著者

尾縣 貢 高本 恵美 伊藤 新太郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.5, pp.573-583, 2003-09-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

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本研究の目的は,上肢の無気的作業能が400m走中の走速度逓減およびパフォーマンスに及ぼす影響を検討することであった。400m走50.70±1.38秒のタイムを持つ十種競技者10名を対象に,400m走中の40m毎の速度変化,ゴールタイム,30秒間のペダリング中およびクランキング中の最大パワー,平均パワー,パワー低下率,それぞれの運動5分後の乳酸値を測定した。主な結果は次の通りであった。1)クランキング後乳酸値/400m走後乳酸値と400m走タイムとの間には,有意な負の相関関係が認められた。この結果から,高い強度の無気的運動に耐えうる上肢の能力を高めることが,400m走のパフォーマンスを高めることにつながるものと考えられる。2)400m走では,10名全員が80m地点通過後に速度逓減を示し,ゴールまで逓減を続けた。80m以降の速度逓減は直線回帰式で表すことができ,その傾き(絶対値)を速度逓減指標とした。この速度逓減が緩やかな者ほど,400m走タイムは短いという関係が認められた。3)320-360m区間(第8区間)から360-400m区間(第9区間)への速度逓減は,上肢のパワー低下率および下肢のパワー低下率との間に有意な正の相関関係が認められた。これは,上肢のパワー発揮の持続力に優れることがゴール前の速度低下を小さく抑えることにつながることを示唆するものである。以上のことから,上肢のパワー持続能力がゴール前の速度逓減に影響を及ぼしていることが明らかとなった。

著者

那須 大毅 松尾 知之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.14047, (Released:2015-01-20)

参考文献数

12

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in kinematics between two types of motor strategy for expert dart throwing. We divided eight experts into two groups based on the motor strategies they had demonstrated in a previous study (Nasu et al., 2014): group A were experts who had a longer time window in which a release could result in hitting the bull's eye, and group B were experts who had a shorter time window but greatly reduced their timing error. Each subject performed 60 dart throws, aiming at the center of the dart board (bull's eye). The movement of the dart, index finger, and joint motion of the upper extremity were captured using a motion capture system with 7 cameras (480 Hz, Oqus300, Qualysis Inc.). We compared the shape of the hand trajectory and joint kinematics between the groups. We found that experts in group A demonstrated a smaller shoulder angle (lower elbow height) and a larger angle of elbow flexion through forward swing than those in group B. These differences affected the time window that led to a successful throw, i.e. the time for which the mutually complementary relationship among the release parameters (especially the relationship between velocity and direction of motion) was maintained. These results may be useful as basic data to help clarify how throwing accuracy can be improved in several sports.

著者

阿江 数通 小池 関也 藤井 範久 阿江 通良 川村 卓 金堀 哲也

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.16080, (Released:2017-09-01)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic characteristics of the upper body between baseball tee batting and pitched ball batting in order to gain basic knowledge for improvement of batting skill. Ten male collegiate baseball players (age: 20.7±1.1 yr; height: 1.75±0.05 m; body mass: 76.3±7.1 kg; athletic career: 12.7±2.7 yr) participated. They performed two kinds of batting: tee batting (TB) and machine-pitch batting (MB) using a pitching machine (approximate ball speed 33.3 m/s), which were set at middle ball height for the strike zone. Three-dimensional coordinate data were acquired with a motion capture system. Kinematic variables such as maximum bat-head speed, swing time, bat angle, joint angles of the upper limbs, and segment angle of the upper trunk were calculated. Differences between TB and MB were analyzed statistically using paired t-test (p<0.05.) The maximum bat-head speed was significantly greater in TB than in MB, but swing times divided into two phases showed no significant differences between MB and TB. In the first half of the swing, the bat inclination angle was significantly larger in MB than in TB. The joint angles of the barrel-side shoulder abduction, knob-side shoulder adduction and internal rotation were significantly larger in MB than in TB, and those of the barrel-side shoulder internal rotation and individual elbow pronations were significantly larger in TB than in MB. The clockwise rotational angle of the upper trunk was significantly larger in TB than in MB. In the last half of the swing, the joint angles of the barrel-side shoulder abduction, knob-side shoulder flexion and adduction were significantly larger in MB than in TB, and that of the knob-side elbow pronation was significantly larger in TB than in MB. The changes in upper body movement in MB affected the radius of rotation of the bat about the vertical axis to control the bat easily. The movements in the last half of the swing largely resulted from those in the first half of the swing, and did not contribute to timing adjustment. These results indicate that the initial configuration of the bat and upper limbs, and movements at the beginning of the bat swing contribute to the timing adjustment of the bat for a pitched ball. The results of the present study suggest that it could be useful to pay attention to the movement of the bat and upper body in the first half of the swing as TB practice in order to improve timing adjustment.

