著者

五十嵐 由利子 萬羽 郁子 八木 廉子 石津 京二 古賀 修 宮永 俊之 占部 亘

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.627, pp.623-630, 2008-05-30 (Released:2009-02-25)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1 1

---

We discussed the simple method about a subjective evaluation of cooking odor diffusion from kitchen to a dining (or living) room. The subjects standardized their sensitivity by progressive amount of a standard material (2,4-decadienal) before each evaluating. And the subjects accord with results of the thermal environment measurement and the visual observation by the smoke flow in the room.

著者

住吉 大輔 荻野 登司 三浦 尚志 細井 昭憲 澤地 孝男

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.688, pp.497-505, 2013-06-30 (Released:2013-08-30)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2 2

---

In this research, the experiments to measure the actual performance of room air-conditioners were performed to make appropriate evaluation method of them. Results are as follows:1. Partial load rates of air-conditioners are very low; especially in the heating use there was a machine whose partial load rates are less than 10 % in 95% of the entire operating hours.2. COP in actual usage situation was lower than JIS experiment result in most of machines. This tendency was conspicuously appeared in heating.3. The evaluation approach that can evaluate the actual performance at the heating period and at the low partial load appropriately should be considered.

著者

八杉 克志 西名 大作 村川 三郎 金田一 清香 安藤 元気 石田 正樹

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.702, pp.715-723, 2014-08-30 (Released:2014-09-30)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purpose of this study is to clarify the operating conditions of two kinds of domestic electric appliances which are a washing machine and a clothes dryer installed in a bathroom. Based on the measurements of electric power consumption in the 100 electrified housing located in Hiroshima area, 39 washing machines and 35 clothing dryers were examined. The operating conditions of the appliances varied in the frequencies of operation, the operating hours and the starting time of operation. Especially, the conditions of the operation with drying function differed from those without drying function. The housing was classified into several clusters by the Cluster analysis based on the starting time of operation. Each cluster showed different tendencies on the operating conditions.

著者

野崎 淳夫 清澤 裕美 吉澤 晋

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.576, pp.37-42, 2004-02-28 (Released:2017-01-27)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

2 4

---

In recent years, air cleaners are often used because of increasing interest in room air quality. However, there is currently no unified method for determining the removal effectiveness of air-cleaners. Here, we report the results of experiments on five type of domestic air cleaner units in a experimental room, using ETS(Environmental Tobacco Smoke). This study was carried out to determine the removal effectiveness of air cleaners on suspended particulate matter evaluated employing an index of equivalent clean air rates(ECAR). The results showed that the removal rates of suspended particulate matter were 59.1〜125.7(m^3/h) for 0.3μm particles, and 115.5〜188.7(m^3/h) for 0.5μm particles respectively with fan-filter units. The rates were much lower for the electro-static collector type unit without fan : 3.9(m^3/h) for 0.3μm particles, and 14.8(m^3/h) for 0.5μm particles respectively

著者

文 欣 潔 赤林 伸一 坂口 淳 有波 裕貴

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.740, pp.873-882, 2017 (Released:2017-10-30)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1 2

