著者

吉田 智史 高木 友博

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.5, pp.647-657, 2015-09-01 (Released:2015-08-27)

参考文献数

15

---

Recently, recommender systems have attracted attention as systems that collect the enormous amount of information on the Web and suggests information to users. Recommender systems help users find the products that they want. There is a close relationship between a recommender system and the long tail because the performance of them is evaluated by not only accuracy metrics but also long tail metrics. Collaborative filtering (CF) is a typical recommender system. It is described as technology used to support the long tail. However, CF is prone to be biased towards recommending hit products. In this paper, we propose a system that recommends niche products if an item is similar to the user's preference. We will reduce the bias in top-N recommendation by using the interest in a keyword. The interest is computed from information gain, which is used to choose attributes in decision tree learning and to select features in machine learning. The results from the experiments show that the proposed system outperformed item-based CF in recommending niche products. In most existing studies focused on the long tail, niche products are recommended at the cost of accuracy. However, in our study, not only are niche products recommended but accuracy is also improved.

著者

竹内 俊貴 藤井 達也 小川 恭平 鳴海 拓志 谷川 智洋 廣瀬 通孝

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.D-MDF04, (Released:2015-07-23)

参考文献数

21

---

Modern people are concerned with healthy eating habits; however, sustaining these habits often requires a vigilant self-monitoring and a strong will. The satisfaction found in a meal is influenced not only by the food itself, but also by external stimuli and information. This effect is called expectation assimilation in behavioral science. We propose a social media system that enables people to begin eating meals that are more healthful naturally and without conscious effort. This system uses others' positive evaluations as a trigger of expectation assimilation. Using the proposed system, users share information on their meals and evaluate the yumminess and healthfulness of each other's meals. Novelty of the system is that the system modifies others' evaluations, displaying evaluations of healthfulness as those of yumminess to the user consuming the meal. Therefore, users tend to eat more foods that are evaluated as healthful foods by others and thereby, improve their eating habits without noticing it. In this paper, we report about the mechanism of the proposed system and results of a user study under controlled circumstances. Moreover, we integrated our method with a published mobile application that already had a lot of users. We examined our proposal in the real-world context with the application and, consequently, proved practical effectiveness of the method.

著者

齋藤 ひとみ 三輪 和久 神崎 奈奈 寺井 仁 小島 一晃 中池 竜一 森田 純哉

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.547-558, 2015-05-01 (Released:2015-05-01)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

---

Data interpretation based on theory is one of most important skills in scientific discovery learning, but to achieve this process is difficult for learners. In this study, we propose that model construction and execution could support data interpretation based on theory. We used the web-based production system ``DoCoPro'' as an environment for model construction and execution, and we designed and evaluated class practice in cognitive science domain to confirm our ideas. Fifty-three undergraduate students attended the course in Practice 1 in 2012. During class, students constructed a computational model on the process of semantic memory and conducted simulations using their model from which we evaluated any changes in learner interpretation of experimental data from pretest to posttest. The results of comparing pretest with posttest showed that the number of theory-based interpretations increase from pretest to posttest. However, we could not confirm the relationship between students' interpretations and their mental models acquired through learning activities and whether the students could transfer their understanding of theory to other different experimental data. Therefore, we conducted Practice 2 in 2013, in which 39 undergraduate students attended the course. Instruction in Practice 2 was same as in Practice 1. We improved pretest and posttest to assess students' mental model of theory and whether they transfer their understanding to another experiment. Comparing the pretest and posttest results showed that students acquired more sophisticated mental models from pretest to posttest, and they could apply their understanding of theory to their interpretations of near transfer experimental data. The results also indicated that students who shifted their interpretations from non theory-based to theory-based acquired more superior mental models on theory. Finally, we discuss applicability of our findings to scientific education.

著者

神崎 奈奈 三輪 和久 寺井 仁 小島 一晃 中池 竜一 森田 純哉 齋藤 ひとみ

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.536-546, 2015-05-01 (Released:2015-05-01)

参考文献数

25

---

When people understand an object, they construct a mental model of the object. A mental model is a structural, behavioral, or functional analog representation of a real-world or imaginary situation, event, or process. We conducted a class practice in which newcomers to cognitive science constructed a mental model by implementing and simulating a computational model of cognitive information processing, i.e., a cognitive model. We quantitatively evaluated the learning outcomes of the class. The participants were required to implement a complete cognitive model of subtraction processing. Furthermore, they were required to implement bug models, which are cognitive models with bug rules that cause several types of errors. Pre- and post-tests were performed before and after implementing and using these models, respectively. The results indicate that the class intervention led to the increase of the number of the participants who constructed the correct mental model and promoted more accurate mental simulations. However, the significant effects were confirmed only with participants who correctly completed the bug model, but the effects were limited with those who failed.