著者

宮西 智久 藤井 範久 阿江 通良 功力 靖雄 岡田 守彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.89-103, 1995

被引用文献数

3 6

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of the motions between the speed throw and the distance throw, using a three-dimensional(3D) motion analysis. Twenty-four male university baseball players were the subjects of this study. They were asked to throw a ball (mass 0.144kg) horizontally as fast as possible (speed throw: ST), and as far as possible (distance throw: DT). These motions were filmed by two high-speed video cameras. 3D landmark coordinates of the subiects and the ball were calculated by the DLT method. The following kinematic parameters were computed: angle of release, the component velocities of the ball, the 3D angles for the backward/forward lean, right/left lean of the upper torso, and the twist of the torso and those for the abduction/adduction, horizontal flexion/extension, internal/external rotation at the shoulder joint, and the flexion/extension at the elbow joint of the throwing arm. The sequential data were normalized with the time from the stride foot contact to the ball release, and then averaged. Angle of release was significantly larger in the DT than in the ST. Significant difference was not found between the resultant velocity of the ST and the DT. Vertical velocity of the ball was significantly larger in the DT than in the ST during the latter half of the acceleration phase. On the other hand, horizontal velocity of the ball was significantly larger in the ST than in the DT. The backward lean and the left lean angles of the upper torso were also significantly larger in the DT than in the ST throughout the all sequences analyzed. Ranges of these angular displacements between the stride foot contact and the release, however, had no significant difference between the ST and the DT. The shoulder adduction angle was also significantly larger in the DT than in the ST during the latter half of the acceleration phase. These results indicate that the differences in the release parameters between the ST and the DT were caused not only by the throwing arm motions but also by the motions of the upper torso. It has been suggested that the motions to upward and left ward of the upper torso helps to achieve longer throwing distance in the DT, and that forward lean of the upper torso possibly contributes to achieve larger horizontal ball velocity at the release in the ST.

著者

豊嶋 陵司 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17008, (Released:2018-06-15)

参考文献数

47

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This study investigated the relationships between the kinetic factor of the swing leg and step frequency (SF) and step length (SL) during the top speed phase of a sprint. Sixteen male sprinters (age 19.3±0.6 years, height 1.74±0.06 m, weight 66.1±5.2 kg) performed maximum effort 60-m sprints. Video data from the 43.5- to 50-m section of the sprint were collected using a high-speed camera (300 Hz). SF index and SL index were calculated to exclude the influence of body height on the outcomes of interest. Torque and torque power of the hip and knee joints of the right leg were calculated during the swing phase of the right leg. The time of the swing phase of the right leg was normalized so that the take-off of the right foot, touchdown of the left foot, take-off of the left foot, and touchdown of the right foot were 0%, 100%, 200%, and 300%, respectively. For every 5% of normalized time, partial correlation analysis was conducted between the right leg kinetics and SF index (controlling SL index) and SL index (controlling SF index). The SF index was associated with a large hip flexion torque and a large hip extension torque during 10–60% and 250–280% of the swing phase, respectively. Moreover, large peaks of the hip flexion torque and positive power were associated with a high SF index (r = -.718, p <0.01; r = .531, p <0.05, respectively). The SL index was associated with a hip flexion torque during 20–30% of the swing phase, although there was no significant partial correlation between the SL index and peak hip flexion torque (r = -.381, p = .161). In addition, a high SL index was associated with early appearance of the peak hip flexion torque power (r = -.759, p <0.01). In conclusion, throughout the top speed phase of a sprint, a high SF index requires a large torque and hip joint power for the leg swing over a short duration, and a high SL index requires an early increase of hip flexion torque power.

