著者

布目 寛幸

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.491-500, 2008-12

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Recently, "Nijiku" sports motion theory has been proposed and is being widely disseminated for many types of sports events including association football (soccer). It appears that this theory has some scientific basis for improving performance in sports. However, as the theory did not follow the necessary procedures, to date, its scientific validity has never been examined. This paper was designed to precisely examine the scientific validity of the "Nijiku" sports motion theory in relation to soccer from the viewpoint of science philosophy and biomechanics. Falsifiability is an important concept in science. However, only a few objective data-the ground reaction force of the supporting leg during soccer kicking and the peculiar motion referred to as "unfasten knee" motion-were demonstrated in the related literature with incorrect interpretation, and there were no falsifiable data to prove the existence of "Nijiku" during sports actions. Thus, it has been considered that the "Nijiku" sports motion theory runs contrary to the principle of science. Moreover, there are many misleading descriptions, particularly with regard to the effect of gravity. As a result, it can be considered that the "Nijiku" sports motion theory is classified as a "pseudoscience" labeled inaccurately or misleadingly portrayed as science. Scientific counterarguments to stimulate debate on these matters by the proponent and/or supporters are expected.

著者

新井 栄子

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.5, 1971-07-30

著者

竹村 瑞穂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13050, (Released:2014-01-10)

参考文献数

43

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Medical technology has made remarkable advances in recent years. On the one hand, these advances have the benefit of contributing to the happiness of humankind; on the other hand, they can raise various ethical and social issues, precisely because they are applied to individual humans. One such issue is enhancement technology, which can be used not only for the purpose of treating disease, but also for improving or enhancing the body or mind; humans themselves can become subject to alterations without any medical purpose.   Body enhancement used to improve athletic performance is of particular concern in competitive sports. In this study, body enhancement was considered to be an act of pursuing a better-performing body, and examined the issues related to “betterness” in this context from an ethical viewpoint.   Specifically, I (1) elucidate the meaning of the word “betterness” within the phrase “better performing” and (2) examine whether the act of pursuing a body that is “better” is an act of overall human betterment by engaging in an ethical discussion of its pros and cons. I use the principle of action described in Kant's practical philosophy as a framework for discussion.   With regard to (1), I conclude that the meaning of “better” in the context of body enhancement in competitive sports is defined by theoretical (logical) judgment, and not by moral judgment. With regard to (2), I describe what an unacceptable act is according to Kant's Formula of the End in Itself. I also present the limits of this study, and point out the need to clarify in future studies the concept of what comprises human nature.

著者

松井 秀治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.65-76, 1956

被引用文献数

7 6

著者

坂東 美和子 田辺 智 伊藤 章

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.4, pp.505-514, 2006-07-10

被引用文献数

1 2

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4ターン投法でパフォーマンスが異なる(世界のトップレベルから地方学生レベルまで)26名の成人男子ハンマー投げ選手の公式競技会における投てきのハンマーヘッドの運動を三次元解析し,以下の結果を得た.記録の良い選手ほどヘッドの初速度が高い傾向にあったが(r=0.917,p<0.001),記録とりリース高および投射角との間には有意な相関関係が認められなかった.すべてのターンにおけるヘッド速度の最大値と最小値は記録との間で有意な正の相関関係が認められた.指導現場では1ターン目は速度を遅くし,徐々に加速するように指導する傾向があるが,本研究の結果では優秀選手が速い回転速度で1ターン目を開始しており,異なる結果を得た.また,指導現場ではヘッドの軌道を規定する曲率半径を大きくするように指導がなされる場合があるが,本研究の結果では曲率半径が短い局面でヘッドが加速しており,また曲率半径が短い局面で法線加速度が増加する傾向が観察された.そして,記録の良い選手ほど法線加速度が高く,法線加速度の発揮速度も高かった.以上の結果を先行研究を参考にまとめると,ハンマー投げの選手は回転の中心方向にヘッドを引くことによって法線加速度を高め,その結果曲率半径が減少しながらヘッドを加速する可能性が示唆された.