---

INTRODUCTION As the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of heat pump devices varies significantly according to the heating and cooling load and ambient temperature, when selecting a suitable device, it is very important to consider the thermal performance of the house and the local weather conditions. It is common to select a home-use air conditioners according to the room floorage in Japan. The heating and cooling load value per unit floorage from 1964 has not been revised, and is still used in the case of the present air-conditioner selection (maximum heating load per floorage: 275 W/m2). However, this is not the best method for highly insulated houses and leads to problems for energy conservation. In this study, we developed a calorie meter to carry out temperature adjustment, and used it in analysis of the relationships among COP, heating and cooling load and outside air temperature. COP Matrix is constructed by a database of the measurement results. Furthermore, heat load calculation was performed using the insulation efficiency and the local condition of detached housing as analysis variables. As a result of the heat load calculation, Annual Performance Factor (APF) in actual environmental conditions is computed through correlation with the created COP Matrix. The APF calculated from experiment results is compared with the catalogue APF in order to clarify the characteristics of home-use air-conditioners considering the local conditions and heat load conditions. RESEARCH METHODS The indoor chamber of the calorie meter is 3 m wide, 3 m deep, and 2.7 m high. The outdoor chamber is 2 m wide, 2 m deep, and 2 m high. One temperature and humidity sensor and one thermistor anemometer are installed in the inlet of the inside air conditioner unit. Two temperature-and-humidity sensors are installed in the outlet of the inside air conditioner unit. One temperature-and-humidity sensors are installed in the inlet of the outside air conditioner unit, the temperature at this point is the outside temperature. Furthermore, in order to examine experimental accuracy, two thermocouples are separately installed in the inlet and three thermocouples are separately installed in the outlet of the inside air conditioner unit. A COP matrix is created from the relationship of COP, heating and cooling load and outside air temperature. In order to consider the change of APF calculated from experiment results, analysis was performed by changing the insulation efficiency according to the Standard Model issued by the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). We used the meteorological data of the AIJ extended AMeDAS meteorological data. Analysis was performed by heat load simulation software TRNSYS. COP was calculated by collation with the computed COP matrix. RESULTS The COP of cooling is lower when output is relatively low. The COP of heating is higher when the outdoor air temperature is relatively high. And there is a tendency for COP to rise as the flow rate of the inside unit increases. COP matrix in automatic flow rate is similar to COP matrix in relatively small flow rate. Although the APF of an air conditioner in the catalogue is 5.6, which computed from COP matrix in case1-1 (Tokyo) is 2.9, which is about 0.5 times rather than catalogue value. The year cumulative power consumption in the catalogue is about 2,000 kWh, which computed from COP by the COP matrix in case1-1 (Tokyo) is about 3,200kWh, which is about 1.6 times rather than catalogue value. The APF of heating and cooling become lower when insulation efficiency is relatively high. Because the heating load and cooling load is reduced, the frequency of the ON-OFF operation which COP is relatively low is increased.

著者

古川 容子 佐野 友紀 土屋 伸一 藤井 皓介 佐藤 泰 畠山 雄豪 長谷見 雄二

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.728, pp.845-853, 2016 (Released:2016-10-30)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

3

---

Recently, enrollments in nursery schools have become higher and higher. This is largely due to the social progress of women, with the increasing number of working mothers. Additionally, the number of three-generation households is decreasing. Nursery schools are traditionally low-rise structures, with a playground, but deregulation of the law now allows for the placement of nursery schools in middle floors of high-rise buildings. In Japan, the ages of nursery school students are generally from infancy to five-years old, which means that they can't evacuate the premises by themselves during a fire, so we must research ways to evacuate them safely. And the scheme of planning safe evacuations from buildings has not been sufficiently researched, so we have investigated the practice of fire drills and have interviewed teachers and students of nursery schools. The following is what we have learned: (1)Characteristics of evacuation ;drills of nursery schools: Students evacuate in class groups, lead by their teachers, who provide the indications. Time is needed for evacuation preparation (setting up strollers, gathering infants and preparing to carry them out, and giving instructions regarding exiting, etc., ) and before starting evacuation, and time for confirming the numbers of students, and waiting time is needed when they are evacuating, so these times must be considered in the calculation of evacuation time. (2)The characteristics of evacuation abilities of nursery school students : Infants (up to one-year old), and students who can't easily walk by themselves must be carried by a nurse or other adults, which makes evacuation movements and management after evacuation more manageable. Two-year-old students are able to walk alright on their own but cannot sufficiently grasp the situation. It's difficult to follow the teachers' instructions, so a lot of assistances are need. Children aged three and over can, of course, walk even better, and can grasp the severity of a fire. But they tend to walk more slowly as they feel frightened in cases when they are at earlier age, or they have to take an escape route that they are not familiar with. In order to shorten evacuation time, older students should evacuate first, as they can walk faster than younger students, thus their escape time won't be hindered by slower evacuees. (3)Notes of buildings that include a nursery school: Regarding the situation of using stairways for evacuation, there are many points of concern regarding the safety of children. Because there are many dangerous points related to stairways, such as the fact that stairways often arouse fear in younger students during emergency evacuation, and as a result they walk more slowly. Consequently, older students try to pass the younger, slower students. Especially in cases when a nursery school is on a middle floor of a multi-use building, there is a possibility that confusion is caused among the evacuating children who walk slowly, along with their teachers, as evacuating people from other facilities mix with people evacuating from the nursery school. Thus, having a dedicated set of stairs for children is better. In addition, nursery schools that are in existing buildings that were not designed to accommodate nursery schools, have higher handles and the height of steps rise. (4)Decreasing evacuation route length: Due to the fact that nursery school students' bodies and minds are not fully developed, their circumstances during a fire are more severe than those for adults. Thus, nursery schools should be on lower floors of buildings or should have their own buildings. Also the distance from the rooms to the temporary evacuation place should be as short as possible

