著者

ペラウスキ マシュー 秋庭 史典

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.95-102, 2009 (Released:2010-01-14)

参考文献数

74

被引用文献数

2 2

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In the study of art, the philosophical tradition, and important assumptions within this tradition, forms the basis for psychological conceptions and cognitive models of art perception, implicit goals and approach to art-viewing, and their application to art education and viewer relations. However, the prevalent philosophical conception of art and aesthetic experience, which share the assumption that success or "cognitive mastery" drives aesthetic perception, contains fundamental flaws, which extend to, and ultimately constrain, the study and application of art. While existing conceptions explain how a viewer masters the environment, based upon prior expectations and abilities, they cannot explain how they come to perceive and be transformed by, something new; nor can they account for how this feels. Yet, it is exactly these qualities in art-perception that both philosophers and social scientists agree constitutes the unique "challenge" of art. It is necessary that this be examined, and a solution considered, building from the philosophical basis and then extended to a psychological discussion. We argue that, in opposition to success, a failure- based model, organized around the conflict between self-protection and self-transformation in the processing of discrepancy, is better able to explicitly unite cognition, emotion and physiological effect with perception and evaluation; and allows for needed discussion of perceptual and conceptual change within experience, and a needed distinction between "facile" evaluation and mastery following meta-cognitive reflection and adjustment. We explore both success and failure-based approaches and introduce conceptual and contextual aspects for a five-stage failure-based model of art-perception culminating in "Aesthetic Experience"; discuss the inter-relation of emotional and cognitive factors that may be important for objective research on art evaluation and art education; and clarify the important tie between failure, epiphany and perceptual growth in the experience of art.

著者

八田 武志 八田 武俊 戸田山 和久 唐沢 穣

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.155-161, 2010 (Released:2010-12-29)

参考文献数

10

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In Study 1, the degrees of penetration and familiarity of false belief on neuroscience, especially brain imaging, among students were surveyed using a questionnaire technique. A total number of 485 students from medical school, school of nurse sciences, school of psychology, and school of informatics were given 20 items and they were requested to evaluate authenticity of the items and familiarity was rated. The results suggested that as familiarity increased, the tendency for participants to regard the item was correct. In Study 2, the question whether false belief on neuroscience can be modified by a usual class lecture was examined. Degrees of the authenticity evaluation and the familiarity of false information between student groups who took the class of neuropsychology and who did not take the class were compared. Results showed a significant difference in many items between the two groups and suggested a possibility of modifiability even by a class lecture.

著者

中村 樹 西山 めぐみ

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.37-42, 2022 (Released:2022-06-21)

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In general, we use expressions of other sensory modalities when expressing scents (e.g., sweet smell, sharp smell). Hence, it is possible that information processing in olfaction involves information processing in other sensory modalities. Particularly, many studies have been conducted on vision and olfaction, revealing that visual stimuli such as colors and pictures affect olfaction, and that shape characteristics affect scent intensity (e.g., Sakai et al., 2006; Ayabe, 2011). These findings can be applied to the package design of fragrance products such as fabric softeners and perfumes. Childers & Jass (2002) found that many elements constituting package design, font design, in particular, influence consumers’ evaluation and impression of a product. Therefore, in this study, we examined how the visual characteristics of font type (round font, square font) affect scent impression (likeability, intensity, softness, gender associated with the scent). The results indicated that the visual characteristics of the font, presented simultaneously as the scent, influence scent likeability, intensity, and associated gender. The likeability ratings were a significant main effect of font type, and were significantly higher for the round font than for the no letter condition. Thus suggesting that round font enhanced scent likeability. The intensity ratings and associated gender significantly interacted in the scent and font conditions. The match (or mismatch) between scent image and visual characteristics influenced scent impression. However, not all font types were found to be effective for all scents in this study. These results suggest that the effect of vision on scent impression may be influenced not simply by whether the image of the scent matches the visual characteristics, but by the degree of harmony between the scent and font impression (the degree to which the impression matches).

著者

永瀬 開

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.35-42, 2018 (Released:2018-07-02)

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Humor is defined as emotion of mirth that is elicited by the cognition of incongruity that is funny and laughable. Previous studies have pointed out that there is a relationship between autism spectrum traits and humor, but no studies have examined the relationship between autism spectrum traits and the aggressiveness for laughter, and the kind of characteristics of autism spectrum traits affecting the aggressiveness. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between autism spectrum traits and the aggressiveness for laughter. Results showed that social skills in autism spectrum traits affected the aggressiveness for laughter. However, attention switching, detail orientation, communication, and imagination in autism spectrum traits did not affect. These findings are discussed from the viewpoint of the interests in others.

