著者

長谷 直哉

出版者

北海道大学スラブ研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, pp.267-298, 2006

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After the demise of the Soviet Union, Russia changed from a communist regime to democratic rule. Federalism was chosen to coordinate the center-regional relationship: and Russia was reborn as the "Russian Federation." Recently, various Russian regional researches have been published, since "Rebellion" in the Russian region has often been observed. These provided exhaustive knowledge for Russian regional politics, but few paid attention to the type of relationship that has been built between center (federal government) and region (the components of the Russian Federation). Russia institutionalized the federal political system, which is recognized in most studies on federal political theory. Therefore, we need to explain Russian regional politics from the perspective of federalism, in order to deepen the comprehension of contemporary Russia. The aim of this thesis is to grasp the system of Russian federalism in the framework of comparative federalism. The traditional approaches to federalism are: the constitutional approach, the sociological approach, "the process to integration" approach, and the bargaining approach. While these four approaches provide an explanation that is somewhat effective with respect to federalism, they do not provide a concrete concept for an adequate comparison. Ronald Watts, who is one of the pioneers of comparative federalism, succeeded in resolving the problem of how to combine the multifarious factors of a federal state. He clarified the definition of federalism, and conceptionalized the following six features of a federal political system: 1. Two orders of government each acting directly on their citizens 2. A formal constitutional distribution of legislative and executive authority and allocation of revenue resources between the two orders of government ensuring some areas of genuine autonomy for each order 3. Provision for the designated representation of distinct regional views within the federal policy-making institutions, usually provided by the particular form of the federal second chamber 4. A supreme written constitution not unilaterally amendable and requiring the consent of a significant proportion of the constituent units 5. An umpire (in the form of courts or provision for referendums) to rule on disputes between governments 6. Processes and institutions to facilitate intergovernmental collaboration for those areas where governmental responsibilities are shared or inevitably overlap (Ronald Watts, Comparing Federal Systems, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999, pp. 6-7) What kind of conclusions can be deduced when analyzing Russian federalism based on Watts's framework? I examined the jurisdiction between governments, the allocation of fiscal power, the functions of the senate, the constitutional amendment procedures, the role of constitutional courts, and the intergovernmental relations in comparison with other federal states. In the field of jurisdiction, the Russian federal government has never had wide-ranging power. However, the constitutional provision (Article 70, f): "the establishment of the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs in thc spheres of state, economic, ecological, social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation" can confer a power that can interfere in regional jurisdiction. Various powers are allocated in joint jurisdiction, but consensus building between governments is still unstable. With respect to fiscal matters, revenue resources allocated to the regions are larger than the average allocation in other federal states, but the fiscal gap between regions is very serious in Russia. Now, Putin's reform is pushing to change fiscal federalism. The aim of this reform is to clarify the fiscal responsibility of governments. It is possible that the reform causes regions' fiscal dependence on the federal budget because most regions do not have sufficient fiscal resources. And thus, the Russian Senate (Federal Council) holds an unstable institutional position. The Duma can override the veto of the senate, and the president can also enact law by decree. Since Putin's reform, the influence of the senate on the policy-making process continues to weaken; however, the senate is maintaining its status as the organ of regional representatives. In Russia, it is extremely difficult to amend the constitution, and the rigidity assures federalism. Federal government basically intends to recentralize the Russian Federation. However, the rigidity should protect the principles of federalism. The Russian constitutional court tends to deliver judgments including contents to defend federal jurisdictions. However, the court always tries to remain neutral in political conflicts among other federal, and regional organs. For example, the resolution, which was decided on 18 July 2003, repelled interference in the judiciary by the federal executive branch. Generally, the federal President takes the initiative in intergovernmental relationship construction because the Federal President is able to deal with center-regional problems flexibly through promulgation of the presidential decree. The federal government continues to exert pressure on regional governments, and it is difficult to reorganize regional political regimes. Therefore, stability of the Russian federal political system is inclined to depend on presidential influences. However, this system satisfies Watts's six features: I can confirm that the rigidity of the constitution, the independence of the constitutional courts, and the principle of regional representatives in the senate help to maintain federalism. The Russian federal political system seems to be wavering and is dependent on presidential initiative, but it does have the robustness of a constitutional system. The intergovernmental relations have been repeatedly transformed since 1993, but the principle of federalism has not changed.