著者

後藤 匡史 長木 悠太 鈴木 英之進

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.193-201, 2001 (Released:2002-02-28)

参考文献数

13

---

This paper presents a novel decision-tree induction for a multi-objective data set, i.e. a data set with a multi-dimensional class. Inductive decision-tree learning is one of the frequently-used methods for a single-objective data set, i.e. a data set with a single-dimensional class. However, in a real data analysis, we usually have multiple objectives, and a classifier which explains them simultaneously would be useful. A conventional decision-tree inducer requires transformation of a multi-dimensional class into a singledimensional class, but such a transformation can considerably worsen both accuracy and readability. In order to circumvent this problem we propose a bloomy decision tree which deals with a multi-dimensional class without such transformations. A bloomy decision tree consists of a set of decision nodes each of which splits examples according to their attribute values, and a set of .ower nodes each of which decidesa dimension of the class for examples. A flower node appears not only at the fringe of a tree but also inside a tree. Our pruning is executed during tree construction, and evaluates each dimension of the class based on Cramér’s V. The proposed method has been implemented as D3-B (Decision tree in Bloom), and tested with eleven benchmark data sets in the machine learning community. The experiments showed that D3-B has higher accuracies in nine data sets than C4.5 and tied with it in the other two data sets. In terms of readability, D3-B has a smaller number of decision nodes in all data sets, and thus outperforms C4.5. Moreover, experts in agriculture evaluated bloomy decision trees, each of which is induced from an agricultural data set, and found them appropriate and interesting.

著者

山縣 友紀 古崎 晃司 今井 健 大江 和彦 溝口 理一郎

出版者

The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

2016

---

Linked Data is a promising technology for knowledge integration on the web. Many research groups have developed ontologies and terminologies, and recently, they have published a wide variety of Linked Data in the biomedical domain. We have systematized an ontology of abnormal states in the definition of diseases. For effective use of existing biomedical data, one of the difficulties is a conceptual discrepancy rather than a superficial one since data are heterogeneous. This article focuses on knowledge integration with Linked Data in terms of abnormal states. First, we discuss ontological issues of reusing and integrating knowledge of abnormal states in existing biomedical resources. Next, we introduce our ontology of abnormal states. By using our ontology and making explicit the meaning of each concept, we show a solution for the integration. Then, applying a Linked Data technology, we introduce a prototype system to link our ontology as a hub of existing resources across species. In cooperation with disease ontology, we demonstrate finding commonality of causal relationships of abnormal states between diseases across clinical departments. Our approach will bring benefits to fill the gap between basic research and clinical medicine, and contribute to disease knowledge integration of good practice.

著者

則 のぞみ ボレガラ ダヌシカ 石塚 満

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.613-625, 2015-07-01 (Released:2015-07-03)

参考文献数

29

---

We propose a method to predict users' interests by exploiting their various actions in social media. Actions performed by users in social media such as Twitter and Facebook have a fundamental property: user action involves multiple entities - e.g. sharing URLs with friends, bookmarking and tagging web pages, clicking a favorite button on a friend's post etc. Consequently, it is appropriate to represent each user's action at some point in time as a higher-order relation. We propose ActionGraph, a novel graph representation to model users' higher-order actions. Each action performed by a user at some time point is represented by an action node. ActionGraph is a bipartite graph whose edges connect an action node to its involving entities, referred to as object nodes. Using real-world social media data, we empirically justify the proposed graph structure. We show that the prediction accuracy can be improved by adequately aggregating various actions. Moreover, our experimental results show that the proposed ActionGraph outperforms several baselines, including standard tensor analysis PARAFAC, a previously proposed state-of-the-art LDA-based method and other graph-based variants, in a user interest prediction task. Although a lot of research have been conducted to capture similarity between users or between users and resources by using graph, our paper indicates that an important factor for the prediction performance of the graph mining algorithm is the choice of the graph itself. In particular, our result indicates that in order to predict users activities, adding more specific information about users activities such as types of activities makes the graph mining algorithm more effective.

