the meantime the Free Banking School has insisted the abolition of the central bank because the central bank-money is state fiat money. And the Cartalists like L. R. Wray, S. Bell, and C. A. E. Goodhart have attached the importance of ties between money and state, and therefore they have been worried about the future of Euro money due to breaking its bond with governments. We understand the ties between money and government are essential; otherwise the capitalistic credit monies could not have been developed. Since private credit monies circulated among merchants and traders in modern times, state monies like coins became just small changes for private credit monies. In consequence governments lost the ability of raising fund to a great extent. There were no way other than accepting private credit monies as means of tax-payment to raise fund. Such an intervention by government assisted private credit monies to circulate all over their country. The central bank currency contributed to reduce the costs of commercial transactions and of tax-collection too. From the above point of view we inquire the relationship between money and state, and why a central bank has "the ambiguous presence as a semi-governmental corporation".

著者

楊 瑞松 閻 立

出版者

大阪経済大学日本経済史研究所

雑誌

経済史研究 (ISSN:1344803X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.89-119, 2020-01-31 (Released:2020-03-19)

著者

楊 日然

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1966, pp.119-136, 1967-05-20 (Released:2009-02-12)

参考文献数

37

著者

楊 冰

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.94, 2018 (Released:2020-03-23)

著者

楊 冰

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.2, pp.106, 2016 (Released:2018-01-01)

著者

楊 冰

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, pp.133, 2014-12-31 (Released:2017-05-22)

著者

楊 爽

雑誌

二松学舎大学東アジア学術総合研究所集刊

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.69-101, 2017-03-31

著者

九疑山人楊宗稷纂輯 男葆元校字

出版者

中国書店

巻号頁・発行日

1993

著者

楊 静

出版者

奈良女子大学大学院人間文化研究科

雑誌

人間文化研究科年報 (ISSN:09132201)

巻号頁・発行日

no.28, pp.145-155, 2012

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In China,"being parents of an egg" is regarded as a practical activity to help children understand how hard parents work and to help them love their parents. The activity is letting each child hold a raw egg. Children have to treat the eggs as their own babies and take care of them. The author observed this activity in Tianjin,China,and it has been praised not only in Tianjin but-the whole of China. However, a similar activity has never been seen in Japan. In Tianjin,the author recorded a video of this activity and-conducted an investigation. Twenty college students from Japan and China watched the video, answered a questionnaire prepared in advance, and then were interviewed. Surprisingly,the results differed between the Chinese and Japanese students. The Chinese students believed that children can learn to understand how hard parents work and to love their parents through this activity.They also thought,that the activity can help children to develop a sense of responsibility. On the other hand,Japanese students believed that the eggs should not be regarded as babies. If they were , it meant that the babies died when the eggs fell and broken From their perspective,that would be a very cruel thing for a child. But why did the students'viewpoints differ? One reason is that the Chinese students did not think of the activity as"real life." Once the eggs fell and broke, they were just eggs, not babies. However, the Japanese students always regarded the eggs as babies. Another reason is that parents and teachers have absolute power in China.: Children must respect their parents and obey the teacher.