18 0 0 0 物語の構築しやすさが刑事事件に関する判断に与える影響
- 著者
- 浅井 暢子 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.28, no.3, pp.137-146, 2013
The present study investigated the impact of the narrative representation of trial information on judicial decisions and judgments about the victim among Japanese lay people. In an experiment, participants read 20 testimonies of a stabbing case. The implications of the testimonies leaned either toward a murder or toward a self-defense case. To manipulate the difficulty of story construction, we presented the testimonies either in a temporal or in a mixed order. The results showed that more extreme sentence decisions were made (i.e., longer imprisonment for the murder case and shorter for the self-defense case) when the testimonies were presented in an organized order. Consistent with this, estimations about the victim's likelihood of avoiding such incidents were polarized in the organized-order condition. Although the presentation order did not clearly affect some judgments, the results of our study strongly suggest that the story construction process has a substantial impact on judicial judgments. Cognitive processes underlying judicial judgments were discussed.
16 0 0 0 OA 利己的行動・利他的行動は連鎖するか ──独裁者ゲームを用いた実験的検討──
- 著者
- 金内 さよ 三浦 麻子 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.92.20301, (Released:2021-03-31)
- 参考文献数
- 16
The present study compared two forms of reciprocity, namely, a selfish versus altruistic one. In two experiments, participants played two rounds of the dictator game. In the first round, they were all assigned the “recipient” role, and were either over- or under-benefited by the game partner in the “allocator” role. In the second round, the participants were instead assigned the allocator role, with the recipient being either the same partner from the first round or a new partner. The results consistently showed that those who had under-benefited in the first round in turn over-benefited in the second round, regardless of whether the partner remained the same or was replaced. In contrast, those who had over-benefited previously returned the favor, but this was the case only toward the same partner rather than the new one. Hence, selfish behavior was generalized to strangers, whereas a (an altruistic) favor was not generalized, being returned only to the original benefactor. Implications of the asymmetry in chain reactions, as well as methodological issues, are discussed.
16 0 0 0 OA 神経科学の誤信念の修正は講義を通じて可能か?
- 著者
- 八田 武志 八田 武俊 戸田山 和久 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 人間環境学研究会
- 雑誌
- 人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.9, no.1, pp.41-46, 2011 (Released:2011-06-30)
- 参考文献数
- 14
The present study examined whether false beliefs on neuroscience among college students can be corrected by the class lecture of neuropsychology. On the basis of a within subjects experimental design, a 21-item questionnaire was administered to 30 female students from a school of psychology during the first class meeting in a semester as the pre-test and at the final class meeting as the post-test. The participants were asked to judge whether each statement was correct or wrong and evaluate the confidence in their response on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The comparison between the pre- and post-tests with respect to the overall correct response rate showed a significant effect. However, further analyses for separate questionnaire items showed that the majority of items did not show any significant change individually between the pre- and post-tests, with only two exceptional items showing the effect. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that the present results suggest the following. That is, although the class lecture of neuro-psychology discussed issues such as the methodology in scientific research, limitations of brain imaging, and refutation of false information in textbooks concerning the right versus left brains, it nevertheless remained to be a difficult task to reduce the misconception of false scientific information among students by lectures in classrooms. We also emphasized the responsibility that mass media is a powerful source of misunderstanding in the scientific knowledge among the general public.