著者

中澤 篤史

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.315-328, 2008-12-10 (Released:2009-02-25)

参考文献数

27

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The Undoukai (Athletic Association) at the Imperial University of Tokyo was a student association that consisted mainly of sports club members. The Undoukai was a departure point for Japanese sports, and led to the establishment of school sports in the Meiji period, being incorporated as a foundation in 1934. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of how the Undoukai was organized as an incorporated foundation from the late Taisho era to the early part of the Showa era, focusing on interactions among students and the university. The main documents are gathered from the Imperial University Newspaper.The results of this study are summarized as follows.1) This study describes the history after establishment of the Undoukai, which was integrated into the Gakuyukai (Athletic and Cultural Association) at the Imperial University of Tokyo in 1920. The Gakuyukai was an all-university association that included cultural activities. However, the members of the sports clubs left the Gakuyukai and organized the Undoukai again in 1928.2) This study clarifies two oppositional relationships among students during the organizational process of the Undoukai. One was between sports club members and the other students, and the other was between the left-wing students and the right-wing students. In both relationships, sports club members would win the understanding of non-athletic students and would distance themselves from the left-wing students. Both practices enabled the Undoukai to become independent from the Gakuyukai.3) This study clarifies that strong assistance from the University contributed to the reorganization of the Undoukai. There were two problems that the University needed to address: one was how to prevent students' illnesses, and the other was how to discourage students from becoming inclined to the politcal left. Therefore, the University expected general students to aspire to “healthy body” and to have “healthy idea”. While the University would recommend sports to general students in order to realize the expectation of “healthy body”, at the same time it would separate general students from left-wing students in order to realize the expectation of “healthy idea”. These expectations and practices of the University provided the impetus that nurtured the Undoukai.

著者

井谷 惠子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.14090, (Released:2015-06-12)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1

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In 2002, the Central Education Council published a report entitled “Improvement of children's physical fitness”. The report pointed out that changes in the social environment and lifestyles in recent years had influenced children's physical fitness and movement skills, and that a “comprehensive policy” addressing various aspects was essential for tackling this problem. On the basis of this report, the Ministry of Education and local boards of education are currently undertaking various projects; however, a number of gaps still remain between the findings of the report and what is actually being done to address this issue.   The present paper examines the local political issues that have led to differences between the practices of local educational governments and the recommendations of the report by focusing on practices in the Tokyo Metropolitan area and Osaka Prefecture after publication of the report.   This study revealed that the local governments had been strongly influenced by the results of physical fitness tests in comparison with other districts, counter to the comprehensive policy suggested by the report. This suggests that one of the reasons for the existing gap is the implicit demand for measurable results based on strong promotion of the evaluation system stipulated by the current educational policy. The results also show that most projects to improve children's physical fitness have been undertaken by schools, despite the fact that almost no budget has been allocated for this purpose, thus forcing schools to bear the burden and responsibility alone. Furthermore, it is also evident that competitive sports are frequently used to promote an active lifestyle, even in elementary and junior high schools.   In view of the numerous practices aiming to improve performance through sports club activities and competitive sports events, such as long-distance relays for children and Olympic education, it appears that the government in fact has a hidden agenda to promote sports and to improve athletic performance behind the façade of children's fitness as a “social issue”.

