著者

坪田 祐基 石井 秀宗

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.2, pp.137-146, 2019 (Released:2019-06-27)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

---

This study aimed to investigate relationships between perfectionism and selective attentional engagement and disengagement biases to success- and failure-related words. Seventy-five undergraduates (33 male and 42 female) were asked to perform modified dot-probe tasks and to complete items in the Multidimensional Self-oriented Perfectionism Scale. The modified dot-probe tasks contained four kinds of stimuli such as success-related words, failure-related words, neutral words, and non-words. Using this task, selective attentional engagement and disengagement biases to success- and failure-related words were measured. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients between the selective attentional bias and perfectionism scale scores were observed. As a result, several relationships were found in males: personal standards positively correlated with disengagement bias to failure-related words; concern over mistakes positively correlated with engagement bias to failure-related words; and doubting of actions positively correlated with engagement bias to success-related words. These results suggest that male perfectionists have selective attentional engagement and disengagement biases to success or failure, and that each dimension of perfectionism is related to engagement bias and disengagement bias differently.

著者

池田 浩 古川 久敬

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.86.14317, (Released:2015-03-13)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study examined the interactive effect of management by group goals and job interdependence on employee’s activities in terms of task and contextual performance. A survey was conducted among 140 Japanese employees. Results indicated that management by group goals was related only to contextual performance. Job interdependence, however, had a direct effect on both task and contextual performance. Moreover, moderated regression analyses revealed that for work groups requiring higher interdependence among employees, management by group goals had a positive relation to contextual performance but not to task performance. When interdependence was not necessarily required, however, management by group goals had no relation to contextual performance and even negatively impacted task performance, respectively. These results show that management by group goals affects task and contextual performance, and that this effect is moderated by job interdependence. This provides a theoretical extension as well as a practical application to the setting and management of group goals.

著者

深谷 達史

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.266-275, 2014 (Released:2014-08-25)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1 2

---

Prior studies have investigated whether the expectation that one will explain learned materials after learning (explanation expectancy) promotes text comprehension. Such researches, however, have had inconsistent results. In Study 1, we examined whether an elaborative explanation orientation, which refers to the belief that it is important to elaborate and organize a passage when explaining, moderated the effect of explanation expectancy. The results showed neither a moderation effect nor an effect of explanation expectancy. This suggests that the effect size of explanation expectancy was not large, so that a single experimental research with limited sample size could not reliably find a positive effect. In Study 2, a meta-analysis was conducted to infer more accurately the influence of explanation expectancy on text comprehension. Based on a sample of 7 reports (n = 289), the results showed that the effect size g for explanation expectancy was 0.51 (95%CI = (0.10, 0.91)). This finding demonstrates that the inconsistent results of previous research could be caused by small sample sizes, and explanation expectancy improves text comprehension.

著者

川上 綾子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.6, pp.426-433, 1994-02-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

4 3

---

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between lexical and conceptual representations in the students learning English as a second language. Three groups of subjects with various years of studying English (ten English-major university students=EUS; fifteen high school students=HS; and eighteen junior high school students=JS) participated in an experiment, which employed the semantic priming paradigm with English and Japanese words as stimuli. Subjects were asked to decide as quickly as possible whether each target was a real word. After the task, a recognition test for stimulus words was conducted in order to examine the mode of word processing in such a bilingual situation. For EUS, priming effects were found in all conditions, but not for HS or JS. Results of the recognition test showed that retention was higher for HS and JS than EUS. Based on these findings, lexical representation and its processing in a second language were discussed. The present results appear to indicate that as second language is acquired, more direct links are formed between lexical and conceptual representations of the language.