著者

野寺 綾 中村 信次

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.127-133, 2017 (Released:2017-12-30)

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In this study, we examined the effects social networking service (SNS) applied in academic education on the facilitation of students' positive attitude toward their university. In the targeted class, both the students and teachers were encouraged to use SNS to exchange information. The students' attitudes toward their university were measured by using implicit and explicit methods at the beginning and at the end of the academic period. The results revealed that participants exhibiting low SNS usage tended to have poorer attitudes as evident from both implicit and explicit measures. This suggested that they formed a negative attitude by the end of the session. On the other hand, the worsening of the pro-university attitude was not observed in participants exhibiting high SNS use. The psychological process underlying the positive effects of active SNS usage was discussed.

著者

野村 康

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.75-89, 2016

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This is a preliminary discussion on the development and characteristics of anti-whaling activism in Japan with reference to the activism in Norway. Although Japan and Norway are often considered among the greenest countries in the world, both are also known as major whaling nations without strong anti-whaling movements. While there are several important studies on Norway, little attention has been paid to the case of Japan. Drawing on the framing perspective of social movement theory, this article considers how local political conditions have constrained the growth of Japanese anti-whaling activism and shaped its repertoire of activities, which are significantly less radical compared to its international counterparts. The article concludes by showing an agenda for future research about the nature conservation and animal protection movements in Japan, as well as anti-whaling activism itself, by highlighting the importance of a political-cultural perspective in understanding them.

著者

山村 麻予

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.9-15, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

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Not only prosocial behavior as well as the circumstances when people feel distressed are diverse, but also the action that people chose is different even in the same situation. The idea of "helping strategy" explains how people decide what actions to take when you help others. The main purpose of this study is to clarify that there are differences in helping strategies between students in elementary school and university. Additionally, the correlation between helping strategies and personal characteristics (help-seeking performance and self-esteem) was investigated. The questionnaire survey was conducted in 262 participants (89 elementary school 4th grade, 83 elementary school 6th grade and 90 university students). They were asked to read three stories and then to answer the questions on each story. The result showed that the ideal behavior in the same situation were significantly different between elementary school students and university students. In addition, there were correlation between help strategies and help-seeking performances. It indicates how people have helping strategies may change during developmental process, and also suggests that judgement for helping strategies are affected by cognitive development and environmental change. Moreover, the results from investigation of relationship between helping strategies and help-seeking performance explained that people who are interpersonal dependency tended to help others directly. On the other hand, people who are independent were more able to choose whether to help or not depending on occasions. In previous studies, it has been only argued the relationship between the prosocial behavior and each circumstance. However, our result indicates that it is important to consider helping strategies based on developmental status and personal characteristics. This finding may be potential cornerstone for future moral education and communication training.

著者

池田 佐恵子

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.161-168, 2014 (Released:2014-12-25)

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Absolute pitch (AP) is assumed to involve both pitch memory and pitch labeling for musical pitches. While people with AP possess both, non-AP individuals possess only pitch memory. AP possessors are superior to non-AP possessors in pitch labeling accuracy for semitones, but whether this holds true in pitch memory precision that cannot be labeled by a musical pitch name is unclear. In this study, pitch memory for tones subdivided by less than one semitone was compared among accurate AP possessors, inaccurate AP possessors, and non-AP possessors. In experiment 1, participants were given a pitch labeling task, and both accurate and inaccurate AP possessors were superior to non-AP possessors in the precision of pitch memory. However, in experiment 2, in which pitch labeling was not required, inaccurate AP possessors were not superior to non-AP possessors. In addition, the perceptual shift toward low pitch was also observed below the age of twenty years on average.

著者

青山 美樹

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.13-21, 2022 (Released:2022-06-21)

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Loyalty is one of six criteria for moral judgment advocated by moral foundations theory. Previous research has demonstrated that those who rely more on loyalty have a conservative orientation and a tendency toward nationalism. This study examined the relationship between orientations toward the two concepts of patriotism and nationalism, which can be seen as partial components of national identity, and the moral foundation of loyalty, which can be seen as innate to human beings. The study surveyed a sample of Japanese people with the aim of examining the topic from various angles to gain an understanding of how these concepts are linked. The study’s results corroborate those of previous research and also confirmed the applicability to the Japanese population. Furthermore, these concepts were found to have the highest correlation with concepts that were related to history from among the six sub-concepts of loyalty. This suggests that in their orientation toward the nation, individuals place particular emphasis on the moral values shared among the people who make up a society, especially the value of history as a factual basis for sustaining that society, and further that these values can be subject to change through individual experience. The present study shows that perceptions toward one’s own nation, history, and politics exist in an integrated manner in the identity of individuals and explains individual ideological orientations partly. Additionally, it reveals that Japanese people also regard patriotism and nationalism as different concepts—albeit only slightly different.