著者

矢野 裕介

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.11088, (Released:2012-07-14)

参考文献数

47

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This study focused on the introduction of hidari-kote (left kote), one of the datotsu-bui in chudan-no-kamae of kendo, in shinai-kyogi, and its restriction in gakko-kendo after 1953, in order to elucidate the process of transition of the striking zone and the reasons for it. The results obtained were as follows: 1.  Datotsu-bui (particularly kote-bu) in chudan-no-kamae of shinai-kyogi were treated equally, regardless of whether the strike was directed at the opponent's left or right kote-bu in shinai-kyogi, as was decided from the perspective of sport. However, hidari-kote in gakko-kendo after 1953, which was practiced alongside shinai-kyogi as “sport kendo,” was restricted. This difference in the treatment of hidari-kote confirmed a discontinuity between shinai-kyogi and gakko-kendo. 2.  In 1957, shinai-kyogi and gakko-kendo were amalgamated. A gakko-kendo instruction guide called “gakko-kendo-no shido” (1958) states two reasons why hidari-kote in chudan-no-kamae was prohibited in gakko-kendo. The first reason was that when fighting against an opponent using chudan-no-kamae, “attacking the opponent's dominant right hand increases the chance to win.” The second reason was that in chudan-no-kamae, “striking the opponent's left hand, a supporting hand in kendo, is dangerous because the point of the shinai (bamboo sword) tends to be thrust at the opponent's body and hard striking to the left hand from jodan (upper-guard position) in particular can cause injury.” In chudan-no-kamae, when striking hidari-kote, which is closer to the body than migi-kote (right kote), the point of the shinai tends to be thrust at the opponent's upper left arm area, which is not protected by bogu (protective equipment). In gakko-kendo, the striking instrument in question is a heavier and harder 4-slat bamboo shinai, instead of the 16-slat bamboo fukuro-shinai that is used in shinai-kyogi. In addition to the risk of the specific area being injured with the heavier and harder shinai, a fist of left hand, which is not the striking zone, is also struck because the tsuba (sword guard) does not protect it. Hence, striking the hidari-kote in chudan-no-kamae is prohibited in gakko-kendo.

著者

中野 浩一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.5, pp.318-327, 1997

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In Japan spreading of skiing is said to have originated from the ski instruction of Lerch, an Austrian officer, in Takada district since January 12 in 1911. But Nagai, a professor of gymnastics in Tokyo Higher Normal School, indicated that he had done it before Lerch. Staying in Sweden to search for Swedish gymnastics from 1907, Nagai had practised skiing for the study of the physical activity of the Japanese nation. From the end of December in 1910 fell on the 3rd ski season (1910-11) since his return to Japan in early 1909, he started an action to spread skiing in the prefecture of Akita, next to Yamagata, because he got a chance to go to snow area in winter for a course in gymnastics, and after returning to Tokyo, he wrote an article introducing Swedish winter sports in the newspaper "Jijishinpoh (時事新報)" and so on, and in the next ski season (1911-12) he gave ski instruction in the north-eastern section of Japan in the first half of January in 1912. But these activities amounted to no more than an introduction of skiing, and had little influence. On the other hand, at the end of December in 1910 was the same time Nagai started his action, Takada Division started a research for popularizing skiing before Lerch arrived at his post. They accomplished its study in this ski season (1910-11), and in the next ski season (1911-12), they started an action to extend their influence all over Japan, and almost succeeded in it after holding the opening ceremony of Esshin Skiing Club (越信スキ-倶楽部) on February 11 in 1912 fell on the next month Nagai visited the north-eastern section of Japan. Though Nagai used a skiing style with two poles, Lerch's one with one pole has consequently spread in the north-eastern section of Japan.

著者

秋山 央 中川 昭 都澤 凡夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.2, pp.381-398, 2009-12-10 (Released:2010-02-13)

参考文献数

27

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The aim of this study was to enhance the game performance of player S, the setter for the Ts University men's volleyball team, who was having problems with respect to “using combination attacks purposefully to limit the number of blocks by the opposition”-which is one of the main responsibilities of the setter-by using the “Performance Evaluation Criteria for Setters”. In order to achieve this aim, we analyzed the game performance of player S for the fall season. Based on this analysis, we derived some goals for improvement that were required for combination attack setting.Next, we worked on theoretical issues in player S's game in the light of what we had clarified. This corrected combination attack setting method was then put into practice in the fall season league games. We then examined the game performance of player S in the fall and spring seasons, and compared the results. This analysis showed that, when setting for combination attacks, those in which the hitters do not cross paths and where the setter was in the front row with only two front row hitters had a significantly higher rate of compliance with the evaluation criteria in the fall season than in the spring season. It therefore followed that there was a significant increase in the rate of compliance with the evaluation criteria for all combination attacks. As a result, it can be concluded that this study's aim of improving the game performance of player S with respect to “using combination attacks purposefully to limit the number of blocks by the opposition,” using the “Performance Evaluation Criteria for Setters”, was successful.