著者

芦川 将之 川村 隆浩 大須賀 昭彦

出版者

The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.6, pp.503-515, 2014

被引用文献数

2

---

Open Crowdsourcing platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk provide an attractive solution for process of high volume tasks with low costs. However problems of quality control is still of major interest. In this paper, we design a private crowdsourcing system, where we can devise methods for the quality control. For the quality control, we introduce four worker selection methods, each of which we call preprocessing filtering, real-time filtering, post processing filtering, and guess processing filtering. These methods include a novel approach, which utilizes a collaborative filtering technique in addition to a basic approach of initial training or gold standard data. For an use case, we have built a very large dictionary, which is necessary for Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition and Text-to-Speech. We show how the system yields high quality results for some difficult tasks of word extraction, part-of-speech tagging, and pronunciation prediction to build a large dictionary.

著者

笠井 俊信 永野 和男 溝口 理一郎

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.570-584, 2015-05-01 (Released:2015-05-01)

参考文献数

22

---

In order to facilitate learners' knowledge refinement process, it is effective to let them externalize their knowledge. However, in a domain of the instructional design in which existence of knowledge and its necessity are not sufficiently articulated or recognized, it is not easy for teachers who are also learners of how to externalize their knowledge. In this study, we have built a system called ``FIMA-Light'' which uncovers knowledge that teachers must have applied in their lesson plans from global to local viewpoints instead of them. FIMA-Light makes use of the OMNIBUS ontology which describes various instructional knowledge for attaining educational goals extracted from instructional/ learning theories. And, FIMA-Light automatically generates what we call I_L event decomposition trees by interpreting a given lesson plan based on the OMNIBUS ontology. Then, FIMA-Light facilitates teachers' deep reflection and helps them to refine their lesson plans by providing them with decomposition trees. We report some results of an experiment carried out for evaluation of the quality and the effectiveness of I_L event decomposition trees.

著者

金 英子 松尾 豊 石塚 満

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.48-57, 2007 (Released:2007-01-05)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

3 6

---

Social relation plays an important role in a real community. Interaction patterns reveal relations among actors (such as persons, groups, companies), which can be merged into valuable information as a network structure. In this paper, we propose a new approach to extract inter-business relationship from the Web. Extraction of relation between a pair of companies is realized by using a search engine and text processing. Since names of companies co-appear coincidentaly on the Web, we propose an advanced algorithm which is characterized by addition of keywords (or we call relation words) to a query. The relation words are obtained from either an annotated corpus or the Web. We show some examples and comprehensive evaluations on our approach.

著者

宮崎 和光 坪井 創吾 小林 重信

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.185-192, 2001 (Released:2002-02-28)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 7

---

Reinforcement learning is a kind of machine learning. It aims to adapt an agent to a given environment with a clue to rewards. In general, the purpose of reinforcement learning system is to acquire an optimum policy that can maximize expected reward per an action. However, it is not always important for any environment. Especially, if we apply reinforcement learning system to engineering, environments, we expect the agent to avoid all penalties. In Markov Decision Processes, a pair of a sensory input and an action is called rule. We call a rule penalty if and only if it has a penalty or it can transit to a penalty state where it does not contribute to get any reward. After suppressing all penalty rules, we aim to make a rational policy whose expected reward per an action is larger than zero. In this paper, we propose a suppressing penalty algorithm that can suppress any penalty and get a reward constantly. By applying the algorithm to the tick-tack-toe, its effectiveness is shown.

著者

前野 義晴 大澤 幸生

出版者

The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 = Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence : AI (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.389-396, 2007-11-01

被引用文献数

4 3

---

This paper addresses a new problem to infer an invisible fixer in an organization from communication (node discovery problem). Human-interactive annealing together with crystallization algorithm aims at inventing scenarios from the gap between prior understanding and observation. Four functions for ranking the relevance of the portion of observation, and two types of communication strength within an organization are studied. In the experiment, information relevant to identify an invisible fixer in an online decision-making environment is successfully retrieved.

著者

谷口 忠大 椹木 哲夫

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.6, pp.493-501, 2004 (Released:2004-09-03)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2 3

---

In this paper, a new machine-learning method, called Dual-Schemata model, is presented. Dual-Schemata model is a kind of self-organizational machine learning methods for an autonomous robot interacting with an unknown dynamical environment. This is based on Piaget's Schema model, that is a classical psychological model to explain memory and cognitive development of human beings. Our Dual-Schemata model is developed as a computational model of Piaget's Schema model, especially focusing on sensori-motor developing period. This developmental process is characterized by a couple of two mutually-interacting dynamics; one is a dynamics formed by assimilation and accommodation, and the other dynamics is formed by equilibration and differentiation. By these dynamics schema system enables an agent to act well in a real world. This schema's differentiation process corresponds to a symbol formation process occurring within an autonomous agent when it interacts with an unknown, dynamically changing environment. Experiment results obtained from an autonomous facial robot in which our model is embedded are presented; an autonomous facial robot becomes able to chase a ball moving in various ways without any rewards nor teaching signals from outside. Moreover, emergence of concepts on the target movements within a robot is shown and discussed in terms of fuzzy logics on set-subset inclusive relationships.