著者

青山 美樹

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.187-196, 2020 (Released:2020-12-25)

被引用文献数

1 1

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Disgust is perceived to be a negative emotion, which restricts or decreases an organism’s behaviour to defend the body, mind, and/or social order when exposed to stimuli from the outside world. However, disgust may also lead to behaviours that are advantageous for an organism’s survival and thus have value. Moral foundations theory proposes that human moral judgments are based on six inherent criteria, one of which is the moral value of sanctity/purity. This study explores the relation between disgust and sanctity/purity. Most research in this field has been conducted primarily in the United States and in Europe and has yielded contradictory findings. While disgust becomes moralized specifically in the domain of sanctity/purity, it is also related to a wide array of other domains. This study revealed that the disgust displayed by Japanese participants was not associated with sanctity/purity alone but was deeply connected to and affected by relations with others and moral values, namely, loyalty and authority, which emphasize the importance of continued survival and maintaining one’s social group.

著者

田中 友理 宮本 聡介 唐沢 穣

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.165-170, 2016 (Released:2017-01-06)

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Previous studies have revealed that stereotypic (vs. non-stereotypic) information about individuals spreads more easily among communicators in face-to-face communication. It is also known that more dispositional terms (i.e., more "abstract" words such as nouns and adjectives according to the Linguistic Category Model) are used to describe behaviors that are consistent with stereotypes of the actor's group, whereas more context-specific and less dispositional terms (e.g., verbs) are used to describe counter-stereotypic behaviors. In the present study, we investigated to what extent the stereotypicality and linguistic abstractness influence the spread of information in social media which is currently growing into a major arena for prejudiced communication in place of face-to-face discourse. Specifically, we examined whether tweets with higher stereotypicality and linguistic abstractness receive a greater number of retweets. Five hundred tweets posted by Japanese users containing "men" or "women" in Japanese were sampled, and were rated by independent coders with respect to their perceived gender-steretypyicality. The number of nouns, adjectives, and verbs contained in each tweet was respectively counted to assess the linguistic abstractness. Consistent with our predictions, gender-stereotypic tweets contained a greater number of abstract terms (i.e., nominal adjectives) than did less stereotypic tweets. Furthermore, perceived stereotypicality significantly predicted whether or not the tweet was retweeted, as well as how many times the tweet was retweeted. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to the influence of linguistic abstractness on stereotypic generalization in social media. Theoretical significance concerning communication and collectively shared cognition is also discussed.

著者

山口 洋介

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.41-50, 2021 (Released:2021-06-30)

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Moral education as a school subject has started in Japan. In such a major milestone, it is important to consider how to shape moral education. This study focused on the relationship between moral education and creativity education. Fostering creativity is also considered an important goal. However, recent empirical studies have pointed out that activating creative attitudes can induce immoral behavior. If moral education and creativity education are at odds with each other, it may be difficult to promote them in parallel. Therefore, in this study, after reviewing the empirical research findings that creativity and morality conflict, the goals and approaches in moral education were organized. Then, focusing on the goals of moral education in Japan, the relationship between creativity education and moral education was theoretically examined. In conclusion, the negative impact of creativity education on moral education is likely to be limited. In the current Japanese moral education, there is a stronger emphasis on the development of independent judgment and multifaceted thinking skills than on the acquisition of specific moral values. Creativity may be at odds with morality in the narrow sense, but it is likely to make a positive contribution to the development of moral thinking skills. Although it depends on situational factors, the direction in which creativity is utilized depends largely on the moral values and beliefs of the individual. In order for creativity to be reciprocated, morality is necessary, and in order for morality to be exercised at a high level, creativity is necessary. Morality and creativity can be seen as having such a complementary relationship. In the future, it is required to examine more realistically how to develop moral education in relation to creativity education, from the perspective of class contents and achievement goals at each school level.