7 0 0 0 OA 外集団成員との相互作用の予期が集合的罪悪感に与える影響
- 著者
- 柳 学済 堀田 美保 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会
- 雑誌
- 実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.1614, (Released:2018-01-20)
- 参考文献数
- 23
個人間の罪悪感研究では,関係の維持が必要となる被害者に対しては,関係を修復するために罪悪感が生じやすいことが示されている。本研究では集団間においても同様に,集団間の相互関係が予期される外集団に対して,集団間の関係修復のために集合的罪悪感が生じやすいか否かを検討した。また,これまでの集合的罪悪感研究で一貫した結果が得られていない集団同一視の影響に対して,集団間の相互作用が調整効果を持つかどうかを検討した。60名の大学生を対象に小集団による得点の分配ゲームを行い,参加者は内集団との同一視(高vs.低)×外集団成員との相互作用の予期(ありvs.なし)の4条件のいずれかに割り当てられた。ゲーム内での内集団成員の外集団に対する不公正な分配により,すべての参加者に対して,集合的罪悪感を喚起させた。集団同一視の操作は,ゲーム内での分配における内集団成員の公正さの程度により行い,集団間の相互作用は,外集団への不公正な分配が行われたのちに外集団成員と共にゲームをするか否かを予期させることにより操作した。実験の結果,集団間の相互作用が予期される場合には,集団と同一視する集団成員において強い集合的罪悪感が生起し,相互作用が予期されない場合には,罪悪感が生起しない傾向が明らかにされた。
7 0 0 0 情報伝達という目標が社会的事象の原因説明に及ぼす効果
People often infer the causes of observed actions and events, and explain the causes to others through communication. The present study examined the effects of a communicative goal on the causal explanation of criminal cases. Japanese college students were presented with a criminal case, along with an equal number of potential internal causes and external causes. The extremity of the crime (i.e., murder vs. robbery) was manipulated. Participants were asked to explain what led the protagonist to commit the crime, either in order to help another participant make judgments about the criminal person (i.e., communicative goal condition) or to use the explanation as a basis for their own judgments (i.e., individual goal condition). Participants then responded to a free re- call task. The results revealed that the communicative goal facilitated the use of both internal and external causal information in explanations. Path analyses indicated that causal explanation mediated the effect of the communicative goal on the memory of stimulus information. The importance of communication in the study of causal attribution and related domains were discussed.
6 0 0 0 OA 社会心理学における道徳判断研究の現状
- 著者
- 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 南山大学社会倫理研究所
- 雑誌
- 社会と倫理 = Society and Ethics (ISSN:13440616)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.28, pp.85-99, 2013-11-20
5 0 0 0 OA 個人差から集団差への一般化における心理的本質主義の役割
- 著者
- 塚本 早織 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 人間環境学研究会
- 雑誌
- 人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.13, no.1, pp.13-20, 2015 (Released:2015-06-30)
- 被引用文献数
- 1 1
自分とは反対の性格特性を持つ他者が,異なる民族の一員であった場合,人はその性格の違いを民族性が原因であるかのように解釈する場合がある。日常生活においてみられるこのような過度な一般化は、民族に関する偏ったステレオタイプを形成する一因となる。本研究は、個人の特徴に関する知識が、カテゴリーに関する知識へと一般化される状況と、それに影響を与える個人差要因に着目した実証的研究を行った。個人差要因として、心理的本質主義信念を測定し、民族カテゴリーに行動や認知の原因となる本質的因子の存在を錯覚しやすい人ほど、他民族他者と自身の違いを民族性の違いとして一般化する傾向が強いと予測した。実験参加者は全て日本人学生であったが、実験参加のパートナーという名目で「留学生」(実験1ではインドネシア国籍、実験2では中国国籍)あるいは「日本人」の実験協力者と同時に実験に参加した。実験では、参加者および実験協力者に対して認知傾向を調べるテストを行い、テスト後に偽のフィードバックを与えた。フィードバックとして、パートナー間にみられる認知傾向の類似性(同じ・異なる)を操作した。その結果、パートナー間の類似性に関する情報を日本人および留学生全般に一般化する程度は、パートナーの国籍とフィードバックの類似性の組み合わせによって異なることが明らかとなった。具体的には、留学生パートナーとの間に認知傾向の違いが告げられた参加者において、その違いを日本人および留学生カテゴリーに一般化し、民族間の差異を過度に推測する傾向がみられた。同様の一般化傾向は、日本人パートナーと同じ認知傾向があると告げられた参加者にもみられた。しかし、留学生との違いを民族間の差異に一般化した前者の場合のみ、その程度が心理的本質主義信念の強さと関連していることが明らかになった。本研究により、異なる民族他者との交流で得られる些細な情報からも、民族に関するステレオタイプが形成される可能性が示唆され、それには民族カテゴリーに関する信念の個人差が影響を与えることが明らかとなった。
5 0 0 0 OA 神経科学情報に関する誤信念の浸透度とその修正可能性について
- 著者
- 八田 武志 八田 武俊 戸田山 和久 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 人間環境学研究会
- 雑誌
- 人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.8, no.2, pp.155-161, 2010 (Released:2010-12-29)
- 参考文献数
- 10