著者

大廣 典子 オヒロ ノリコ OHIRO Noriko

出版者

大阪大学大学院文学研究科

雑誌

待兼山論叢. 文学篇 (ISSN:03874818)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.29-44, 2006-12

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, pp.1-11, 2012-03-31 (Released:2012-10-05)

著者

山口 正晃

出版者

京都大学

巻号頁・発行日

2004-03-23

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新制・課程博士

著者

江上 敏哲

出版者

情報科学技術協会

雑誌

情報の科学と技術 = The Journal of Information Science and Technology Association (ISSN:09133801)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.7, pp.334-340, 2009-07-01

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特集 情報リテラシー

著者

羽山 広文 降旗 由紀 木下 学 絵内 正道 森 太郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

大会学術講演梗概集. D-2, 環境工学II, 熱, 湿気, 温熱感, 自然エネルギー, 気流・換気・排煙, 数値流体, 空気清浄, 暖冷房・空調, 熱源設備, 設備応用 (ISSN:1341450X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2005, pp.1057-1058, 2005-07-31

著者

王 曦虹 小林 智也 小倉 加奈代 西本 一志

出版者

情報処理学会

雑誌

インタラクション2012論文集 (情報処理学会シンポジウムシリーズ) (ISSN:13440640)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2012, no.3, pp.481-486, 2012-03-16

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近年Q&Aサイトの利用者が増加している.Q&Aサイトの質問は情報検索型と社会調査型に大別される.このうち社会調査型質問には客観的な正解はなく,特定の個人あるいは集団に対してアンケート調査を行うことで回答を得る.このため,質問者は回答の信頼性を判断しにくいという問題点がある.本稿では,質問者が回答の信頼性を判断するための補助材料として,回答者の質問・回答履歴から,今回答しようとしている質問と類似した質問とそれへの回答を抽出し,これを質問者に提示する.これによって,質問者が回答者の態度や価値観を推測可能とする手法を提案する.Yahoo! 知恵袋のデータを用いてシステムの初期的評価を行い,一定の有用性を確認した. : Recently, Q&A sites have been widely used. Questions of the Q&A sites can be classified into two types: an information-seeking type and a social-survey type. Since there are no objectively correct answers for the social-survey type questions, questionnaires are usually used to obtain answers from responders. However, it is difficult for a questioner to judge credibility of the answers. For supporting the judgment, we extract questions similar to the questioner’s question from the responders’ histories of questions and answers as well as answers to the extracted questions. By providing them to the questioner, it is expected that the questioner becomes able to infer each responder’s attitude and sense of values. We conducted pilot studies using Yahoo! Chiebukuro data and confirmed basic efficiency of the proposed method.

著者

島田 裕巳

出版者

東京大学文学部宗教学研究室

雑誌

東京大学宗教学年報 (ISSN:2896400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.21-36, 1985-02-25

著者

北澤 裕

出版者

早稲田大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

早稲田大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13402226)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.19-42, 2010-03-03

著者

村瀬 甲治

出版者

東京大学比較文学・文化研究会

雑誌

比較文学・文化論集 (ISSN:0911341X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.61-80, 2004-03-30

著者

Shibata Midori Toyomura Akira Motoyama Hiroki Itoh Hiroaki Kawabata Yasuhiro Abe Jun-ichi

出版者

Elsevier

雑誌

Brain and Language (ISSN:0093934X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.3, pp.254-260, 2012-06

被引用文献数

29

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Since Aristotle, people have believed that metaphors and similes express the same type of figurative meaning, despite the fact that they are expressed with different sentence patterns. In contrast, recent psycholinguistic models have suggested that metaphors and similes may promote different comprehension processes. In this study, we investigated the neural substrates involved in the comprehension of metaphor and simile using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate whether simile comprehension differs from metaphor comprehension or not. In the metaphor and simile sentence conditions, higher activation was seen in the left inferior frontal gyrus. This result suggests that the activation in both metaphor and simile conditions indicates similar patterns in the left frontal region. The results also suggest that similes elicit higher levels of activation in the medial frontal region which might be related to inference processes, whereas metaphors elicit more right-sided prefrontal activation which might be related to figurative language comprehension.