著者

大武 美保子

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.295-302, 2009 (Released:2009-02-19)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3 4

---

This paper proposes multiscale service design method through the development of support service for prevention and recovery from dementia towards science of lethe. Proposed multiscale service model consists of tool, event, human, network, style and rule. Service elements at different scales are developed according to the model. Firstly, the author proposes and practices coimagination method as an ``event'', which is expected to prevent the progress of cognitive impairment. Coimagination support system was developed as a ``tool''. Experimental results suggest the effective activation of episodic memory, division of attention, and planning function of participants by the measurement of cognitive activities during the coimagination. Then, Fonobono Research Institute was established as a ''network'' for ``human'' who studies coimagination, which is a multisector research organization including elderly people living around Kashiwa city, companies including instrument and welfare companies, Kashiwa city and Chiba prefecture, researchers of the University of Tokyo. The institute proposes and realizes lifelong research as a novel life ``style'' for elderly people, and discusses life with two rounds as an innovative ``rule'' for social system of aged society.

著者

桑原 教彰 桑原 和宏 安部 伸治 須佐見 憲史 安田 清

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.6, pp.396-405, 2005 (Released:2005-09-08)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 4

---

Providing good home-based care to people with dementia is becoming an important issue as the size of the elderly population increases. One of the main problems in providing such care is that it must be constantly provided without interruption, and this puts a great burden on caregivers, who are often family members. Networked Interaction Therapy is the name we call our methods designed to relieve the stress of people suffering from dementia as well as that of their family members. This therapy aims to provide a system that interacts with people with dementia by utilizing various engaging stimuli. One such stimulus is a reminiscence video created from old photo albums, which is a promising way to hold a dementia sufferer's attention for a long time. In this paper, we present an authoring tool to assist in the production of a reminiscence video by using photo annotations. We conducted interviews with several video creators on how they used photo annotations such as date, title and subject of photos when they produced the reminiscence videos. According to the creators' comments, we have defined an ontology for representing the creators' knowledge of how to add visual effects to a reminiscence video. Subsequently, we developed an authoring tool that automatically produces a reminiscence video from the annotated photos. Subjective evaluation of the quality of reminiscence videos produced with our tool indicates that they give impressions similar to those produced by creators using conventional video editing software. The effectiveness of presenting such a video to people with dementia is also discussed.

著者

山内 翔 川村 秀憲 鈴木 恵二

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.1-11, 2015-01-01 (Released:2015-01-06)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

2 1

---

The main feature that keeps states and structures stable can be seen in living organisms. This adjusting and adaptive feature is called homeostasis. This integrated adaptive feature is achieved by the cooperation of organs in living organisms. Living organisms in nature act dynamically due to this feature. Highly adaptive behavior caused by this feature is also observed in simple living organisms that have no neural circuits such as amoebas. In amoeba case, each cell acts as an oscillator and such behavior is explicable as synchronization phenomena of oscillators. Based on these facts, a method of control to generate homeostasis in robotic systems is proposed by assuming a robot system is an aggregation of oscillators in this paper. When a robot system is assumed as an aggregation of oscillators, a robot system tries to keep the value of the specific function that indicate its uncomfortable level small the whole time. To keep such function value small, a robot system stabilize the relationship between oscillators when its value is small and reconstruct the relationship between oscillators when its value is large. This behavior is also explicable as synchronization phenomena of oscillators. A redundant robot arm is made to confirm the effect of this control method to generate homeostatic behaviors in robotic systems.

著者

小川 泰右 池田 満 鈴木 斎王 荒木 賢二

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.37-46, 2015-01-01 (Released:2015-01-06)

参考文献数

16

---

PROBLEM is a key concept used in sharing intentions of medical services among health professionals belonging to different domains. PROBLEMs represent the necessity for medical services from each domain. PROBLEMs serve as a reference point for unifying multiple domain knowledge, when health professional team designs services. However, there is confusion on sharing intentions of the medical services using PROBLEMs. The confusion arose from the ambiguity of the role which the PROBLEMs are playing on intention expressions. Hence, the authors developed a media equipped with a function which specifies roles of PROBLEMs, and tried to control of this confusion. The result of the trial use suggests that the media suppresses the confusion and prompts users to externalize intentions of medical services.