著者

和 秀俊 遠藤 伸太郎 大石 和男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.89-103, 2011

被引用文献数

4

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It is well known that junior and senior high school athletes who participate in team activities face <i>zasetsu</i> (a Japanese word meaning setback, conflict, or disappointment) many times. Some give up sports activities as a result, whereas others overcome <i>zasetsu</i> and continue to be active in their respective teams. The purpose of the present study was to grasp the process by which young male athletes overcome <i>zasetsu</i>. The subjects were all 18-year-old freshmen (59 males) who had reached national level in their sports and had been admitted to their individual colleges on the strength of their sport performance. All had belonged to their respective teams for more than three years while at junior and/or senior high school. The study was conducted using an open-ended questionnaire in the second week of April, at which time the subjects would still have clear memories of their previous sports activities, being unaffected by any experiences at college. Using the KJ method, we analyzed qualitatively the components of <i>zasetsu</i>, the subjects' state of mind when suffering from <i>zasetsu</i>, and the process by which they overcame it. It was concluded that the process of overcoming <i>zasetsu</i> in sports activities involved an improvement of cooperative autonomy accompanied by a conflict with regard to whether or not the subjects continued their sports activities, when they did not achieve their goals. This concept might be generally applicable in view of its conceptual consistency with former reports, and the fact that our results were based on a sufficient number of cases.<br>

著者

菱田 慶文

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1108170193, (Released:2011-08-24)

参考文献数

25

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The present study investigated the transformation that has occurred in Muay Thai, a traditional martial art in Thailand, as a result of gambling. Muay Thai is a sport that incorporates religious ceremony. In Thailand, gambling has been conventionally illegal. The rules of Muay Thai have not been changed since Rajadamunan stadium was established in 1945, and Muay Thai has since developed into a national amusement and become a modern sport. However, various gambling styles linked to Muay Thai still continue to exist. Such gambling comprises three types: 1. Gambling on matches, where all the prize money is placed in bets. 2. Gambling through bookmakers. 3. Gambling based on odds, with no restriction on who gambles and how much money is staked. Since the late 1970s, however, gambling based on odds has increased, and this has resulted in a change of Muay Thai game tactics. Currently, most of the audiences coming to Muay Thai stadiums are gamblers who use odds to bet. For this study, data were collected through fieldwork conducted at Muay Thai stadiums in Thailand. Data were also gathered from Muay Thai magazines. These data have been reconstructed in order to examine how Muay Thai has changed in response to gambling, and the results indicate that the game tactics of Muay Thai have changed due to odds gambling. As a consequence, Muay Thai has become not only just a martial art, but also a sport for gambling.

著者

尹 聖鎮 田内 健二 高松 薫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.15-25, 2003-01-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

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本研究の目的は,傾斜面でのリバウンドドロップジャンプにおける腓腹筋-アキレス腱複合体の神経筋活動を、跳躍トレーニング経験の相違に着目して検討することであった。9名の競技者および健常者に、30cmの台高からのリバウンド型ドロップジャンプ(RDJ30)を行わせた。着地面の傾斜角度は、上向き斜面8度(U8)、平地面(L)およぴ下向き斜面8度(D8)の3種類であった。その結果、競技者においては、上向き斜面での試技は下向き斜面および平地面と比較して、伸張局面における腓腹筋-アキレス腱複合体の長さ変化に対する踏切中点のアキレス腱張力の比(ATF_<MID>/L_<MTC>)、および腓腹筋-アキレス腱複合体の平均仲張速度(V_<MTC>)は大きいことが認められた。これに対して、健常者においては、上向き斜面および下向き斜面での試技は平地面と比較して、ATF_<MID>/L_<MTC>およびV_<MTC>が低いことが認められた。また、競技者は健常者と比較して、ATF_<MID>/L_<MTC>およびV_<MTC>は,いずれの傾斜面においても大きいことが認められた。上述の結果は、プライオメトリックス手段の一つとして傾斜而でのRDJを用いる際には、傾斜方向や跳躍トレーニング経験の相違によってMTCにかかる負荷特性が異なることを考慮する必要があることを示唆するものである