著者

杉森 絵里子 浅井 智久 丹野 義彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.5, pp.389-396, 2009 (Released:2012-03-20)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

7 7

---

Auditory hallucinations are important symptoms when making a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Since normal people may also experience auditory hallucinations, there may be a spectrum of auditory hallucinations ranging from those experienced in schizophrenia to those experienced by normal people. To assess the propensity to auditory hallucinations in a non-clinical population, we selected forty items from the questionnaire in Tanno, Ishigaki, & Morimoto (1998) and developed the Auditory Hallucination-like Experience Scale (AHES). Test-retest reliability showed that the AHES was internally consistent. There were high correlations between the AHES and the STA subscale and the overall O-LIFE (especially ‘unusual experiences’), both of which are thought to be strongly related to schizophrenia. Furthermore, the rate of false positives was higher in people more prone to auditory hallucinations than in the group less prone to auditory hallucinations. Factor analysis revealed that the AHES consists of four factors. The results suggest that the AHES has high reliability and validity as a measure of susceptibility to hallucinations.

著者

藤原 武弘

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.4, pp.200-206, 1986-10-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2 2

---

The relationship of speech rate and hand gesture to attitude change and impression formation was investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, persuasive communication was presented to 62 subjects by a tape recorder. The results indicated that slow speech was more persuasive and slow speaker was perceived less active, more reliable and more calm. In the second experiment, same persuasive communication was presented to 162 subjects by a videotape recorder. Manipulations of speech rate were crossed with hand gesture in the second experiment. The results suggested that fast speaker was judged more active. Hand gesture had no main effects on persuasion. But significant interaction between speech rate and hand gesture indicated that slow speech with hand gesture was perceived more intelligent and more confident.

著者

栗山 和広 吉田 甫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.5, pp.287-294, 1988-12-31 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 2

---

Representation of preschool children's number concepts was investigated in the present study by giving children forward and backward counting problems. In backward counting, children performed significantly better with a type of Below 5 problem compared to a type of Over 5 problem. Analyses of counting errors revealed an absence of random errors in Below 5 problems but such errors were observed with Over 5 problems, Children were able to stop correctly at point “5” in forward counting but failed to stop at points other than “5” in forward counting. These results suggested that preschool children may represent numbers up to and including 5 as a firm structure or privileged anchor for numbers below 10. Results were discussed in terms of a mental number line in a representational system of numbers.

著者

大山 正 中原 淳一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.35-48, 1960 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

15 19

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If a cross figure consists of upper and lower black arms, right and left white arms, and a central gray square, we do not perceive the mosaic sum of these five parts. We see, instead, a black vertical bar and a white horizontal bar. In the central part of this figure, we can see simultaneously two colors, white and black, one behind the other. One of these two colors appears transparent and the other appears to be seen through the former (See Fig. 1A). The following investigation is concerned with this apparent transparency.Method: Experimental procedures were nearly the same with those of our previous studies on figure-ground reversal (This journal, 1955, 26, 178-188). Observers were instructed to fixate their eyes upon the center of the figure 60 to 120 seconds, and push the first one of the three electric buttons when the black bar appeared in front of the white bar, push the second button when the white bar appeared nearer, and push the third button during ambiguous appearances. As the measure of relative dominancy of black and white, the formula, Rb=100Tb/(Tb+Tw), was adopted, in which Tb indicates the total pushing time of the first button, and Tw, that of the second.Results: 1) In general, the white bar has a stronger tendency to appear in front of the black bar when the central square is light gray, and the black bar is dominant when the central square is dark gray. It was discovered that the relative dominancy was approximately proportional to the difference between the square root of reflectance of the central part and that of the arms (Table 1, Fig. 2, 3, 4).2) The lightness of the surrounding field has little effect on the relative dominancy of two bars (Table 2).3) When the arms are of two of the four chromatic colors, red, yellow, green and blue, instead of white and black, and the central part is the mixture of these two colors produced by the rotating disk, yellow is the most dominant color, red is the second, green the third and blue the last. However, red may be more dominant than yellow if the above mentioned effect of lightness is eliminated (Table 3).4) When the vertical arms are red, the horizontal arms are green, and the central square is the mixture of red and green in various ratios, the relative dominancy is represented in a S-shaped curve as a function of the mixture ratio, i.e., the angle ratio in color disk (Table 4, Fig. 5, 6).5) The effect of area of the arms is equivocal. There are large individual differences, and the difference of instructions easily affects the results (Fig. 8, 9, 10, Table 5). The similar results were obtained in the stimulus figures of another type (Fig. 1B, 11).

