著者

楠戸 一彦

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.53-62, 1984-06-01

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In den deutschen mittelalterlichen Städten war die Fechtkunst die übliche Leibesübung des Bürgers, besonders des Handwerksgesellen. Die „Fechtschule" wurde auch bei den religiösen Festen und Herbstmessen abgehalten. Der Ursprung dieser bürgerlichen Fechtschulen, d.h. des öffentlichen Schaufechtens geht auf die zweite Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts zurück. Aber ihre Blütezeit war das 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. Das Gesamtbild dieser Fechtschulen im deutschen Mittelalter ist jedoch noch nicht genügend dargestellt, obgleich es Arbeiten gibt von K. Wassmannsdorff (1870), G. Hergsell (1896), A. Schaer (1901) und P. Maar (1961/62) usw.. Deshalb ist es notwendig neue Quellen zu finden, um die Geschichte der Fechtschulen näher zu klären.In dieser Arbeit handelt es sich um die erste Veröffentlichung der deutschen Transkription der Handschrift über die Fechterordnung zur Fechtschulhaltung, die vom Rat der Stadt Augsburg im 16. Jahrhundert verordnet wurde, zusammen mit der japanischen Übersetzung. Die Handschrift ist in den noch nicht edierten Handschriften Hs.I.6.2°.5 in der Fürstlichen Oettingen-Wallersteinschen Bibliothek und Kunstsammlung enthalten.Die Handschrift Hs.I.6.2°.5 ist auf Papier und Pergament geschrieben und hat 49 Blätter. Sie ist aus 4 Teilen zusammengesetzt, die von je anderen Schreibern geschrieben sind: 1) die Augsburgische Fechterordnung (2r-5v), 2) die Chroniken der Marxbruderschaften (7r-20r), 3) die Johann Liechtenauer's Fechtkunst (21r-42v) und 4) die Stiche des Martin Heemskerk's Fechter und Ringer (43v-49r). Diese Handschrift ist deshalb ein Sammelband, der später die einzelnen Teile zu einem Buch verbindet. Wer die Handschriften in einem Sammelband einband und besaß, war Paul Hector Mair (1517-1579), der Ratsdiener der Stadt Augsburg.Man kann das Jahr der Verfassung der Augsburgischen Fechterordnung in diese Handschriften nicht auffinden, jedoch aus folgenden Gründen ist das Jahr 1568 anzunehmen: 1) diese Handschrift war im Besitz des P.H. Mairs, 2) der Rat der Stadt Augsburg gab die Bestätigung der Ordnung der Fechtschulen am Jahr 1568 nach der Untersuchungen von Abt (1817) und A. Schaer (1901) und 3) diese Fechterordnung wurde „auff der obgemelten Maister des Schwerts und Freifechter alhie vnderthenig Supplicieren" (B1.2r) verordnet.Die Augsburgische Fechterordnung (1568) ist aus den folgenden Ordnungen zusammengesetzt: 1) die verordneten Inhaber der Fechtschulen und wie die Fechtschulen mit der Zulassung der fremden Fechter gehalten werden sollen, 2) das Lernen des Fechtens, 3) die Vorstellungen der Freifechter, 4) die Abhaltung der Fechtschulen und welche Fechter in denselben einander vorgehen sollen, 5) die Artikeln, die auf den Fechtschulen gehalten werden sollen, 6) die Knaben, die die Wehren auf die Fechtschulen tragen, 7) das Geld, das die Zuschauer der Fechtschulen bezahlen sollen, 8) die Zeche, 9) die Unterhaltung der Wehren und 10) die Strafe.Aus den Betrachtungen der einzelnen Artikeln der Augsburgischen Fechterordnungen sei angenommen, daß „die Fechtschule" nicht „die Übungsstätte" des Fechtens bedeutet, sondern „das öffentliche Schaufechten".Kazuhiko Kusudo, „Die Ratsverordnung zur Fechtschulhaltung in der deutschen Stadt Augsburg im 16. Jahrhundert", Jap. J. Phys. Educ., 29-1 : 53-62, June, 1984