著者

西尾 健一郎 向井 登志広

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.729, pp.1025-1034, 2016 (Released:2016-11-30)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

---

Time-of-use (TOU) rates are one of the electricity rates designed to encourage consumers to shift their electricity usage from peak hours when the grid electricity demand increases to off-peak hours. Compared with other demand response rates such as critical peak pricing, TOU rates are considered to be more modest and acceptable. To evaluate the impact of TOU rates in Japan, the Japanese government conducted a pilot study that analyzed the amount of electricity saved during peak hours in the summer by using metering data; however, little is known about the impact of TOU rates on the awareness and behaviors of electricity consumers. In order to analyze actual behavior changes, we conducted a web-based questionnaire survey of 4,000 households, including those who use and do not use TOU-type tariffs. In practice, there is a non-negligible difference in characteristics such as building and household attributes between TOU users and non-TOU users because of the nature of TOU, for example, TOU users live in relatively larger and newer houses, and the number of households is more than that of non-TOU users. Therefore, we use a statistical method, called propensity score inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimation. This method is categorized as a type of quasi-experiment, which is used when it is difficult to conduct randomized controlled trials. An IPW estimation creates a quasi-homogeneity of covariates, namely, types and ownerships of houses, construction years, floor spaces, satisfaction of insulation property, availability of space-heating by air-conditioners, number of households, and regions. The result shows that more than 60% of the households using TOU are aware of some kind of changes triggered by the differences in the electricity unit price between daytime and nighttime. Typical changes are shift of usage hours from daytime to nighttime, and end use with high awareness rate as a whole with regard to air-conditioners, dishwashers, rice cookers, washing machines, etc. In particular, almost half of the households with dishwashers and washing machines with drying functions are conscious of shift in usage hours. Moreover, a comparison of bihourly weekday usage rates reveals the statistically significant differences in the usage patterns of air-conditioners, clothes dryers, dishwashers, rice cookers, and home bakery machines. These changes are positively accepted by TOU users, as compared with the impressions gained from non-TOU users. Meanwhile, there are appliances whose usage is less likely to be shifted, such as TV. The possibility of behavior changes varies depending on characteristics of the way of use and the functionality, such as timer control. Moreover, the benefits and limitations of the method are discussed. Although it is difficult to elaborate the amount of electricity saved from the data used in this study, a properly managed statistical tool could provide alternative opportunities to understand the mechanism of behavioral changes by using data obtained from the real world.