In Study 1, the degrees of penetration and familiarity of false belief on neuroscience, especially brain imaging, among students were surveyed using a questionnaire technique. A total number of 485 students from medical school, school of nurse sciences, school of psychology, and school of informatics were given 20 items and they were requested to evaluate authenticity of the items and familiarity was rated. The results suggested that as familiarity increased, the tendency for participants to regard the item was correct. In Study 2, the question whether false belief on neuroscience can be modified by a usual class lecture was examined. Degrees of the authenticity evaluation and the familiarity of false information between student groups who took the class of neuropsychology and who did not take the class were compared. Results showed a significant difference in many items between the two groups and suggested a possibility of modifiability even by a class lecture.
3 0 0 0 OA ステレオタイプ情報はよりリツイートされるか?
- 著者
- 田中 友理 宮本 聡介 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 人間環境学研究会
- 雑誌
- 人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.14, no.2, pp.165-170, 2016 (Released:2017-01-06)
Previous studies have revealed that stereotypic (vs. non-stereotypic) information about individuals spreads more easily among communicators in face-to-face communication. It is also known that more dispositional terms (i.e., more "abstract" words such as nouns and adjectives according to the Linguistic Category Model) are used to describe behaviors that are consistent with stereotypes of the actor's group, whereas more context-specific and less dispositional terms (e.g., verbs) are used to describe counter-stereotypic behaviors. In the present study, we investigated to what extent the stereotypicality and linguistic abstractness influence the spread of information in social media which is currently growing into a major arena for prejudiced communication in place of face-to-face discourse. Specifically, we examined whether tweets with higher stereotypicality and linguistic abstractness receive a greater number of retweets. Five hundred tweets posted by Japanese users containing "men" or "women" in Japanese were sampled, and were rated by independent coders with respect to their perceived gender-steretypyicality. The number of nouns, adjectives, and verbs contained in each tweet was respectively counted to assess the linguistic abstractness. Consistent with our predictions, gender-stereotypic tweets contained a greater number of abstract terms (i.e., nominal adjectives) than did less stereotypic tweets. Furthermore, perceived stereotypicality significantly predicted whether or not the tweet was retweeted, as well as how many times the tweet was retweeted. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to the influence of linguistic abstractness on stereotypic generalization in social media. Theoretical significance concerning communication and collectively shared cognition is also discussed.
3 0 0 0 人物の属性表現にみられる社会的ステレオタイプの影響
- 著者
- 菅 さやか 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.22, no.2, pp.180-188, 2006
Recent studies have demonstrated that stereotypical expectations result in biases not only in memories and judgments, but in language use as well. The present study examined the effects of communicative contexts on verbal expressions of stereotype-relevant information. In order to do this, we developed a new linguistic index for content analyses, involving stereotypic representations. In our experiment undergraduate students were presented with behavioral descriptions of either an ingroup, or an out-group member, and were asked to describe their impressions. The stimulus information given to the students included both stereotype-consistent, and inconsistent cases. Results showed that the out-group member was described in more stereotype-consistent, abstract terms, than the in-group member. This was interpreted as higher tendency of bias against the out-group. Ultimately, the newly developed index was found to be useful in identifying dispositional expressions that are peculiar to the Japanese language. Finally, implications for the study of stereotypes as collectively shared representations are discussed.