著者

田中 知恵 沼崎 誠

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.2, pp.107-115, 2008 (Released:2011-04-20)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

4 2

---

The role of expectancies regarding negative mood regulation in improving the mood states of undergraduate students when they experience both negative and positive life events was investigated. In Study 1, a Japanese language scale for measuring expectancies for negative mood regulation (NMR scale) was developed. In Study 2, undergraduates (n=95) completed the NMR scale twice within an interval of five-weeks. They also completed a self-rating depression scale and a scale of life events in interpersonal and achievement domains. The results indicated that participants with high NMR scores did not experience depression when they faced negative events, if they concurrently experienced positive life events. These results suggest that expectancies for negative mood regulation alleviate the negative mood states by using a mood regulation strategy moderated by positive life events, and predict the level of depression.

著者

太幡 直也

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.3, pp.199-206, 2009 (Released:2012-03-14)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1 2

---

The feeling experienced by people during an interaction when another person seemingly notices something about them that they would rather conceal is referred to as a sense of unwanted transparency. This study investigated the effects of the reasons for concealment on the verbal strategies for managing the sense of unwanted transparency. Undergraduate participants were asked to pretend to be graduate students and to interview students who were confederates of the experimenter. The experimental conditions were the different reasons given for concealing that they were really undergraduate students. After the confederate's question aroused the sense of unwanted transparency, participants were asked a contrived question that the confederate said would be easy for a graduate student to answer. The results showed that the verbal strategies for answering the question were affected by the reasons for concealment. However, the reasons for concealment did not affect directly the verbal content and nonverbal responses from the sense of unwanted transparency.

著者

遠藤 志乃 中谷 素之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.2, pp.170-176, 2017 (Released:2017-06-25)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

3 4

---

This study examined the relationships between motivational regulation strategies, goal achievements, and learning habits in junior high school students. A total of 288 junior high school students completed a self-administered questionnaire. We focused on the students’ representative motivational regulation styles, i.e., intrinsic vs extrinsic motivational regulation. Structural equation modeling revealed the following: (a) mastery goals promoted an intrinsic regulation strategy, which in turn, facilitated development of beneficial learning habits; (b) performance-approach goals promoted an extrinsic regulation strategy, which by contrast inhibited the development of beneficial learning habits. These results suggest that goal achievement positively affects learning behavior mediated by motivational regulation strategies. In light of these findings, we discuss the importance of intrinsic regulation strategies in promoting beneficial learning habits in junior high school students.

著者

西村 多久磨 櫻井 茂男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.4, pp.365-375, 2013-10-25 (Released:2013-12-25)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

10 9

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This study investigated the relationship between autonomous motivation and academic adjustment based on the perspective of self-determination theory. It also examined motivational profiles to reveal individual differences and the characteristic of these profiles for groups with varying levels of autonomous and controlled regulation (autonomous, controlled, high motivation, and low motivation). Data were collected from 442 junior high school students for academic motivation, academic performance, academic competence, meta-cognitive strategy, academic anxiety, apathy, and stress experience. Correlation analyses generally supported the basic hypothesis of self-determination theory that a more autonomous regulation style was strongly related to academic adjustment. The results also showed that persons with a high autonomous regulation and a low controlled regulation style were the most adaptive.