著者

高丸 圭一 内田 ゆず 乙武 北斗 木村 泰知

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.306-318, 2015-01-06 (Released:2015-01-06)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

2

---

An onomatopoeia is a useful linguistic expression to describe sounds, conditions, degrees and so on. It is said Japanese is rich in onomatopoeic expressions. They are frequently used in daily conversations. The meaning and surface structure of an onomatopoeia varies diachronically. There seem to be regional variations in usage of onomatopoeias. It is necessary to investigate the actual condition of onomatopoeia quantitatively in order to apply onomatopoeias into artificial intelligence. This paper studies practical usages of onomatopoeias in spoken modern Japanese language. To explore Japanese onomatopoeias nowadays, we investigate regional assembly minutes collected from all areas in Japan. The corpus of regional assembly minutes, which has about 300 million words, is the target of the investigation of this study. The minutes of Japanese regional assemblies contain all transcriptions of the utterances in the assemblies. This corpus is suitable for our research since attributes of the speakers are clear and speakers are distributed nation-wide. The first research is about total frequency and regional distribution of onomatopoeias. The onomatopoeias, which represent a request for a promotion of policy, e.g., ``shikkari'', ``dondon'', are used at high frequency in regional assemblies. There are no remarkable regional differences in frequencies of these onomatopoeias though western Japan has slight higher frequency. The second research is about the meaning of the onomatopoeias. Most of onomatopoeias are polysemous. The meaning of the onomatopoeia differs by context. The authors have manually checked through 10,827 sentences, which contain 153 kinds of onomatopoeia, and then classified the meaning of each onomatopoeic expression. We analyzed for the following subjects: i) ambiguity of onomatopoeic expression, ii) regional differences in meaning, iii) new meanings in modern spoken language, iv) special usage in assemblies, and v) onomatopoeias in the named entities. The third research is about false extraction of onomatopoeias in the morphological analysis. The extraction errors are analyzed from the viewpoint of surface structure and appearance position. In terms of surface structure, it is clear that the word length of an onomatopoeic expression, which has highly false extraction, is shorter. The onomatopoeic expressions, which end with special morae, namely moraic obstruent, moraic nasal and long vowel, have a higher rate of false extraction. In terms of appearance position, dialectal grammar is the main factor causing false extraction. About 25% of false extraction is found in the sentence-closing particles in dialectal grammar. The result of quantitative analysis of the onomatopoeia in modern spoken Japanese language serves as the basic data which contributes to engineering. The results of the analysis in our research are exhibited through the WWW. It is hoped that results will contribute broadly to the practical use of onomatopoeia in the engineering field.

著者

永田 裕一

出版者

人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.5, pp.542-552, 2007

被引用文献数

3

---

We propose an genetic algorithm (GA) that applies to the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The GA uses edge assembly crossover (EAX), which is known to be effective for solving the TSP. We first propose a fast implementation of a localized EAX where localized edge exchanges are used in the EAX procedure. We also propose a selection model with an effective combination of the localized EAX that can maintain population diversity at negligible computational costs. Edge entropy measure is used to evaluate population diversity. We demonstrate that the proposed GA is comparable to state-of-the-art heuristics for the TSP. Especially, the GA is superior to them on large instances more than 10,000 cities. For example, the GA found an optimal solution of brd14051 (14,051 cities instance) with a reasonable computational cost. The results are quite impressive because the GA does not use Lin-Kernighan local search (LKLS) even though almost all existing state-of-the-art heuristics for the TSP based on LKLS and its variants.

著者

岩爪 道昭 小林 一郎 伊藤 紀子 高橋 祐介 藤城 浩子 菅野 道夫

出版者

The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 = Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence : AI (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.181-185, 2002-11-01

被引用文献数

4 4

---

The aim of this study is to provide all people, from small children to aged persons, with a computational environment for everyday language communication. In order to achieve this, we propose a framework for a language-based operating system. In this paper, we explain our approach to dealing with the meaning of language, the architecture of the language operating system and its components. In particular, we describe the notion of language protocol and its resource representation (i.e., semiotic base), compared to the other protocols and their resource representations. We argue that by processing meaning of language rather than processing information, we attempt to provide a more human-like computer system and an intelligent computational environment to all people.