2 0 0 0 OA 性別に関する本質論的認知が量刑の妥当性判断に与える影響
- 著者
- 塚本 早織 菅 さやか 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 日本心理学会大会発表論文集 日本心理学会第75回大会 (ISSN:24337609)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.1AM008, 2011-09-15 (Released:2019-02-02)
2 0 0 0 OA 責任概念の素朴理解と非難を規定する心理過程の解明と法的概念の教育方法の考案
「責任」や「意図」といった概念は、現実の司法において決定的な役割を果たすにもかかわらず、これらの概念が法律の世界において持つ意味と、一般人がそれについて理解する内容(「素朴法理解」)の乖離は大きい。そこで、社会心理学の研究者が中心となって、法社会学、応用倫理学等の専門家との協働により、実証研究を行った。得られた知見からは、違反行為に関する責任追求と違反者に対する責任追及の峻別の困難さ、法人等の本来は心的状態をもたないはずの社会的実体に自然人と同様に意図や動機などの作用を推論して責任判断を行う傾向等が明らかになった。また、応用倫理学や法教育に適用可能な理論的枠組みの提案を試みた。
- 著者
- 笠原 伊織 唐沢 かおり 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 人間環境学研究会
- 雑誌
- 人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.17, no.2, pp.147-152, 2019
- 被引用文献数
- 1
The present study examined whether people's beliefs in free will affect their moral and judicial judgment. Specifically, using a survey method, we examined the mediation by moral judgment which has been theoretically discussed and illustrated in a previous research. In addition, this study focused on the role of explicit motives toward retribution and incapacitation and examined the hypothesis that people whose beliefs in free will were low would focus on incapacitation. An online survey was conducted, and 232 participants were analyzed (96 females, M age = 20.75, SD = 2.46). Participants answered their own free will belief and then read a fictitious scenario about manslaughter case. They answered to what extent they were motivated toward retribution and incapacitation and made moral judgment and judgment of sentencing. A mediational analysis revealed that the process was significant (β = .18, 95 % CI = [.11, .25]). However, no correlations between free will belief and explicit motives were observed (rs = –.11 and .01). Also, retributive motive had no correlation with moral judgment and sentencing (rs = –.08 and .01), while the motive toward incapacitation correlated with both (rs = .26 and .21). Two statistical models explaining how free will belief and the motive toward incapacitation affect sentencing were constructed. One supposed moral judgment mediated the effects of free will belief and incapacitation (i.e., full-mediation model). The other model supposed another direct path from incapacitation to sentencing (i.e., partial-mediation model). As a result, full-mediation model was adopted in terms of model fit (BIC = –10.91 vs. –8.52) and coefficients of determination (R2 = .20 vs .21). The importance of free will belief in people's daily lives and future directions of researches were discussed.
2 0 0 0 ポストトゥルースの時代における新しい情報リテラシーの学際的探求
- 著者
- 久木田 水生 大澤 博隆 藤原 広臨 林 秀弥 平 和博 伊藤 孝行 大谷 卓史 笹原 和俊 中村 登志哉 村上 祐子 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 名古屋大学
- 雑誌
- 基盤研究(A)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- 2019-04-01
本研究は、第一に、インターネット上の悪質な情報の流通とそれに起因する現代の諸問題の根本的な要因・メカニズム・影響を明らかにする。第二に、そのような問題に対処するための新しい情報リテラシーの概念を探求し、その基礎になる技術哲学理論を構築する。第三にその概念と理論に則した情報リテラシー向上のための方法を探求する。このことによって本研究は情報技術と社会が互いに調和しながら発展していくことに貢献する。
2 0 0 0 OA 利己的行動・利他的行動は連鎖するか ──独裁者ゲームを用いた実験的検討──
- 著者
- 金内 さよ 三浦 麻子 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.92, no.1, pp.40-45, 2021 (Released:2021-04-25)
- 参考文献数
- 16
The present study compared two forms of reciprocity, namely, a selfish versus altruistic one. In two experiments, participants played two rounds of the dictator game. In the first round, they were all assigned the “recipient” role, and were either over- or under-benefited by the game partner in the “allocator” role. In the second round, the participants were instead assigned the allocator role, with the recipient being either the same partner from the first round or a new partner. The results consistently showed that those who had under-benefited in the first round in turn over-benefited in the second round, regardless of whether the partner remained the same or was replaced. In contrast, those who had over-benefited previously returned the favor, but this was the case only toward the same partner rather than the new one. Hence, selfish behavior was generalized to strangers, whereas a (an altruistic) favor was not generalized, being returned only to the original benefactor. Implications of the asymmetry in chain reactions, as well as methodological issues, are discussed.