著者

深倉 和明 工藤 孝幾

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.109-115, 1987-09-01

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The purpose of this study was to analyse the tackling distance estimated by a soccer player at the intercollegiate level. The meaning of the tackling distance is the longest distance between a ball and a tackler in which he is sure to tackle the ball successfully. Skilled players (N = 5) and unskilled players (N = 5) were selected among the Fukushima Univ. Soccer Team according to their ability of tackling. Each of the subjects was required to tackle a ball, and the tackling distance and the movement time (MT) taken from the initial movement of his feet to his touch of the ball with the tackling foot were measured. The opponent's reaction time (RT) was also measured in order to be compared with MT. The results were as follows: 1) The tackling distance of the skilled group was longer than that of the unskilled group. 2) When the tackler's MT was compared with the opponent's RT, the former was shorter than the latter, and this was remarkable in the case of the unskilled group. 3) But there was no difference between the two groups regarding the probability of success in the practical one-against-one tackling trials. 4) These results may suggest that there were some differences between two groups in the action prior to the main tackling action, and also the tackling action of the unskilled group was more easily anticipated by the opponent.

著者

山田 人恒 森田 修朗

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.73-81, 1969-11-30 (Released:2016-12-31)

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In order to achieve accommodation of the eye which influences predominantly upon the kinetic visual acuity which chiefly relates to the accuracy in the timing action, the following studies were performed; that is, at the certain period of time, training to the velocity of accommodation was done repeatedly in every day, and the effect of training and the variations in the kinetic visual acuity accompanying with the training effect were determined. The results were obtained as described here, 1) By the training of accommodation of the eye, the accommodative contraction time shortened and the higher value of the kinetic visual acuity was obtained. 2) Relationship between the daily change in the accommodative contraction time and that in the kinetic visual acuity was due to chiefly to the degree of training for the optimal reaction to the moving object, where the subject himself performed in his daily life.

著者

岡 浩一朗

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.4, pp.543-561, 2000-07-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

48 9

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Even through the health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are well documented, most people are inadequately active or completely inactive.Designing interventions to enhance the adoption and maintenance of a physically active lifestyle continues to be a challenge, given that the majority of individuals are not considering becoming more active, and that over half of those who decide to become more physically active return to a sedentary lifestyle within three to six months.It has been recommended that research on exercise adherence be conducted utilizing models of behavioral science.One of the most effective models is the transtheoretical model of behavior change(TTM).The TTM has been used to explain both the stages and processes people go through when trying to eliminate a negative form of behavior(e.g., smoking)and when trying to acquire a positive form of behavior(e.g., exercise).The model consists of various stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy.The TTM suggests that individuals attempting to change exercise behavior move through five stages of change.In addition, individuals experience different congnitive and behavioral processes of change as they move from one stage to another.As people change, decisional balance and self-efficacy are employed uniquely at each stage.According to this model, tailoring interventions to match a person's readiness(stage of change)is essential.Although research on exercise adherence utilizing the TTM has been actively conducted in Western countries, this area of research is yet to be advanced in Japan.This article reviews research on exercise adherence utilizing the TTM, and discusses the applicability of the TTM to understanding physical activity and exercise behavior in the Japanese population.

著者

飯干 明 阿江 通良 宮下 憲 末永 政治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.4, pp.359-372, 1990-03-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

2 1

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between muscle strain and the running form at start dash. Twelve male sprinters were divided into two groups, an injured group (N=7) and an uninjured group (N=5), according to their history of previous hamstring muscles strain. They were filmed at the 1st step and the 5th step after starting with crouching style by means of a 16mm motion picture camera. Ground reaction forces were measured with a Kistler force platform. Selected kinematic and kinetic variables, such as joint angles, muscle length of hamstrings and muscle torques of the lower limb, were computed. The results were as follows; 1) The injured group tended to swing the lower leg more forward and the thigh backward less quickly before touchdown than the uninjured group. They also tended to show a greater thigh angle of the support leg at touchdown and to flex the support leg at the 5th step more than the uninjured group. 2) The injured group showed a significantly larger hip extensors torque than the uninjured group during the first half of the support phase for the 5th step. 3) The injured group showed greater shortening velocity of hamstrings during the first half of the support phase for the 5th step. The results suggest that larger hip extensors torque and greater shortening velocity of hamstrings during the first half of the support phase will be factors of the occurrence of muslce strain during start dash. These factors might be due to the start dash form such as contacting with a greater thigh angle of the support leg and flexing the support leg during support phase for the 5th step. This suggests that there exist the running form and the stage of sprinting where hamstring muscles strain is susceptible to occur.