著者

橋本 勲 梅田 利兵衛 長谷川 純三

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.5, 1967

著者

橋本 勲 梅田 利兵衛 長谷川 純三

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, 1968

著者

成田 武部 佐々木 吉蔵 豊田 博 野崎 忠信 竹内 正雄

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.5, 1971-07-30

著者

山田 理恵

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.6, pp.537-552, 2001-11-10

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An investigation was conducted to clarify the sports activities of Japanese prisoners of war in Siberia shortly after World War II. Up to now, little has been written concerning the sports activities of these prisoners, and this paper was intended to shed light on this blank in Japanese sports history. The historical materials used were collected mainly from the Nihon Shimbun (Japan Times), a prison newspaper edited by fifty Japanese prisoners and fifteen Russians. The Nihon Shimbun was the only source of information for the approximately 600,000 Japanese prisoners of war in Siberia. The newspaper was under the supervision of the political department of the Soviet army, but it is still highly revealing about life in the camps. It is well known that life in the camps was extremely difficult, so it is surprising to find that Japanese prisoners participated in various sports activities, even while enduring heavy labor, intense cold, and extreme hunger. It seems clear that these activities, along with theatrical and musical entertainment, did much to revive the spirits of the men.

著者

坂本 将基 高柳 暁斗 安東 大輔

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, pp.1-16, 2024 (Released:2024-02-06)

参考文献数

28

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This study investigated the characteristics of visual behavior in skilled kendoists while judging the validity of strikes. A total of 19 expert and 19 novice kendoists were asked to judge the validity of strikes for men (head armor), do (side trunk covered by a stomach and chest protector), or kote (lower forearm covered by a gauntlet). Simultaneously, the participants' eye movements were recorded at 30 Hz, and the location at which their gaze was directed was identified. Additionally, the pupil area was calculated for each frame. Both expert and novice kendoists focused on the striker's shinai (bamboo sword) during the phase from 900 ms to 600 ms before striking, and on the site struck during the phase from the moment of striking to 300 ms after striking. However, during the phase from 600 ms before the strike to just before the strike, the experts tended to switch their gaze from the strikefur's shinai to the striking site earlier than the novices. Furthermore, the pupil areas of the experts were correlated with their years of experience in judging the validity of a strike to the men. The gaze behavior specific to expert kendoists, such as observing the striking area during the phase just before striking while exhibiting intense scrutiny, may be related to their superior ability to judge the validity of strikes.

著者

久保 正秋

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.243-256, 2013 (Released:2013-06-08)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

3 2

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This study examines the temporality of the experience of sports movements. First, it makes a quantitative comparison of sports based on Nakai's argument, and discusses how qualitative objects of sports movements are transformed into quantitative objects through quantitative comparison. Second, this study considers the objective and quantitative time in sports and argues the relationship between the means and the end. Finally, this study discusses the subjective and qualitative recognition of time in sports and the experience of sports movements as “semantic generation.”The results of this examination were as follows: 1)  Sports are indicated as quantitative concepts such as scores and records. These quantitative aspects of sports are compared quantitatively according to the elements of competition in sports. Sports movements are also measured and analyzed quantitatively based on quantitative comparisons. Even qualitative aspects of sports movements such as kinesthesises of players can be transformed into quantitative data. 2)  The tendency for quantitative transformation reflects the recognition of time in sports. Both objective and quantitative time are important. Time proceed continuously in a straight line from the present to the future. The present time becomes the means to an end (the future). Similarly, sports movements become a means to an end. The results of sports movements (i.e. the future) such as scores, records and winning, or health and socialization, are more important than practice of sports movements (the present). 3)  Differences in time recognition exist in sports. The subjective and qualitative recognition of time is called vertical time. For vertical time, the moment of practicing sport (the present) is essential and is not a means to an end (the future). In the moment of sports movements, physical experience as “semantic generation” arises.This study concludes that the physical experience as “semantic generation” in the moment of sports movements (the present) is the essence of sports. However, this qualitative experience of sports movements is likely to be a means to an end (the future). Because qualitative aspects of sports movements are transformed into quantitative aspects, they are at all times dependent on the element of competition in sports.