著者

吉岡 歩 志和 資朗 大隅 尚広 田邊 宏樹

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.41-47, 2016 (Released:2016-07-01)

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Psychopathy is constructed with two factors, interpersonal/affective features including callousness, manipulation and lack of remorse or empathy (Primary Psychopathy), and behavioral problems including impulsivity and lack of long-term goal (Secondary Psychopathy). While it is hypothesized that psychopathic traits are related to both dysfunction of frontal lobe and risky decision-making, there are few empirical studies. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two studies employing questionnaires and laboratory experiment. In the first study, we used Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scale and Frontal Behavioral Inventory to examine the relationship between psychopathic traits and the function of the frontal lobe. In the second study, we used a gambling task to clarify the relationship between psychopathic traits and risky decision-making. In this task, participants decided whether or not to bet their own money or another participant's money in order to increase their own gain or the partner's gain. Results of these studies showed that psychopathic traits were associated with frontal lobe function, and high psychopathic individuals chose risky options more frequently than low psychopathic individuals. In particular, primary psychopathy prompted risky choices when participants could use partner's money, but not use their own money. Taken together, psychopathic individuals seem to be inclined to make selfish decisions, and this tendency might be caused by the dysfunction of frontal lobe.

著者

後藤 崇志 田口 真奈

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.17-23, 2018 (Released:2018-07-02)

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近年、インターネット上で学びを進めることが可能な大規模公開オンライン講義(MOOC)と呼ばれる形態の講義が広まっている。本研究では受講者の社会経済的背景と内発的動機づけ・外発的動機づけの高さとの関連を検討した。研究1では1つのコースの受講者1,633名から得られた質問紙データを分析し、国民1人あたりの国内総生産(GDP)が低い国からの受講者は外発的動機づけが高い傾向にあることが示された。研究2では、研究1で扱ったコースを含めた7つのコースのデータについてメタ分析的手法を用いて検討を行った。その結果、国民1人あたりの国内総生産(GDP)が低い国からの受講者は内発的動機づけが低く、外発的動機づけが高い傾向にあることが示された。また、ジニ係数が高く、経済格差の大きい国からの受講者は外発的動機づけが高い傾向にあることも示された。以上より、社会経済的にあまり富んでいない国からの受講者は、MOOCを通じてキャリアを向上させようとするような外発的動機づけが高い傾向にあることが示された。これらの結果を踏まえ、MOOCに期待される役割のひとつである、教育機会の格差是正の実現可能性について論じる。

著者

白岩 祐子 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.25-30, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

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Lay person (Juror and citizen judge) have been assumed to decide emotionally rather than rationally, especially in the face of the victim's statements. The previous study, though, does not have support fort this assumption: juror decision making is not always influenced by victim's statements. This study examined the individual sentencing process in a mock trial situation that both Japanese citizen judge system and victim participation system were applied. In particular, the sentencing decision process was examined in terms of vision of the judiciary with a high regard for rational nature. Study1 that 95 undergraduate students participated in revealed that the view of criminal trial which lay weight on rational nature led to lenient sentencing to the defendant. Study 2 (N = 390) shows that the sentencing process noted above result from the motivation to be a "rational judge". Namely, so-called "emotional non-professional" lay person have values of rational nature-oriented to the criminal trial, and they are motivated to decide rationally not emotionally as they confront victim's statements, resulting make the lenient sentencing contrary to the victim's plea. Suggestions for unconformity of previous research and social implications were discussed.

著者

吉田 恵理

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.53-58, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

被引用文献数

2

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Procrastination is the action of putting off doing something that must be done, and if one tends to postpone or delay doing something, the person is said to have Procrastination Tendency. Researchers have long regarded procrastination as a maladaptive behavior. On the other hand, investigators have proposed that not all procrastination behaviors are harmful or lead to negative consequences. Two types of procrastination behaviors should be differentiated: passive procrastination and active procrastination. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure active procrastination and to examine its reliability and validity. In Study 1, data obtained from 314 undergraduates were analyzed. Explorative factor analysis revealed 6 factors. Confirmative factor analysis supported the 6-factor structure. These data were analyzed to examine concurrent validity in terms of clinical scales. Results indicated that the active procrastination scale had a positive correlation with optimism, resilience, self-esteem, and time perspective. Moreover, it had a negative correlation with another procrastination scale, with cognitive reflection, and depression/anxiety. These findings provided sufficient support for reliability and validity of the active procrastination scale. In Study 2, further data were obtained from 95 undergraduates. The scale's test-retest reliability was confirmed. Results showed the scale was developed, its validity confirmed, and its internal consistency checked. In addition, active and passive procrastination were regarded as the same action of putting off doing something, however, differences in their backgrounds are plausible.