著者

尹 聖鎮 大山卞 圭吾 岡田 英孝 高松 薫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.6, pp.510-521, 1999-11-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

2

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A study was conducted to investigate the effect of gastrocnemius muscle stiffness on achilles tendon force in rebound jumps on slanted contact surfaces. Five trained college jumpers and throwers, and six active males executed five continuous repetition rebound jumps under three surface gradient conditions. The surface gradients were 8 degrees uphill type (U8), 8 degrees downhill type (D8), and level type (L) conditions. Force plate and limb position data were recorded simultaneously during all jumps. The changes in length of the achilles tendon (L_<AT>), m. gastrocnemius (L_<GAS>) and gastrocnemius muscle-achilles tendon complex (L_<MTC>) during the eccentric phase were calculated according to the mode1 of Voigt et al. (1995) and Grieve et al. (1978). The main results were as follows; 1. Jumping height in U8 and L was higher than in D8. There was also a tendency for a higher achilles tendon force at the midpoint (ATF_<MID>) in U8. On the other hand, in U8 and D8, L_<MTC> was lower, and L_<AT>/L_<GAS> was higher than in L. 2. There was significant positive correlations between the ground reaction force at the midpoint (GRF_<MID>) and jumping height, and ATF_<MID> and jumping height in U8, D8 and L. 3. There were significant positive correlations between GRF_<MID> and ATF_<MID>, and L_<AT>/L_<GAS> and ATF_<MID> in U8 and L. However, L_lt:MTC> and ATF_<MID> showed a significant negative correlation. These results indicate that the stretch length of the gastrocnemius muscle-achilles tendon complex is lower, and ATF_<MID> higher under uphill-type conditions than under level conditions because L_<AT/L_<GAS> becomes higher as gastrocnemius muscle stiffness increases.

著者

内藤 貴司 林 聡太郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17070, (Released:2017-12-08)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

4

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Individuals with spinal cord injury have a reduced afferent input to the thermoregulation center and lack both sweating capacity and vasomotor control below the level of the spinal cord lesion. A loss of heat loss capacity results in an excessive rise in core temperature, which in turn decreases exercise performance and increases the risk of heat-related illness. To prevent hyperthermia and improve exercise performance during exercise in hot environments, a popular strategy, body cooling, has been proposed. However, despite the interest and vast array of research into cooling strategies for able-bodied humans, less is known about the application of these cooling strategies for individuals with thermoregulatory impairment due to spinal cord injury. The purpose of this review was to investigate effective cooling strategies for attenuating the increase in body temperature in humans with spinal cord injury exercising in a hot environment. Cooling strategies for individuals with spinal cord injury involve external cooling such as water immersion and use of sprays, and cooling garments and internal cooling by ingestion of cold fluid. We addressed the practical issues associated with each of these methods. We concluded from our review that external cooling has been criticized for its impracticality during sporting competitions, although water immersion and the application of cooling garments do reduce the core temperature in individuals with spinal cord injury. However, ice ingestion has recently received considerable interest in studies of able-bodied humans. Therefore, we propose that ice ingestion could be an effective strategy for individuals with spinal cord injury.

著者

大峰 光博

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15038, (Released:2015-07-29)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

2

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This study investigated trash talk among soccer players, focusing on whether it actually disturbed playing performance and whether the ability to ignore such trash talk was an asset to the game. The “Laws of the Game” of soccer stipulate that any player who uses “offensive, insulting or abusive language and/or gestures” should be dismissed from the field. Therefore, any penalty imposed on players for such behavior can be interpreted as sanctions for prohibited act.  Furthermore, any game in which offensive or insulting remark are used was considered by reference to Kawatani's opinion about excellence and “failed athletic contest”. When a referee penalizes a player appropriately for such behavior, it is suggested that the game has not “failed”. On the other hand, as such behavior is often difficult for a referee to notice, an appropriate penalty is sometimes not administered. Therefore, it is suggested that an offensive or insulting remark is an act that indirectly destroys the ethos of a game. I conclude that the ability to ignore trash talk is not an asset to the game in principle, but that such ability is practically necessary.