著者

池庄司 民夫

出版者

物性研究刊行会

雑誌

物性研究 (ISSN:05272997)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.216-218, 1997-05-20

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この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。

著者

岩松 浅夫

出版者

東京大学東洋文化研究所

雑誌

東洋文化研究所紀要 (ISSN:05638089)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.123, pp.209-246, 1994-02

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It has long been said (and generally accepted) that no traces of Amida-Buddha (Amitāyus or Amitābha in Sanskrit) belief or cult had not been found in India itself, in spite of the origination of this belief or cult in that country-especially in North-Western region including Gandhara (and Taxila)-being apparant. About ten or twenty years ago two Gandharan-styled statues were made public separately, one in 1973 by Dr. J. C. Harle and the other in 1982 by Prof. J. Brough. Each of them seems, at least to the present auther, to have much significance in the above-mentioned problem of the evidence of the Amida-Buddha belief or cult in India; for the former statue contains in it a Bodhisattva figure in whose turban-shaped crown is sitting a small Buddha in meditation or dhyāna pose (see fig. 3), and the latter has in its pedestal an inscription in which is found the word ‘amridaha’ as the name of the Buddha (as to the latter statue, see fig. 4). With regard to these statues comments or mentions have been done by some scholars, yet any of them does not seem wholly satisfactory. Then, here the present auther tries some consideration to these two statues apart from such opinions; and through it he comes to a conclusion of his own, which supposes not only that either of these two was made as an Amida-Buddha triad (or quintet) but also that most of the similar-shaped statues which have been thought of by A. Foucher (and other scholars after him) as those of the ‘Great Miracle at Crâvastî’ might have been the same, that is, those of Amida-Buddha triad (or quintet, or of his paradise Sukhāvatī: for example, see fig. 1). In addition to this, he surmises consequently that this North-Western region-including Gandhara and Taxila-where flourished the so-called Gandharan Art for several centuries A. D. must have been the main center of the Amida-Buddha belief or cult in India until at the earliest fourth or fifth century A. D.

著者

一色 大悟

出版者

東京大学大学院人文社会系研究科・文学部インド哲学仏教学研究室

雑誌

インド哲学仏教学研究 (ISSN:09197907)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.39-54, 2009-03-31

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In early buddhist sūtra texts “asaṃskṛta” is a term used as a synonym for nirvāṇa, the ultimate purpose of buddhists. Disciples in Sarvāstivāda, one of the most influential buddhist sects in india, regarded asaṃskṛta as dharma, and in their abhidharma texts they classified three kinds of dharma, that is to say pratisaṃkhyānirodha, apratisaṃkhyānirodha and ākāśa, into asaṃskṛtadharma. According to the Vaibhāṣika orthodoxy these three asaṃskṛtadharmas are real-entities ( dravyasat ); on the other hand scholars of Sautrāntika / Dārṣṭāntika denied the real-entityness of them. This article deals with the controversy about real-entityness of asaṃskṛtadharmas appeared in abhidharma texts, in particular *Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣā (『阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論』, MV ), *Tattvasiddhi (『成實論』, TS ), Abhidharmakośabhāṣya ( AKBh ) and *Nyāyānusāriṇī (『阿毘達磨順正理論』, NA ). The argument for acknowledging the real-entityness of asaṃskṛtadharmas in TS, AKBh and NA is grounded on the possibility of cognizing intrinsic nature ( svabhāva ) of asaṃskṛtadharmas.And scholars who accepted this argument considered that the possibility can be reasoned from the possibility of cognizing results of activities of intrinsic nature. Saṅghabhadra, the author of NA, affirmed that ākāśa has an activity of receiving ākāṣadhātu and that apratisaṃkhyā-nirodha has an activity of constant obstruction to the arising of those factors whose nature is to arise ( 可生法, *utpattidharmaka ). On the other hand in TS, AKBh and NA pratisaṃkhyānirodha is considered as the dharma whose intrinsic nature and an activity can not be cognized by anybody except āryas. Then Vaibhāṣikas who appear in AKBk and Saṅghabhadra reinforced the argument of real-entityness of asaṃskṛtadharmas with finding out their characteristics which are inherent only in beings. According to NA non-beings are neither distinguishable, cognizable, nor describable, but pratisaṃkhyānirodha is not accepted as such a thing, so it is a being. And furthermore, it is not a being as a provisional designation ( prajñaptisat ) by any possibility, therefore it must be a real-entity. From the viewpoint of those who denied the real-entityness of three asaṃskṛtadharmas each of them is a non-being. In TS ākāśa has an active influence on spatial beings with its non-beingness, but pratisaṃkhyānirodha is a mere non-being. And according to AKBh a statement that pratisaṃkhyānirodha exists is only a negation ( pratiṣedhamātra ) and indicate non-beings. Saṅghabhadra considered this “existence” is not only existence as a real entity, but also existence as a provisional designation.