著者

諏訪 好英

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.663, pp.501-508, 2011-05-30 (Released:2011-11-15)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

2

---

In the Internet data centers (iDCs), a large amount of heat generated by server machines should be removed efficiently from the server rooms so that the room temperature can be controlled at a suitable level to keep these machines in good working condition. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was carried out for various air-conditioning systems, and the ventilation and air-conditioning performance were compared. As the result, systems with both supply and return openings on the ceiling showed the best performance. This system exhibited much better performance than any other conventional systems. In addition, it was flexible with regard to the arrangement of server racks, and it performed well even in case of large heat generation.

著者

金 ヒョン兌 田辺 新一 岡田 厚太郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.654, pp.713-720, 2010-08-30 (Released:2010-10-08)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

5 5

---

Phthalates are used as plasticizers and flame retardants in building materials and phthalates emitted in indoor environment tend to adhere to house dust. According to Wensing, infants take dust 10times as adults, so an investigation on the concentration of phthalates in house dust is important. This study examined the concentration of phthalate in house dust in Japan and Korea. Specially, Korea house much used polyvinyl flooring as floor product and also used floor heating system during the winter. As a result, the amount of the collected dust per square meter in Japan house was more than the one in Korea house. In addition, the amount of house dust in Japan was more than the one in Korea house, even in under dust 63μm. And the concentration of DEHP in the houses investigated in Korea was higher than 50 percentile in Germany and some Korea houses were higher than 95 percentile in Germany. Japan houses investigated had lower concentration of DEHP in house dust than 95 percentile in Germany, and some house in Japan were lower than 50 percentile in Germany.

著者

坂口 淳 赤林 伸一 鍛冶 紘子 都丸 恵理

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.635, pp.39-45, 2009-01-30 (Released:2009-11-02)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

5

---

This paper described the distribution of contaminants (fine particle and bad smell from tobacco smoking) in the restaurant where the smoking seat and the non-smoking seat are arranged in the same space. The results are as follows; (1)When the smoking seats are in close formation near the exhaust outlet, the fine particle concentration from tobacco smoking is the lowest. (2) It is very difficult to reduce bat smell intensity to the comfortable level, where smoking seats and non-smoking seats are arranged in the same space.

著者

渕上 佑樹 神代 圭輔 古田 裕三

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.655, pp.861-867, 2010-09-30 (Released:2010-10-20)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

---

In this study, to clarify the effect of local production for local consumption of wood on the amount of CO2 emission from production to consumption, the amounts of CO2 emission when the raw wood was deforested, processed, and manufactured to plywood were calculated. It was resulted that 45% of CO2 emission in the entire process and 75% of CO2 emission only in the transportation process were reduced by local production for local consumption of plywood from cedar grown in Kyoto prefecture.

著者

鈴木 一幸 久田 隆司 佐藤 明憲 大宮 喜文

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.747, pp.415-424, 2018 (Released:2018-05-30)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