著者

山田 理恵

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.15-30, 1989-06-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

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The purpose of this paper was to clarify the influnce of the activities of German war-prisoners in the Bando P.O.W. (prisoner of war) Camp on the development of sport and physical education in Tokushima where the Camp was located. The historical materials used for this paper were collected mainly from newspapers and "Keibi-Keisatsukan-Hokokusho" which was a report on the German prisoners' life in the Bando P.O.W. Camp written by Japanese police sergeants. The findings of this study were summarized as follows: Students and teachers of some elementary and secondary schools went to see German prisoners, activities such as Turnen, football, tennis, and hockey. And several prisoners visited schools to coach them for Turnen. In "German war-prisoners' variety show", German prisoners introduced their Turnen and sport activities such as gymnastics, wrestling, boxing, weight lifting and dance to students and people in Tokushima. "Japan Martial Arts Association Tokushima Branch" set up "Meeting for the Study of German Martial Arts" and invited eleven German prisoners to perform wrestling, boxing and fencing matches. Then the Association sent two Japanese members to the Camp to do further study of those activities. This friendly communications with people of Tokushima which was brought from the German war-prisoners' Turnen and sport activities gave a significant influence on sports in Tokushima, and this fact should not be neglected in the consideration of the history of sport and physical education in Japan.

著者

比留間 浩介 尾縣 貢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.201-213, 2011 (Released:2011-07-08)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

7 4

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of physical fitness in baseball pitchers and infielders focusing on variations in power output ability and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) ability in field tests. Twenty-five male university pitchers and 22 university infielders participated. They performed five kinds of jumping (Standing triple jump (STJ), Standing double leg triple jump (SDTJ), Standing long jump (SLJ), Counter movement jump (CMJ), 5 rebound jumps (RJ)), and five kinds of medicine ball throw (Overhead throw (OT), Back throw (BT), Push of upper limb (Push), Shoulder horizontal adduction (SHA) and Twist of trunk throw (Twist)). Push, SHA and Twist were performed purely concentrically (concentric throw: CT) and with SSC movement (rebound throw: RT). These powers were assessed using the Throw index (Tauchi et al., 2006), and pre-stretch augmentations (Walshe et al., 1996) were calculated. It was found that: 1) OT, BT and SDTJ in pitchers were significantly higher than in infielders, and that there were significant correlations between pitched ball speed and OT, BT, and SDTJ. 2) Push RT-index and Push CT-index in infielders were significant higher than in pitchers, and significant correlations were found between thrown ball speed, batted ball speed and Push RT-index and Push CT-index in infielders. 3) SHA augmentation in infielders was significantly higher than in pitchers, and there was a significant correlation between thrown ball speed and SHA augmentation in infielders. 4) Twist of trunk power did not differ between pitchers and fielders. These results indicate that baseball pitchers and infielders obtain different physical fitness characteristics through the differences in their movement forms and required abilities.

著者

宮地 美帆 山崎 朱音 片岡 千恵

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.551-559, 2021 (Released:2021-08-18)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

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In recent years, a number of health issues among adolescents in Japan have become highlighted. One of the major issues in school health is thinness among high school girls. Thinness is closely related to low energy intake, which can lead to menstrual dysfunction and low bone density. It is important to acknowledge these issues as health disorders that are specific to girls, and to consider measures for their prevention. The purpose of this study was to clarify the current situation of health disorders specific to high school girls, and to examine their level of awareness about them. Between March 2018 and February 2019, we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey targeting 1,551 high school girls from 10th to 12th grade in 32 schools across 7 prefectures. This revealed that 18.7% of the girls were classified as “thin” based on Body Mass Index. In addition, many girls (more than half) had one or more signs of low energy intake, menstrual dysfunction, and history of stress fracture. The survey indicated signs of health disorders specific female high school students, suggesting that this is an important issue that needs to be addressed. The results also indicated that knowledge regarding health disorders was insufficient, as the overall correct answer rate was 50% or less. This was partly related to the presence or absence of health disorders specific to girls. In the future, it will be necessary to clarify the relevant factors that ought to be considered for comprehensive education designed to prevent health disorders specific to girls.