著者

鈴木 智晴 藤井 雅文 村上 光平 中本 浩揮 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.79-87, 2019-06-17 (Released:2019-06-25)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

2

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One of the important roles of a baseball catcher is to check whether an opponent is trying to steal a base. This checking action must occur as part of other events: a quick throwing action (short operation time), a high ball speed (short duration of ball flight), and accurate tagging (the time from the fielder catching the ball to touching the opponent runner is short). In other words, in order for the catcher to check whether an opponent is trying to steal a base, it is necessary to shorten the time between catching the ball and when the fielder touches the opponent runner. However, the relationship between the time and the possibility of checking for an attempt to steal a base and the influence of each phase on the steal check rate have not been examined. The present study investigated the relationship between the time required to prevent a steal and the steal check rate of a baseball catcher using video recordings. The video recordings used for our analysis were videos of steal check successes and failures in exhibition and official university and amateur baseball games, with a focus on runners attempting to steal second base. We classified Motion Time as the period from catching the initial pitch to ball release, Ball Time as the period from ball release to ball arrival at second base, and Touch Time as the period from ball arrival at second base to the fielder touching the runner; the sum of these 3 phases was defined as All Time, and the sum of Motion Time and Ball Time was defined as Pop Time. We constructed 3 models in which the success or failure of the steal check was set as a target variable and each phase time as an explanatory variable, and performed logistic regression analysis on each model. As a result, we clarified that the baseball catcher could check for a steal if the All Time was less than 2.429 s, and there was a significant negative correlation between the steal check rate and All Time. In addition, among the three phases, Touch Time had the greatest effect on the steal check rate. Therefore, it was suggested that accurate throwing is the most important factor in preventing a steal to second base.

著者

村越 真 中村 美智太郎 河合 美保

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.653-671, 2014 (Released:2014-12-20)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

2 1

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Perception and management of risk by high altitude mountain climbers were investigated by qualitative analysis. Reports of high altitude mountain climbing collected from 3 books and 15 articles from mountaineering magazines were analyzed by the KJ method and transcripts derived from semi-structured interview of 6 distinguished Japanese expert mountain climbers were analyzed by M-GTA. The results indicated the following trends: 1) The desire for more fascinating high altitude mountain climbing routes inevitably leads climbers to face difficult and uncertain situations. 2) Such climbers are highly aware of the uncertainty derived from the high altitude environment and the exertion of climbing. 3) Because they are aware of this uncertainty, their decisions always waver between challenge and safety, and they always attempt to reduce the degree of risk. 4) Such efforts consist of two phases: risk reduction prior to the climb, and on-site avoidance of risk, each being characterized by mental simulation, avoidance of uncontrollable situations, and endeavours to salvage a positive result. 5) After the climb, ambivalent cognition between reflection on their optimism and achievement also emerges. Among all, mental simulation primed by on-site signs of risk, and risk evaluation from the viewpoint of controllability were regarded as keys to staying alive in high risk situations during high altitude mountaineering. Through this risk perception and management process, high altitude climbers possess a contradictory sense of “controllable risk” that enables them to engage in high risk activity. Overall, the characteristics of risk perception and management were similar among the materials obtained from books/magazine articles and interview transcripts. The characteristics of climbers' perception and risk management were rationalized by the characteristics of the natural environment in which they were climbing, and also from the viewpoint of the situated action. The possible application of these findings to risk management in outdoor sports was also discussed.

著者

堀田 愛 高橋 達己 齊藤 まゆみ 澤江 幸則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, pp.103-116, 2023 (Released:2023-03-09)

参考文献数

63

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This study aimed to identify effective instructional methods for improvement of motor competence in children who do not excel at physical activity. For this purpose, a meta- analysis was conducted to integrate intervention studies designed to measure motor competence, and the effect size was calculated. The results suggested that children who do not excel at physical activity (i.e. under-achievers) were able to improve their motor competence to a particularly high degree. Among various sub-factors, the effect size of “acceptance” was the highest. We further examined instructional methods that might improve “acceptance”, and this revealed that “step-by-step instruction” and “interactions among learners” were considerably effective. These results suggest that an effective instruction method for children should include “step-by-step instruction”, which can motivate children to exercise on their own by offering tasks and an environment suitable for them in a stepby-step manner. “Interaction among learners” can be facilitated by providing opportunities to share information among students and to engage in group activities. Interactions can allow the group of under-achievers, who rarely receive attention in regular physical education (P.E.) classes, to feel recognized by learners. In conclusion, it is considered important in P.E. to work with a group that includes under-achievers and to foster a receptive atmosphere, instead of focusing on problems that emphasize the weakness of children. Practitioners should consider applying an ecological model of adaptive P.E. that emphasizes the relationship between the individual, the environment, and the task at hand.