1

---

Glass panes used for fire protection windows has not only flame barrier performance but also parts requiring scattering prevention performance, crime prevention performance and impact resistance in the event of breakage of the glass in some cases, laminated glass is often used . In general, Poly Vinyl Butyral is used as the interlayer. Furthermore, in combination with Low-E glass which has become very popular in recent years, combined double glazing glass which has a radiant heat reduction effect is also used. Fire protection window with tempered fire resistance glass has passed the certification test based on know-how of each manufacturing company so far and has been adopted after various fire certification, but there are not standards for ensuring clear fire prevent performance. Regarding heated glass on fire, the test data was accumulated on the single glass, the insulated glass unit (IGU) and the Low-E IGU based on the fire test, and the thermal stress generated in the glass can be explained by grasping the temperature difference were revealed. However, the temperature properties of the laminated glass composed of the tempered fire resistance glass to be heated are not systematically clarified, and it is necessary to obtain basic knowledge. Therefore, in this study, considering the behavior of laminated glass and laminated IGU made of tempered fire resistance glass which is heated based on the knowledge obtained in the previous report. The fire test condition is shown below. ·These fire tests were performed for Laminated glass and Laminated IGU. ·Tempered fire resistance glass was mainly located on fire side. ·Fire tests were performed along the ISO834 Heat Curve for each specimen. ·The temperature of the glass was measured by thermo couples with a data logger. ·Surface Compression, Edge Cover of Glass, and Emissivity of Low-E glass were treated as parameters for heat stress of glass, ΔT and breakage factor of the glass were checked by fire tests. ·Laminated glass by heating is affected by the interlayer, its behavior is confirmed. Findings are as follows. (1) As the temperature difference between the glass surface and the edge increases, high surface compression stress is required. (2) The temperature difference between the glass surface and the edge increases as edge cover becomes deep, and the glass tends to break more easily. (3) The interlayer of the laminated glass foams and a layer of air is formed, and the temperature of the surface of the unheated side glass tends to be low. When the interlayer foams by heating, a foamed part and an unfoamed part are generated. (4) If Low-E glass is used in laminated IGU, the emissivity of Low-E glass influences the foaming time of the interlayer and the failure behavior of the unheated side glass. (5) Transmission of radiant heat flux of laminated glass and laminated IGU on fire was estimated.

著者

小林 茂雄 村中 美奈子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.634, pp.1341-1346, 2008-12-30 (Released:2009-10-28)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

5 3

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In this research, people's sitting postures in various types of eating and drinking spaces were observed, and their characteristics and related factors were analyzed. The principle results are summarized as follows.1. More people tended to bend forward in fast-food restaurants, and more people tended to bend backward in izakaya (Japanese-style bars). Men tended to bend forward more than women in izakaya and restaurants, on the other hand, women tended to bend forward more than men in cafes.2. Younger people tended to bend forward in fast-food restaurants more than older people, and older people tended to bend forward in izakaya more than younger people.3. People in conversation tended to put their elbows on the tables more than people who were not talking, and people who were not eating tended to put their elbows on the tables more than people who were eating.4. People in bright spaces tended to bend forward more than people in dark spaces, and people in noisy spaces tended to put their elbows on the tables more than people in quiet spaces.

著者

横田 考俊 坂本 慎一 橘 秀樹 石井 聖光

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.629, pp.849-856, 2008-07-30 (Released:2009-09-30)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2 2

---

The “Honji-Do” temple located in the “Nikko Toshogu” area, in Nikko City, Japan, is famous for its strange acoustic phenomenon called “Roaring Dragon”. A dragon is painted on the ceiling of this building and we can hear a strange fluttering echo when making a handclap under the head of the dragon. The temple was unfortunately destroyed by an accidental fire in 1961 and was rebuilt in 1969. In the reconstruction work, reproduction of the “Roaring Dragon” was one of the most important items and a 1/4 acoustic scale model experiment was performed to study the reason of the acoustic phenomenon and the way of its reconstruction. In this study, numerical analyses using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method have been performed to examine the “Roaring Dragon” phenomenon by referring the results of the scale model experiment. Furthermore, the acoustic phenomenon has been simulated in an anechoic room by applying a 3-D sound field simulation technique.

著者

山本 杏子 伊丹 弘美 小島 隆矢

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.719, pp.19-27, 2016 (Released:2016-01-30)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

3

---

This study examines categorizing classification to location of shops which unease of entering or staying. The survey was carried out for place and reason, feeling which unease of entering or staying by recall method. The purpose of this paper is classify variations and consider methodology. The results are as followings: 1) The variation is classify the situation, feelings in seven types and proved variety. 2) Recall method is able to obtain obstructive factors of before entering and predict staying after entering. 3) Evaluation structure of unease entering which consisting of a cognitive process, the concrete situation, feeling was proposed.