2 0 0 0 OA 人物の属性表現にみられる社会的ステレオタイプの影響
- 著者
- 菅 さやか 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.22, no.2, pp.180-188, 2006-11-30 (Released:2017-02-08)
Recent studies have demonstrated that stereotypical expectations result in biases not only in memories and judgments, but in language use as well. The present study examined the effects of communicative contexts on verbal expressions of stereotype-relevant information. In order to do this, we developed a new linguistic index for content analyses, involving stereotypic representations. In our experiment undergraduate students were presented with behavioral descriptions of either an ingroup, or an out-group member, and were asked to describe their impressions. The stimulus information given to the students included both stereotype-consistent, and inconsistent cases. Results showed that the out-group member was described in more stereotype-consistent, abstract terms, than the in-group member. This was interpreted as higher tendency of bias against the out-group. Ultimately, the newly developed index was found to be useful in identifying dispositional expressions that are peculiar to the Japanese language. Finally, implications for the study of stereotypes as collectively shared representations are discussed.
1 0 0 0 OA Moral Foundations Dictionary日本語版の作成
- 著者
- 松尾 朗子 笹原 和俊 田口 靖啓 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 日本心理学会大会発表論文集 日本心理学会第81回大会 (ISSN:24337609)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.2A-014, 2017-09-20 (Released:2020-03-27)
- 著者
- 塚本 早織 バレリー ゴンザレス 唐沢 穣
- 出版者
- Society for Human Environmental Studies
- 雑誌
- 人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.8, no.1, pp.25-31, 2010
- 被引用文献数
- 1
カナダでは、様々な人種的、文化的背景を持つ人々が共生しているにもかかわらず、「白人」以外の人々は「カナダ人」として知覚されにくい現象がみられ、差別や偏見の対象となる。本研究の目的は、人が持ちえる最も基本的な要素である「人種」「出身地」「居住地」が自身や他者を「カナダ人」であると判断する際に与える影響を検証することであった。108名のカナダ人大学生に、国民アイデンティティに関する質問紙に回答してもらった。まず、他者をカナダ人であると判断する際に「白人」要素の有無が基準になるという仮説を基に、外国生まれの白人と、カナダ生まれの非白人の、「私はカナダ人である」との主張に対する同意の程度を5件法で評定させた。その結果、参加者の「カナダ人」像に一致したのは、カナダ生まれの非白人であった。次に、同じ対象に関する「他の多くのカナダ人」の推測評定を求めたところ、非白人参加者の回答に、「白人」対象をよりカナダ人であると推測する傾向が見られた。また、参加者に自身の国民アイデンティティを規定する際に重要だと考える要素を順序付けさせた。その結果、非白人参加者は白人参加者に比べ、「人種」要素が自身の国民アイデンティティを定義する際に不可欠だと考える傾向が明らかになった。人種や民族性を理由とする差別や偏見の経験が、認知に影響を与えるという先行研究の知見と同様に、本研究においても参加者の人種によって自身や他者の国民アイデンティティ認知が異なることが明らかになった。