著者

谷釜 尋徳

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.1-16, 2010 (Released:2010-07-20)

参考文献数

69

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper considers changes in basketball shooting techniques from the Taisho Era (1912-1926) through the first half of the Showa Era (1926-1989), focusing on technique history with special reference to the process of introduction of the one-hand shot. The results of this investigation can be summarized as follows. 1. From the Taisho Era to the early Showa Era, a chest shot using both hands was the main technique for shooting from middle and long distances. This technique was used as it was thought to be difficult to block. Eventually, however, defects of this shooting technique were pointed out, including a low rate of scoring. As for short-distance shooting techniques, these were thought to be divided into those where a shot was released after the player had made a stop, and a “running” shot. In the early Showa period, both of these were made with a one-hand shot, as this meant a higher possibility of scoring and avoiding defensive maneuvers. 2. The one-hand shot from middle and long distances was introduced in the early 1945-1954 period as an American technique. However, it was thought that it would be difficult for short-height Japanese to master this technique. In 1950, however, a Hawaiian “Nisei” (second-generation Japanese-American) team having the same body proportions as native Japanese visited Japan and demonstrated the one-hand shooting technique. This suggested that Japanese persons, too, would be able to acquire this technique. In Japan after the visit of the Hawaiian team, use of the one-hand shot for middle and long distances became widespread. Compared with the shooting techniques used in Japan previously, as this technique enabled higher scoring and quicker movement, it was characterized as being difficult to defend against, even when the defensive player was close in.

著者

末木 新

出版者

日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.289-295, 2017-06

著者

山内 秀樹 春日 規克

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.87-95, 1992

被引用文献数

4 1 3

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The effects of jump and isometric training on contractile properties (in situ) were studied in the fast-twitch gastrocnemius (GC) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles of male Sprague-Dawley rats, and the relationship to fiber type composition were determined. Individual fibers in both muscles were classified as fast-twitch glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG) or slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers according to Peter et al. The jump training (JT) consisted of 48 cm vertical jumps at 50 times/day, and the isometric training (IT) consisted of holding on to a vertical grid for 30 min/day. After 6 weeks of training, both JT and IT significantly reduced the isometric twitch contraction time of the SOL, but not that of the GC. Muscle fatigability was tested by the intermittent stimulation (IS) at 40 Hz fof 330 ms each second. No significant differences were observed in the decline of tension developed during IS in all muscles of each group. Fiber type compositions of both muscles were not changed with training. The results of this study suggest that exercise training improves excitation-contraction coupling, rather than the myosin isoenzyme pattern and oxidative enzyme activity which are used as criteria for fiber type classification, and that this induces alterations in mechanical properties.

著者

篠原 康男 前田 正登

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15096, (Released:2016-08-29)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

1

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This study aimed to clarify the composition of the phases (acceleration, full sprint, and velocity endurance) in the 50-m sprint as performed by elementary school students, focusing on changes in running velocity. The subjects were 169 boys and 178 girls in the first to sixth grades of elementary school, who performed a 50-m sprint from a standing start. Running velocity was measured using a laser distance meter, which was synchronized with a video camera that recorded the entire sprint. It was found that the running time of the total sprint was significantly shorter and that maximal velocity was significantly higher for higher-grade than for lower-grade students. The distances of the acceleration phase and full sprint phase were significantly longer for higher-grade than for lower-grade students, but there was no significant difference in the duration of these phases by grade. However, both the distance and duration of the velocity endurance phase were significantly shorter for higher-grade than for lower-grade students. Step length in the acceleration, full sprint, and velocity endurance phases was longer for higher-grade than for lower-grade students. However, step frequency at each phase tended to be almost equal or slightly lower for higher-grade than for lower-grade students. The SL index for higher-grade boys tended to be higher than for lower-grade boys. However, for girls, there was little difference in the SL index at each phase for second-grade students or above. Taken together, the results indicate that the velocity endurance phase comprises the majority of the 50-m sprint when performed by lower-grade students. However, for higher-grade students, the velocity endurance phase is shorter due to the relative increases in the acceleration and sprint phases. This suggests that the distance of the acceleration and full sprint phases affects the distance and duration of the velocity endurance phase.