著者

江尻 容 中島 茂 宇土 正彦 渋川 侃二 春山 国広 鈴木 正三

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.288, 1965-06-10 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

今宿 裕 朝倉 雅史 作野 誠一 嶋崎 雅規

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.1-20, 2019-06-17 (Released:2019-06-25)

参考文献数

108

被引用文献数

11 1

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The present study had 3 objectives. First, we aimed to categorize the effectiveness of participation in school athletic clubs in accordance with findings from preceding studies (study 1). Second, studies on the effectiveness of athletic club activities were to be organized by generation with the changes observed in each generation also described with a view towards clarifying research tasks (study 2). Third, we aimed to clarify the effectiveness of athletic club activities that had not yet been demonstrated in previous research (study 3). In study 1, when we categorized the effectiveness of athletic club activities, we confirmed the construct, the subscale, and the observable variable that determined effectiveness in each study. Each concept was grouped based on similarity and made types having higher degree. The categories we derived were "school adjustment"; "scholastic ability"; "character"; "stress and mental health"; "psychosocial development"; "physical growth and development"; "sport as a habit"; "attitude towards sports"; "fatigue"; "lifestyle"; and "others". In study 2, when we investigated the transition of studies on the effectiveness of athletic club activities, we focused on the problem establishment in these studies. This was considered while examining the association between each problem establishment and social background or policies of the day. As a result, at first, researchers continued selecting students who participated in athletic clubs as appropriate subjects for examining the effectiveness of physical exercise or sports activity. Second, researchers are also interested in the negative effectiveness of participation in athletic clubs. Positive trends are particularly strong for "school adjustment" and "stress and mental health" studies conducted after 1998. Third, studies that demonstrated significance or effectiveness of athletic club activities increased after 1983, and the effectiveness that were determined diversified since that time. Researchers found out various significance and effectiveness of athletic club activities, and recognition of the potential for athletic club activities to address issues also increased. It can be said that we researchers don’t reach a common understanding on the significance and effectiveness of athletic club activities. In study 3, we brought attention to the effectiveness of athletic club activities that had been overlooked in previous studies by comparing effectiveness as determined in empirical studies how it had been determined in theoretical studies. Unnoticed effectiveness of athletic club activities was the acquisition of abilities and attributes necessary for developing sports society and culture.

著者

中谷 敏昭 灘本 雅一 三村 寛一 伊藤 稔

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.5, pp.451-461, 2002-09-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

32 41

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本研究では,60歳以上の健康な日本人高齢男女の下肢筋力をフィールド場面で簡便に評価できるテストとしてCS-30テストの信頼性と妥当性およびその加齢変化を検討するとともに,性別年齢階級別評価表を作成することを目的とした. 1)CS-30テストの信頼性(再現性)は男性がγ=0.84,女性がγ=0.88と高い相関関係を示した. 2)CS-30テスト成績と膝伸展力との間に男性はγ=0.44,女性はγ=0.52の有意な相関関係が認められた. 3)CS-30テストの成績は加齢にともなって有意に低下する傾向を示した.その成績は男女ともに60-64歳群が最も高値を示し,70歳以降その値は有意に低下した. 4)各年齢群ともに男性の方が女性よりやや高い値を示したが,男女差は認められなかった. 5)5歳毎の各年齢群におけるCS-30テストの成績は,男女ともに正規分布することが認められた.以上のことから,本研究のCS-30テストは健康な日本人高齢者を対象とした下肢筋力をフィールドで簡便に評価するテストとしては有効であると考えられる.