著者

小﨑 美希

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.738, pp.695-704, 2017 (Released:2017-08-30)

参考文献数

15

---

Store fronts of the shop not only are the face of the shop, but it also composes commercial avenues and even a city image. In order to figure out the relationship between impression of the exterior and the exterior components, impressive evaluation was done, and quantitative factors were extracted from the evaluation stimulus. Experiment 1 was using photographs of various store fronts of a single shop and experiment 2 was using the photographs of commercial avenues. The evaluation stimulus was chosen by considering the influential factors listed in the previous researches. 30 stores each for the noon and night experiments were chosen (25 shops were in common, in total 60 evaluation stimuluses). 20 to 22 subjects were asked to evaluate them using semantic differential method of 5 rating scale of 15 adjectives. Experiment 2 evaluated the commercial avenue as a whole and a particular shop in the photograph. Using 4 photographs of 4 different commercial avenues (16 evaluation stimuluses), 20 adjectives (6 for the particular and 14 for the avenue) with the 7 rating scale were asked to evaluate to 20 subjects. In order to clarify the influential factors, formed description questionnaire was used as well. The experimental results shows the following 4 points. First, the framework of the impressions were verified. Using factor analysis, both experiment 1 and 2 resulted in three factors. Both containing the evaluation of a narrowed area of the target, and the evaluation on the balance with the surroundings. Second, other factors than size of the openings were figured out. Many previous researches showed the relationship between easiness of entering the shop with the size of the openings. By the multiple regression analysis, the size of the opening were found useful, yet also the amount of products and information they display at the store front and the number of people seen were other factors found useful for increasing the easiness of entering. They help predict what's inside the shop. Also “wanting to enter” is increased by the evaluation of the interior, and it is related with the color temperature of the lighting used. Third, other impressive items were explained using the quantitative factors. For example, noticeability was found related with the distinguishability. They could be explained with the difference in the color used and the height of the building. The difference in color used does not need to take large area, rather, analysis results show that small amount of distinguishable color use is enough. Lastly, the experiment results show that the ideal condition of commercial avenue maintaining the order and individual shops being original and attractive can happen. Experiment 2 focused on the evaluation on commercial avenue and a particular shop in that avenue. The results show that there were commercial avenues that both “like” evaluation points and “distinguishable” evaluation points of a particular shop being highly rated. They used similar color patterns as a whole, and the particular shop used distinguishable color as a signboard or a small area in the store front. Using color distribution analysis was challenging, and further consideration has to be done. Yet, the experiment results showed its validity. Further consideration on the method of color distribution analysis can be applied to the field of landscape evaluation.

著者

小﨑 美希 平手 小太郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.724, pp.503-512, 2016 (Released:2016-06-30)