著者

赤間 健一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.86.14205, (Released:2015-09-15)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

6 6

---

In studies of motivational regulation, motivational regulation strategies to maintain motivation have been examined while the strategies to initiate motivation have been overlooked. In this study, motivational regulation strategies for initiating motivation (motivation initiating strategies) were examined and the Motivation Initiating Strategy Scale was developed. In study 1, based on open-ended questionnaire to collect the strategies that learners usually use, items were selected for the scale. Using exploratory factor analysis, 5 motivation initiating strategies subscales were extracted. In study 2, the validity of the scale was examined by confirmatory factor analysis and correlations and partial correlations with intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, achievement goal and reliability were examined by test-retest correlations and internal consistencies for subscales. Both the validity and reliability were demonstrated in order to measure motivation initiating strategies. The results of this study suggest that motivation initiating strategies contain some of the same strategies as motivation maintaining strategies, and indicate the possibility that the structures and roles in the motivational regulation of the initiating and maintaining strategies are different.

著者

高本 真寛 相川 充

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.2, pp.108-116, 2012

被引用文献数

2

---

This study developed the Coping Scale for Interpersonal Stress Events, and evaluated its validity. This scale is composed of the following subscales based on the goals of the coping: problem-focused coping, emotion-focused behavioral coping, and emotion-focused cognitive coping. Based on previous research, a pilot study was used to construct scale items, considering the goals of coping to reduce measurement error. In Study 1 (<I>N</I> = 348), the validity of the scale was examined using several statistical analyses. Study 2 (<I>N</I> = 182) and Study 3 (<I>N</I> = 161) report correlations between the Coping Scale for Interpersonal Stress Events and several theoretically relevant scales. Based on these results, it was concluded that the scale and subscales are valid for measuring interpersonal stress coping.

著者

飯田 健夫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.3, pp.186-200, 1987-08-31 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

148

---

Psychological studies on accommodation are reviewed on the following subjects: (1) subjective and objective methods of measuring accommodation, and their related practical problems in visual experiments, (2) accommodative responses in the absence of an adequate visual stimulus (a resting point of accommodation or a dark focus), and the specific phenomena of night myopia, empty myopia and instrument myopia, (3) contribution of accommodation to the perception of depth and the influence of imagination or thinking of distance on accommodation, (4) unsettled problems on accommodation in the three domains of myopia mentioned above, and the prospect of research in the future, and (5) a description of the results of psychological studies on accommodation that are applied to the establishment of an optimal condition of visual environment.

著者

鈴木 伸一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.6, pp.527-533, 2006-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1 3

---

The purpose of this study was to explore the cognitive process in selection of stress coping behavior. Subjects were 182 undergraduate students, who were asked to answer the questionnaire about their own stress experience and coping behavior. Factor analysis showed that the cognitive process in selection of coping behavior included four factors: “Expectation of positive outcome”, “Expectation of emotion regulation”, “Selection of habitual coping”, “Selection in the elimination”. Regression analysis showed that the score of “Expectation of positive outcome” was negatively correlated with stress response, the score of “Selection in the elimination” was positively correlated with stress response. Furthermore, interaction between the individual differences of cognitive process and coping behavior was found. People who engaged in emotion-focused coping style with elimination thinking felt more stressful than the others.

著者

村山 綾 三浦 麻子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.2, pp.156-166, 2019 (Released:2019-06-27)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

12

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Japanese version (Kanai, 2013) of the Moral Foundation Questionnaire (MFQ; Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011). In Study 1, we tested the internal validity of the MFQ using data collected from 855 participants, following the procedure by Graham et al. (2011). Analyses revealed that the five-factor model showed the best fit among any other model. In addition, a higher score in In-group, Authority, and Purity was related weakly but significantly to conservative political identity. In Study 2, we tested test-retest reliability as well as the relationships between the MFQ and ideologies, using data collected from 470 participants. The test-retest reliability was relatively low, compared to Graham et al. (2011). The relationships between the MFQ and ideologies were consistent overall with the Moral Foundations Theory. However, we also found several inconsistent results such as a higher score in Purity resulting in agreeing more with a liberal opinion. Usage of the Japanese version of the MFQ in empirical studies was discussed.