著者

岡田 桂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.197-216, 2016 (Released:2016-06-17)

参考文献数

30

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This study analyzed the momentum of the (hetero) sexualization of masculinity through physical culture magazines published during the 1930s-1980s in the United States, and also examined the social conditions caused by the corresponding changes. Since Foucault suggested the “repressive hypothesis” of sexuality, it has been widely recognized that, at some moment in modern history, same sex desire was identified as an inevitable identity, rather than just a deviant act, as considered previously.  However, several recent studies have questioned this hypothesis as being oversimplified. By reviewing previous research, this study examined the momentum of segregation between hetero/homosexual desire, which was observed in the 1950s, i.e. much more recently than generally recognized, and the obvious hetero-sexualization of the masculine ideal, which occurred after the 1970s.  The method employed was to compare 2 major physical culture magazines. To provide a contrasting perspective with regard to different sexuality, the first (famous) physique magazine, which began to be published in 1951 for potentially homosexual customers, was adopted to comparatively and diachronically examine the representation of male figures on the cover pages. This analysis revealed the following results:  1. During the 1930s-1950s, the ideal of masculinity was not yet hetero-sexualized and exemplified a broad range of desire which was not yet segregated as hetero/homosexual.  2. During the 1950s-1960s, physical culture magazines started to exclude non-heterosexual elements from their representations because of the risk that they could be potentially interpreted as homosexual.  3. The rise of the sexual minority rights movement in and after the 1970s, and the 1980s AIDS panic promoted homosexual visibility and expedited homophobia as a form of counter-action. This advance caused rapid and obvious hetero-sexualization of mainstream physical culture media.  In conclusion, the reason for the hetero-sexualization of physical culture magazines was a reaction to the increasing presence of homosexuals. It could be said that the rise of heterosexual self-consciousness itself was, to some extent, a counter to, and paradoxically caused by the creation and increasing awareness of homosexual identity. Moreover, these changes in the masculine ideal, and especially the examples before the 1950s, suggest the possibility of an ideal masculinity shared by hetero/homosexual males, which Sedgwick (1985) suggests is a homosocial continuum—namely, homosociality without discontinuity between homosocial and homosexual desire.

著者

重松 良祐 中垣内 真樹 岩井 浩一 藪下 典子 新村 由恵 田中 喜代次

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.173-186, 2007-03-10 (Released:2007-06-21)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

15 6

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To encourage older adults to participate in exercise, it is important for self-governing bodies to divide them into subgroups according to exercise habit and to determine facts such as what they think about exercise and what type of programs would help them most. In Japan, however, few such schemes have been reported. This study aimed to clarify the process of ascertaining the characteristics of older adults and to establish a challenging means of encouraging continued exercise. The eligible study population was all residents aged 65-69 years living in Isobe town, Mie Prefecture, Japan (n = 675) , 460 (68.1%) responded to our questionnaire during a two-month period (November-December) in 2003. The respondents were divided into subgroups according to exercise frequency: those exercising twice a week or more (21.1%, Group A) , once a week (6.3%, Group B) , once or twice a month (7.6%, Group C) , and no exercise (65.0%, Group D) . Group A exercised because they believed they became healthier or achieved an improved fitness level. Group B undertook exercise as they regarded rapport as important, i.e. making friends at group exercise classes. To the question “Why don't you exercise?” Group C noted the lack of an exercise companion, and Group D noted low motivation. From the responses to “What type of approaches do you look for so that you might start exercise?” Group C suggested approaches such as an invitation to join an exercise class, or an introduction to an exercise instructor, and Group D suggested an exercise program that they could perform at home. Based on these results, a challenge for each group was established: to maintain the exercise frequency (Group A) , to increase awareness of the effects of exercise (Group B) , to participate more in group exercise sessions (Group C) , and to experience an easy-to-use home exercise program (Group D) . Future research is required to ascertain the effects of such challenges on exercise habit in older adults.