著者

福本 都 苫米地 飛 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.73-80, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

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Existing research have investigated the effects of free will belief on aggressive behaviours. So far, studies have shown that when people's free will belief is denied, their motivation of self-control decreases, thereby increasing aggressive behaviours. An alternative and inconsistent account is that people who have strong belief in free will attributes the other party's attack to the actor's intention, which lead them to take revenge. Given that aggressions practically occur within a social interaction, the present study examined the relationship between free will belief and aggression in a social interactive situation. We hypothesized that people who have high free will belief will behave more aggressively when they are attacked by another individual. Based on a sample of 45 undergraduates, we measured free will beliefs and trait aggression as an individual-difference variable. We employed a modification of the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm in order to measure participants' aggressive behaviours. As a result, the effects of fatal determinism - a subscale of free will - were found significant. Specifically, when participants were unattacked by their interactive partner, those with low fatal determinism belief behaved less aggressively. Incurring no attack from the partner, participants may have experienced higher responsibility for taking aggressive actions themselves. Under such circumstance, having a low fatal determinism belief, and thus regarding their behaviour as undetermined by nature, may have further increased their sense of responsibility, consequently decreasing aggression. In contrast, when participants were attacked by their partner, aggressive behaviours increased on the whole relative to the non-attacked condition; receiving an attack may have simply provoked participants' motivation to revenge. This study highly suggests the relationship between fatal determinism belief and aggression in social interaction situations, offering a ground for future investigations including parameters to further explain the relationship.

著者

北山 夏季

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.17-24, 2012 (Released:2012-06-30)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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In recent years, there have been more arguments on the importance of educating children not only in Japanese but also in their mother language from different viewpoints and backgrounds because the number of children who have foreign roots has rapidly increased in Japan. Some argue that it is important to involve parents as a support system for learning in their mother language in public schools but it is not necessarily easy due to a lack of understanding of Japanese education by parents, "the wall standing between school and parents", etc. This research, basing on hypothesis that to remove "the wall", setting classes for learning in their mother language in public schools is effective and involving parents in those classes encourages parents to participate in school education and children to study their language and their culture as well, considered how parents were involved in schools and classes for learning in their mother language and what influence did that had on learning attitude and motivation of children by actual setting of those classes from the data gained there. As a result, the following are revealed: 1) The significance of setting classes for learning in their mother language to parents: This research also confirmed that it is difficult to involve Vietnamese parents. 2) The relationship between children's motivation toward learning mother language and culture and involvement of parents: Children who had shown positive learning attitude in classes for learning in their mother language in the lower grades began to show defiant attitude in the fourth grade, which is said to be the time developmental stage changes greatly. It was considered that bringing in lion dance affected the improvement of motivation to take part in classes for learning in their mother language significantly in the time of overcoming this great change in developmental stage after the fourth grade. This enhanced willingness toward lion dance was thought to be the result of children themselves having recognized and been aware that their Vietnamese parents were involved in this lion dance. This positive attitude toward lion dance study also had a good effect on the motivation in the entire activity of classes for learning in their mother language and seemed to lead children to find the significance of those classes, "learning for their family".

著者

松尾 朗子 向井 智哉 田中 友理 唯 なおみ 熊谷 晋一郎

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.95-105, 2023 (Released:2023-12-14)

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People are often unwilling to approach something that they perceive to be contaminated. Perceived contamination is associated with disgust and can be explained using the concept of magical contagion. As disgust is associated with the morality of purity, the role of disgust in the relationship between morality and the perception of contaminated things needs to be scrutinized. This study investigated how people are motivated to avoid something that they perceive to be contaminated with the Moral Foundations Theory as its theoretical framework and prison work products as the study object. In addition to the traditionally used scale to measure one’s concerned moral foundation(s), the moral values regarding purity and religiosity in a specifically Japanese context were measured using the Purity Orientation–Pollution Avoidance Scale, which has four subscales: Mental Purity, Respect for Religion, Bodily Purity, and Pathogen Avoidance. The results reveal that contamination-related disgust mediates the relationships between the Respect for Religion subscale and avoidance toward prison work products, as well as between the Pathogen Avoidance subscale and avoidance toward prison work products. The present study was novel in that it clarifies the relationship involving morality, disgust, and avoidance. The implications of these findings tap into some topics involving cultural differences.

著者

田巻 義孝 堀田 千絵 加藤 美朗

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.153-159, 2014 (Released:2014-12-25)

被引用文献数

2

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The aim of this study was to examine the two points in DSM-5 (Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5-th. ed.) diagnostic standard. The first point is that the severity level for intellectual disability is determined by adaptive functioning rather than IQ scores. The second point is that the autistic disorder is determined by deficits in two core domains (a: social communication and social interaction, b: restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior), but they cannot be used for determining whether to make diagnosis function at predetermined items.