著者

大沼 進

出版者

学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.5, pp.369-377, 2001

被引用文献数

2

---

This study examined how environmental change and others' behavior affected cooperative behavior and solution preference of the person in social dilemma situation. Participants in two experiments played an &ldquo;environment game, &rdquo; in which gradual pollution in environment and reduction in profit rate were simulated. Information on behavior of other players was manipulated; in &ldquo;free rider&rdquo; condition, one person was an extreme free rider, and the others were cooperative; in &ldquo;loafing&rdquo; condition, everyone loafed. In both experiments, &ldquo;Bad Apple Effect&rdquo; was not observed clearly, and cooperative behavior increased as environmental pollution worsened. In Experiment 2, there was no main effect of others' behavior on solution preference. However, significant correlations were found among solution preference, motivation to control others' behavior, and perceived seriousness of the situation, only when an extreme free rider was among them.

著者

屋井 ヒデ子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.5, pp.303-312, 1959-01-15 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

3 2

---

Pressure and touch are often described as the same kind of sensation because they are elicited by similar mechanical stimulation. But they are quite different subjectively as well as electro-physiologically. The author discriminated between them by the difference of subjective sensation, and studied the effects of additional side-pressure applied to relatively broad surface of the body upon pressure sensation.The sensitivity of pressure sensation was measured by the number of pressure spots within a given area of the skin. In normal resting subjects, the localization of pressure spots changes from one examination to another (Fig. 1), but the number is always nearly constant (Table 1). The author studied how side-pressure by a weight given to various parts of the body surface influenced upon the pressure sensitivity in the dorsal side of right forearm, and obtained the following results:1) Side-pressure caused the decrease of pressure sensitivity in general.2) The nearer was the location of side-pressure to the test area, the greater was it's decreasing effect (Table 2).3) However, the decreasing effect of side-pressure applied to the dorsal side of right hand (distal from the test area) was less than that to the dorsal side of right forearm (proximal from the test area), even if both distances from the test area were nearly equal. This difference of the effect may be explained by the dermatome: the skin of the hand was innervated by the spinal nerve differing from that of the test area, whereas the forearm was innervated by the same nerve. But there is a problem on such simplified explanation.4) The effect increased as the size and intensity of side-pressure increased.Side-pressure given on the forearm by a cuff also depressed the pressure sensitivity. In this procedure, the asphyxia took place and the sensation subjectively differed from the former case. So, in the latter case another mechanism might be considered.5) The effect of side-pressure showed the maximum value within 1min. after pressure application (Fig. 2), regardless of intensity and location of applied pressure. Consequently, it may not be considered that the effect of side-pressure spreads around from the pressed area.6) The after-effect was recognized and it disappeared within 1min. (Fig. 3).The obtained results can not be simply explained by the pressure block of the peripheral nerve trunks. The sensitivity of pressure sensation is depressed also by the other stimulation of the central nervous system, especially the effects of stimuli, depressing the clarity of consciousness, are very similar to side-pressure's. It may be followed that side-pressure on the skin causes the inhibitory effect on the central nervous system including the cerebral cortex.It is concluded that the depression of pressure sensitivity is not of peripheral origin, such as pressure nerve block, but results from the induction in a level or levels of the central nervous system.

著者

菅原 健介

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.184-188, 1984

被引用文献数

11 48

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This study attempted to construct the self-consciousness scale for Japanese based on the scale made by Fenigstein et al. (1975). Twenty six items which may assess individual difference in self-consciousness were made. The factor analysis of the items indicated that there were two main factors. These two factors were similar to the private and the public self-consciousness factors which were found by Fenigstein et al. The scores of the public self-consciousness indicated in this study were found to have positive correlation with both social anxiety (the tendency of avoidance from self-presentation) scale and exhibitionism (the tendency of approach to self-presentation) scale. Implications of self-consciousness scale for research on social behavior was discussed.