著者

水上 博司

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.22122, (Released:2023-05-25)

著者

堀田 愛 高橋 達己 齊藤 まゆみ 澤江 幸則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.22077, (Released:2023-01-13)

著者

鈴木 楓太

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, pp.253-272, 2020-02-10 (Released:2020-04-02)

参考文献数

97

被引用文献数

1

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This paper clarifies some of the representations of female athletes at the dawn of women’s sports in Japan through an analysis of contemporary discourses regarding Kinue Hitomi, the first Japanese female Olympian. Previous studies have focused on Hitomi’s image as a deviator from the normative female image, differing from the representation of other “sports girls” associated with the image of ryosaikenbo (“good wife, wise mother”). However, the present paper focuses on Hitomi’s representation as the embodiment of the normative female image. What can be read from the aspect of “femininity” in the context of Hitomi, who was not included in the image of ryosaikenbo? The “prone episode” at the 1928 Summer Olympic Games is an anecdote that allegedly represents her “femininity”: Shortly after the runners finished in the women’s 800 meters, only Hitomi fell prone modestly while the other foreign runners lay on their back. This paper focuses on the episode and explores the significance given to it. Hitomi was represented positively as embodying mainly 2 types of female image: the healthy robust woman and the feminine graceful woman. The first image contrasted with the traditional one of the Japanese woman as a small, weak individual and was considered symbolic of the nationalism associated with Japanese modernization. When people viewed Hitomi in terms of the second image, they were clearly opposed to the concept that she was masculine, thus differing from the image of other “sports girls” who were casually associated with the ryosaikenbo concept in terms of their daily lives and careers. Hitomi’s achievement at the 1928 Summer Olympics had been widely admired for enhancing the national prestige of Japan. However, although her physique was praised at the time, its perceived meaning saw a transition from the “strong body” as a metaphor of modern Japan to the lady-like image represented by the prone episode. Through this process, multiple meanings assigned at first was transformed into a simple anecdote to illustrate that Japanese women are superior to Western women in terms of their “femininity”. It is ironic that Hitomi, whose gender had always been questioned because of her eminent athletic talent, came to be regarded as a typical Japanese “feminine” woman as a result of the prone episode, which had completely no relation to the arena of sport. Furthermore, after the war, as this contradiction between the feminine and the athletic physique faded, the prone episode turned into a casual representation of “femininity”, like the earlier representation of “sports girls”.

著者

滝沢 文雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.391-402, 2011 (Released:2011-12-28)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to specify the role of the low-rank acticept in human bodily thinking from a phenomenological viewpoint. An acticept is the gestalt of a percept with time factor and is a complex comprising a percept of action and phenomena resulting from the action. The word “acticept” is a compound of “action plus percept”, and “percept” means the content of perception. For the purpose of this study, the concept of a low-rank acticept is clarified by examining human bodily thinking as compared with verbal thinking. First, the author defines the problem, and then discusses the concept of the acticept as perception. On this basis, the formation and the role of a low-rank acticept is discussed, and the relationship between acticept and low-rank acticept is considered further. From this relationship, the prospect of classifying low-rank acticepts is demonstrated. As a result, the author describes the role of the low-rank acticept in human bodily thinking. The conclusions made are as follows. Human bodily thinking has a logical system different from that of verbal thinking. This type of thinking is necessary in order to create an acticept, and this becomes possible by gaining a low-rank acticept based on the logic of perception. From this low-rank acticept, image, explanation, and data are translated into our own practice, and we are able to realize each action. It is necessary to translate even procedural explanations into a low-rank acticept. These low-rank acticepts themselves continue being refined in such a way as to have wider applications, just as a word becomes precise. Therefore, in gymnastics lessons, it is necessary to pay attention to the originality of human bodily thinking, which is indispensable to movement practice, and furthermore to the individual low-rank acticept when teaching movement. Teachers should be able to transfer the low-rank acticept itself in order to make gymnastics lessons fruitful, not only theoretically but also practically.

著者

浅井 武 瀬尾 和哉 小林 修

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.29-38, 2007-01-10 (Released:2007-04-19)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