著者

久保 正秋

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.183-196, 2009-06-30 (Released:2009-11-05)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

12 6

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This study examined the value of experience of sports movements. First, it examined the social significance of sports movements based on Lenk's argument, as well as that of sports movements themselves on the basis of Yano's article. Second, we considered the practice of sports movements as a physical experience from the viewpoint of “semantic generation.” Finally, we argued the value of sports movements as a physical experience.The conclusions of the study were as follows:1) Sports movements are “integrated into socially institutionalized and restricted frameworks” (Lenk) and “interpreted as an expression of one's own accomplishment within a conventionalized framework” (Lenk) so that sports movements have value in terms of socialization.2) However, based on Bateson's theory of cybernetics-which suggests that the world consists of three parts: the individual system, the social system, and the ecosystem-sports movements also have intrinsic value as a physical experience. Humans are confined to the individual and social systems every day, but can become part of the ecosystem through the physical experience associated with sports movements.3) Sports movements are rule-bound, physical, and burdened by goal orientation. Being limited by rules disrupts everyday movement (thanatos), while goal orientation brings the resolution into the ecosystem at the instant of achievement (which is experienced as eros). Thus, the values of sports movements can be explained.This study concluded that the value of experiencing sports movements is to bring individuals into connection with the world (ecosystem). However, experience of sports movements is likely to result in transformation from the hyper-social experience into the social experience, as sports movements are integrated into the socially institutionalized setting.

著者

鈴木 健介 浅井 武 平嶋 裕輔 中山 雅雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.261-275, 2021 (Released:2021-04-29)

参考文献数

29

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In soccer, as the number of goals determines victory or defeat, the top priority of soccer attacks is to score goals. In many competitions, more than 70% of goals are scored by shooting from within the penalty area (PA). Thus, entering the PA is an important factor in scoring goals to win games and advance in a tournament. However, as no previous research has analyzed in detail attacking play involving entry into the PA, players are unable to receive effective coaching. Focusing on the group stage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the present study compared attacking play into the PA between top-ranked teams that advanced (top teams) and lower-ranked teams that were defeated and did not advance (lower teams) in order to identify the characteristics and differences of the two groups. Samples were obtained from all 48 games played in the tournament at this stage. For statistical analysis, the unpaired t test and c2 test were used. No significant inter-group differences were found in the number of attacks or entering the PA and the number of shots, but the top teams had higher success rates in shooting and attacking, suggesting that they had excellent finishers or created better shooting situations. With regard to movements for receiving passes by players who entered the PA, the top teams showed a higher frequency of moving from the outside to the inside of the PA and receiving passes there, suggesting that their players received the ball as they moved toward the PA. Moreover, compared to the players of lower teams, they received passes inside the PA when no opposition defenders were in the attacking direction. These findings suggest that players of top teams evaded marking by opponents by receiving the ball while moving toward the PA. Furthermore, since top teams had higher scoring rates when their players dribbled into the PA, they likely had players more highly skilled in dribbling, thus resulting in goals.

著者

佐々木 万丈 青柳 佳奈

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.463-477, 2022 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

41

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The purpose of this study was to investigate how female high school tennis players recognized their opponents' physical features and outfit, whether or not those features affected player performance, and the extent to which this recognition was related to the level of sports competition trait anxiety and competitive psychological ability. The study subjects were 64 female students (mean age 16.9±.72 yr) who belonged to a high school tennis club. We created 15 questions relating to the physical features and outfit of their opponents and asked the subjects to what extent they were concerned about each feature, and whether each feature had a negative, positive, or zero effect on their performance. In addition, for each subject, we applied the trait anxiety inventory for sports and the diagnostic inventory of competitive psychological ability for athletes. The results revealed that players with fewer years of competitive experience and those with less competitiveness tended to be more concerned about their opponent's physical features, such as their height, physique, and skin tan, as well as the characteristics of their outfit, such as the color and design of their uniform and their racket brand. They also considered whether such features had a negative effect on their performance. Players who showed high trait anxiety, as well as those who had lower psychological competitive ability, were particularly concerned about features of their opponent's outfit. It appeared that their impression of the opponent's physical ability and expertise was significantly affected by the opponent's outfit. Finally, we investigated the psychological skills required to avoid being negatively affected by the features of opponents, and defined a number of issues for future study.