著者

中房 敏朗

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15092, (Released:2016-04-06)

参考文献数

110

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This paper describes a historical study of “Yamatobataraki”, a form of gymnastics that was devised by Professor Kakei Katsuhiko around 1920 in Japan. The main study aim was to clarify how the practice of Yamatobataraki spread in Imperial Japan from the 1920s to 1930s. The diffusion process consisted of three phases. The first was associated with the growth of the Folk High School movement. Around 1924, Kato Kanji introduced Yamatobataraki to the Yamagatakenjichikoshusho, which was the original model of the Folk High School. Kato then transferred to the Nihonkokuminkotogakko, which was the head institution of the Folk High Schools, and introduced Yamatobataraki as part of its educational program. Kato's educational systems, along with Yamatobataraki, were reproduced throughout Japan and Taiwan, because the Nihonkokuminkotogakko helped to found other similar institutions. In the second phase, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry promoted the foundation of a large number of Nomindojo, i.e. farmers' schools. As a result, 50 farmers' schools introduced Yamatobataraki, because they were modeled on the educational system of the Nihonkokuminkotogakko. In the third phase, the Ministry of Colonial Affairs promoted the policy of agricultural emigration to Manchuria, and delegated the training of the emigrants to Kato Kanji. In 1938, Manmokaitakuseishonengiyugun, a large group of young agricultural emigrants to Manchuria, was institutionalized. Many young emigrants trained under Kato's methods in Uchiharakunrensho, which were formulated for the Manmokaitakuseishonengiyugun. Yamatobataraki as a daily routine was practiced as a matter of course. Thus, as described above, Yamatobataraki spread mainly via farmers' schools and emigrant training all over Imperial Japan due to the promotion of farmers' schools and emigration to Manchuria by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Ministry of Colonial Affairs.

著者

小木曽 航平

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.83-101, 2014 (Released:2014-06-13)

参考文献数

24

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The aim of this study was to examine the function of Thai Massage schools for foreigners in the process of Thai Massage becoming a global health culture. Currently, Thai Massage attracts widespread popularity as a relaxation or health therapy. In the background, there is the Thai government's policy, which has institutionalized Thai Massage as “Thai Medicine” since the 1990s. As a result of this policy, Thai Massage has enhanced its medical value, cultural value and economic value, and become globalized.   Another important factor must also be considered in the context of globalization of Thai Massage, and that is the global interest in Indian Yoga, Chinese Tai Chi and other various eastern health therapies or body techniques. This is a strong focus of the present paper. People who have a great deal of interest in “self-care” and their practical communities are another important factor of Thai Massage globalization. These practices are not restricted to national institutions, and are more fluid and transnational. “Health” is a concept that has developed in modern national systems, and “health culture” has emerged from this in relation to the power of modern nations. However, health culture created by people who practice Thai Massage and other eastern health therapies can be seen in a different dimension. This study focuses on Thai Massage schools for foreigners as specific foci of this dimension, and the process of Thai Massage can be envisaged as a global culture by analyzing the historical and cultural background of Thai Massage schools for foreigners and dealing with the actual situation ethnographically.   In conclusion, it can be said that Thai Massage schools have structurally contributed to the globalization of Thai Massage by being gathering places for knowledge and techniques related to the body, to which humans universally aspire. It is now evident that these “health communities”, which differ from hospitals and clinics served by medicine, are places at which people can engage their bodies and health independently.

著者

渡辺 融

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.3, pp.327-328, 2003-05-10