3 3

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When the boundary layer of a sports ball undergoes the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, a drag crisis occurs whereby the drag coefficient (Cd) rapidly decreases. However, the aerodynamic properties and boundary-layer dynamics of a soccer ball are not well understood. Here we showed that the critical Reynolds number (Recrit) of a soccer ball was 2.2 - 3.0 × 105. Wind-tunnel testing, along with visualization of the dynamics of the boundary layer and the trailing vortex of a ball in flight clearly demonstrated that both non-spinning and spinning curved balls had low Cd values in the supercritical region. We also showed that the Recrit of a soccer ball was lower than that (approximately 3.5 - 4 × 105) of a smooth sphere, due to the effects of its panels; this indicated that the aerodynamic properties of a soccer ball were between those of a smooth ball and a golf ball. Lateral images taken during high-speed kicking of a spinning curve ball (26 m/s; 8 rps) revealed that the separation point was approximately 120° from the front-stagnation point. In addition, the boundary layer between the top and bottom surfaces of the ball became turbulent. Top-view images taken during curved kicking (27 m/s; 7 rps) showed vortex deflection due to the effects of a relative difference in fluid speed caused by the spinning. The curvature of the ball was largely attributed to a lateral force generated by vortex counteraction. However, although the separation point showed left-right asymmetry in relation to the direction of travel (top-bottom symmetry on the images), it was approximately 116° from the front-stagnation point, which was similar to the separation angle during high-speed kicking of a non-spinning ball. In addition, the boundary layer became turbulent and the vortex region shrank during high-speed kicking of a spinning ball.

著者

和田 哲也 友添 秀則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.5, pp.337-348, 1994-01-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

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The purpose of the present study was to clarify the activity of kenjyutsu, the traditional physical culture in Japan, practiced as a match or sport in the latter period of Edo era. The object of this study was Sekiguchi-school of Takeda family that was transmitted in the Yoshino River area in the province of Awa (Tokushima prefecture) . The authors investigated the actual condition and character of kenjyutsu in those days using the historical materials of "nogeiko" (the outdoor meet of kenjyutsu) of the school. The findings of this study were summarized as follows : 1) The "taryu-jiai", in which kenjyutsu had come to be practiced as a match in the latter period of Edo era, was carried mainly by the common people rather than the people in the class of samurai and was activated all over the country. 2) "Nogeiko" of Sekiguchi-school of Takeda family was intended to open to the public from the beginning, and it was planned elaborately and practiced systematically. Almost all of the matches in the "nogeiko" were practiced by one person against one, though these were practiced with some formations supposing an actual battle, and there were "metsuke"(referee) who judged victory or defeat. 3) These matches were practiced under the free and large-hearted atmosphere beeing unbound to the ethical idea of Confucianism, and this "nogeiko" had a character of an amusement or pleasure of the common people. 4) This case means that kenjyutsu was practiced as an activity of a match or sport, whose style agreed with several melkmarls pointed by Guttmann, in the province far from the governmental center of this country. This is assumed not to be particular in the area of Tokushima prefecture but to be general in the localities of this country in those days. 5) Practice of kenjyutsu as a match or sport like this and accumulation of the experience,which became a basic condition to accept modern sports since Meiji era in japan, seems to make the rapid diffusion of it easily.

著者

遠藤 伸太郎 矢野 康介 大石 和男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.657-672, 2022 (Released:2022-08-17)

参考文献数

48

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Restrictions on going out due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have caused various psychological problems in many Japanese elementary school students, such as stress, anxiety, fear, helplessness, and anger. In this context, promotion of nature experience activities has been advocated, and have been reported to improve mental health. In addition, since a decrease in daily physical activity/exercise level is reportedly associated with a deterioration in mental health, the level of physical activity/exercise should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of nature experience activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal effects of nature experience activities on the mental health of elementary school children during the COVID-19 pandemic, taking into consideration the daily level of physical activity/exercise. The participants were 130 fifth and sixth grade elementary school students (60 boys and 70 girls). The survey was conducted at 3 time points: just before the nature experience (pre-survey), just after the experience (post-survey), and 1 month after the experience (follow-up survey). Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that assessed: 1) the degree of anxiety and limitation of activities related to COVID-19, 2) daily exercise level (hours), 3) social support level, 4) mental health level, 5) content of experiences in nature experience activities, 6) stress level. The participants were divided into high- and low-exercise groups according to their median scores. In the high-physical activity group, the pre-survey anger score (a component of mental health) was significantly higher than the scores for the post- and follow-up surveys. In addition, the self-confidence score (a component of mental health) for the postand follow-up surveys were significantly increased from the pre-measurement score, regardless of exercise hours. Therefore, it was shown that nature experience activities, while considering the influence of daily exercise, may be important for retaining calmness and confidence in daily life, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there was no significant relationship between mental health and the content of nature experience activities. Therefore, it will be necessary to examine such content, which is closely connected with improvement in mental health.