参考文献数

83

被引用文献数

2

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There are many people involved when planning lighting. In addition, consideration of users is crucial when planning in retail. Most of the lighting “How to” books refer to lighting method or lighting equipment (lamps) based on the typical pattern used in that certain industry sector. In reality, the impression created by lighting differs not only by industry sectors, but also with the main target and concept of the shop. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize based on industry sectors. The aim of lighting is to lighten the visual target and to create a favorable atmosphere suited for its action and behavior of the space16). Illuminance is often used for planning lighting, yet many admit that creating favorable atmosphere involves more than that. The objective of this research is to make a chart for lighting planning of retail. This focuses on the favorable evaluation of the lighting environment as in visual environmental index and lighting environmental factors that form it. Finding the relationship between the visual environmental index and lighting environmental factors will help why that lighting environment created by that lighting method ends up to be evaluated in that certain way. Considering the visual environmental factors, the point of view is taken into account. First, where and when it is evaluated, in fact, evaluator's behavior and its chronical change is categorized into three steps and named accordingly; a) exterior evaluation, b) interior evaluation, c) integrated evaluation. Next, what is being evaluated, in other words, visual target and move of focus point are divided into three categories and named accordingly; a) objective evaluation, b) spatial evaluation, c) behavioral evaluation. As a whole, evaluation is divided into nine categories. Lighting environmental factors are information taken from the environment (what people see) to create the evaluation (visual environmental index). Therefore, the category of the factors are based on 4 attributes of perception and lighting equipment properties; 1) quality of light ( a) color rendering properties, b) light color), 2) intensity of light ( c) luminous flux, d) reflection rate), 3) extension of light ( e) irradiation angle, f) flux distribution, g) equivalence area), 4) endurance of light ( h) on/off/timing), 5) lighting equipment properties ( i) design, j) number, k) placement, l) efficiency). In total, factors are divided into 12 categories. Visual environmental index and lighting environmental factors are picked up from the previous books and researches written on lighting planning of retail and basic perception of brightness, and arranged based on its categories. In total, 72 visual lighting index and its lighting environmental factors are organized in a matrix, and 69 of them is shown in Table 4. This chart is then used to create the lighting plan for retrofit of retail. First, by investigating and interviewing, 4 problems arose; 1) dark, 2) doesn’t look like open, 3) glare at nighttime, 4) no atmospheric lighting according to areas. Visual environmental index related to solving those problems were chosen, and lighting plan was formed. By comparing the result of impression experiment using visual environmental index before and after the retrofit, the validity of the renovation was shown. To enhance the effect of lighting renovation, the manual that indicates the position of the products, lighting patterns and explanation of automatic adjustment by exterior brightness was created. This example shows the usage of the chart and possibility of application to commissioning in the field of lighting.

著者

朱 晟偉 加藤 信介 梁 禎訓

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.586, pp.25-32, 2004-12-30 (Released:2017-01-27)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1 1

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In this paper, the transmission characteristics of the spits excelled through coughing are examined in a calm environment. Three subject experiments were performed, and it shows that there are about 6.7mg spits expelled at a high speed up to 22m/s when coughing, and the spits can arrive further than 2m. Then the transmitting processes of the coughed spits of different diameters were analyzed using Lagrangian Equation. The results show that coughed spit's transmission process will be greatly influenced by the indoor airflow, and its transmission characteristics will change with its increase in size. The soils less than 30μm will be spread to the whole room by the airflow's movement, the spits between 50μm〜200μm will fall by gravity, and the spits greater than 300μm will become difficult to fall because of inertia. Moreover, it indicates that the couched spits probably cause droplet infection in close contacts of patients of infectious respiratory diseases.

著者

金 政秀 川口 知真 田辺 新一

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.643, pp.1075-1082, 2009-09-30 (Released:2010-01-22)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

4 4

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Field survey and questionnaire survey was made to a building with manually operated natural ventilation system, to investigate the optimum way to operate the system. From the field survey, amount of ventilation air volume was measured, and it was known that in day time, air was getting out of the noon, and in night air was getting in to the noon from bottom of the window, and getting out from the top. It was known that the frequency of the window operation was low. Although, from the questionnaire survey, it was known that the office workers were well willing the way of manually operating. Furthermore, it was indicated that the factor of the window opening is related to outdoor temperature and time. Also by factor analyzing the reason of opening and closing the window, it was known that the psychological reasons are similarly important as physiological reasons.

著者

正田 浩三 垣鍔 直

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.677, pp.615-621, 2012-07-30 (Released:2012-07-31)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

4

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In the present study, glossiness and contamination levels measured with the device to detect ATP values on the surfaces touched by washroom user's hands were measured while order levels in the washroom were subjectively evaluated. The results showed that the floor surface became dirty and order was smelled as number of washroom users increased. At the same time, number of bacteria (NB) on the surfaces was also measured. Both ATP value and NB on the doorknob and the water tab increased as number of washroom users increased simultaneously. This relationship was confirmed experimentally on the door knob touched by hands that were contaminated at the same level. The effect of elimination of contamination materials on the doorknob was then tested with dry or wet cleaning materials, e.g., towel and micro cloth etc. As a result, both ATP value and NB decreased more effectively by wet materials than dry ones.