著者

大西 正展

巻号頁・発行日

2011-11-04

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報告番号: 乙17578 ; 学位授与年月日: 2011-11-04 ; 学位の種別: 論文博士 ; 学位の種類: 博士(農学) ; 学位記番号: 第17578号 ; 研究科・専攻: 農学生命科学研究科

著者

高橋 慶紀

出版者

物性研究刊行会

雑誌

物性研究 (ISSN:07272997)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.1, pp.1-38, 2000-10-20

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この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。

著者

武田 利勝

出版者

早稲田ドイツ語学・文学会編集委員会

雑誌

Waseda Blätter (ISSN:13403710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.22-41, 2007-03-25

著者

Kawamura Kimitaka Izawa Yusuke Mochida Michihiro Shiraiwa Takayuki

出版者

Elsevier

雑誌

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN:00167037)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, pp.317-329, 2012-12-15

被引用文献数

91

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We successfully detected biomass burning tracers including levoglucosan and vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic and dehydroabietic acids in an ice core (153 m long, ca. 300 years old) taken from Ushkovsky ice cap (altitude, 3903 m), the Kamchatka Peninsula, Northeast Asia. Concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) were also determined in the ice core. Levoglucosan, which is produced by pyrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose and thus is a general tracer of biomass burning, showed sporadic peaks in the years of 1705, 1759, 1883, 1915, 1949 and 1972, with the largest peak in 1949. However, its concentrations did not show a systematic increase in the last century although the concentration peaks seemingly corresponded to the higher ambient temperatures in the northern high latitudes. In contrast, dehydroabietic acid, a specific tracer of the pyrolysis of conifer resin, showed a gradual increase from the early 1900s to 1990s with a significant peak in 1970. Contributions of dehydroabietic acid to TOC also showed an increasing trend for the 20th century. Similarly, vanillic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids presented higher concentrations in the last half-century with sporadic peaks in 1705, 1759 and 1949. This study showed that general biomass burning tracers such as levoglucosan have been sporadically transported over the glacier of the Kamchatka Peninsula. In contrast, the ice core record of dehydroabietic acid indicated that fires of boreal conifer forest have more frequently and increasingly occurred in Far East and Siberia during the last century and transported to the Northwestern Pacific. The present study demonstrates that organic tracers of biomass burning preserved in ice core could provide historical records of biomass burning and boreal forest fires.

著者

荻野 晃 Akira Ogino

雑誌

法と政治 (ISSN:02880709)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.3, pp.1(565)-38(602), 2012-10-20

著者

山越 康裕

出版者

北海道大学大学院文学研究科北方研究教育センター = Center for Northern Humanities, Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University

雑誌

北方人文研究 (ISSN:1882773X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.95-111, 2012-03-31

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This paper aims to examine the function of “participles” (also known as “verbal nouns”) in Shinekhen Buryat, which belongs to the Mongolic language family. In the Altaic linguistics, verbal inflections are classified into three inflectional categories. 1) Finite forms (including indicatives and optatives); 2) converbs; and 3) participles. However, some “participles” seem to be less inflectional than the other “prototypical participles.” Therefore, by using Malchukov’s (2006) functional hierarchy of recategorization, we examine the situation of the decategorization (deverbalization) and recategorization (nominalization) of each of the “participles.” Furthermore, we will see that it is very difficult to classify some inflectional forms into “participles” or “converbs,” since such forms have both participial (modifying nouns) and converbial functions (modifying verbs). In conclusion, I will suggest the following two points: a) We can recognize some of the “participles,” which are more deverbalized than the “prototypical participles,” as the deverbal nominals rather than verbal inflections. b) In Shinekhen Buryat, we can not simply classify all the inflectional forms into three categories (finite forms, converbs, and participles). It does not seem to be suitable to classify non-finite forms into participles and converbs. We should reconsider the verbal inflections of the Altaic languages in a new framework.