7 0 0 0 OA 薬物の腟吸収

著者
酒井 孝範 粟田 則男
出版者
The Japanese Society for the Study of Xenobiotics
雑誌
薬物動態 (ISSN:09161139)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, no.2, pp.263-272, 1993-04-10 (Released:2007-03-29)
参考文献数
23

The vagina is an important area of the reproductive tract. The vaginal route of administration of drugs may be a viable alternative to oral theraphy. But the vaginal preparations on the market are exclusively restricted to those are topically effective. Most of agents in vaginal preparations act directory on the vaginal membrane. Vaginal absorption is characterized by the avoidance of hepatic first pass effect, prolonged retention of the blood level and the variation throughout the reproductive cycle. In this minireview, the vaginal absorption of several drugs with low molecular weight is introduced from the standpoint of chemical structure, first pass effect and transport process. In addition, we discuss the vaginal absorption of prasterone sulfate(PS)in rats. PS is almost completely absorbed from the vagina. PS may be transported through vaginal membranes by both paracellular route and carriermediated process.
著者
Kazuhiro SUZUKI Akiko IKEDA Kaori ADACHI Daniel DUNKLEY Etsuko NIU Takenori KATO Shinobu MORI Noriyuki FUJII
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.78, no.5, pp.111-116, 2002 (Released:2006-10-17)
参考文献数
15
被引用文献数
1

The Kamimura River, an upper tributary of the Yahagi River, flows through steep valleys in the mountainous Kamiyahagi area of Gifu Prefecture. The Tokai Gou flood of September 11-12, 2000 destroyed embankments along the river, and exposed sedimentary layers at Umi that are typical of a lacustrine depositional setting. This confirms the existence of a paleo-lake from which the name Umi originated. The lake was formed as the result of a huge landslide that dammed up the Kamimura River. To determine when the landslide occurred, radiocarbon (14C) ages of trees buried in lacustrine sediments were determined using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The 14C ages are 300±25, 340±25, 345±25 and 380±25 BP for the outermost rings of tree trunks, which include bark, and a single age of 620±25 BP. Calibrated ages of (1637), (1520, 1590, 1624), (1517, 1597, 1619) and (1482) cal AD within a range of 1455-1643 cal AD are consistent with a landslide triggered by the Tensho Earthquake of January 18, 1586, which had an estimated magnitude of 8.2-8.3 and an epicenter in Ise Bay.
著者
井上 弘貴
出版者
日本イギリス哲学会
雑誌
イギリス哲学研究 (ISSN:03877450)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.39, pp.19-34, 2016

<p>In his<i> Triumphant Democracy</i>(1886)Andrew Carnegie claimed that American people found something lacking for the original Britons in some races including the German and the French, while he celebrated the British as a basic material to create the American republic. But he came to put more great value on the Teutonic origin for both Britain and America to envision the idea of an Anglo-American reunion in his article, A Look Ahead(1893)which was the new concluding chapter in the revised edition of <i>Triumphant Democracy</i>. Carnegie changed his view again in 1905, the year following the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France. He seemed to take the concept of republic as an important one which could include the three nations, Britain, France, and America while he continued to keep the idea of Teutonic because he thought that it could unite Britain and America with Germany, the Teutonic Power in a peaceful union. In this paper I argue how Carnegie shifted the emphasis in his writing on the balance between the notion of republic and that of race.</p>
著者
谷本 裕樹
出版者
公益社団法人 有機合成化学協会
雑誌
有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.80, no.12, pp.1100-1112, 2022-12-01 (Released:2022-12-06)
参考文献数
43

Organic azides are well-known for the synthetic organic reactions by their energetic characteristics and the click functionality connecting two components. Especially in click chemistry, the azido groups as 1,3-dipolar play a key role in chemical biology. On the other hand, azido groups can also work as nucleophiles possessing diazonium leaving groups and as electrophiles, but the low reactivity has avoided their use. Herein, we disclose our synthetic achievements in the non-1,3-dipolar use of organic azides. As nucleophiles, the organic azides with allyl/propargyl cations and sulfonium ions gave the appropriate products, including C-C bond migration. We also demonstrated that the intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction promoted the electrophilicity and suppressed the nucleophilicity of the azides to achieve site-selective conjugation. Furthermore, β-elimination followed by condensation converted the azido groups at the carbonyl α-position to the different click functional groups. This site-selective azido group conversion enabled the undistinguishable triazide molecule to the distinguishable triple-click scaffold compound possessing three different click groups.
著者
Hayatsura Hanada Kouhei Nii Kimiya Sakamoto Ritsurou Inoue Yoko Hirata Kodai Matsuda Jun Tsugawa Sho Takeshita Sachiko Shirakawa Toshio Higashi
出版者
The Japanese Society for Neuroendovascular Therapy
雑誌
Journal of Neuroendovascular Therapy (ISSN:18824072)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.oa.2022-0061, (Released:2023-01-13)
参考文献数
20

Objective: Antiplatelet therapy is advised to prevent thrombotic complications during endovascular coil embolization of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Due to multiple antithrombotic treatments, bleeding risk is a concern in patients using oral anticoagulants for existing comorbidities. We investigated the hemorrhagic and ischemic events following endovascular treatment (EVT) of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients taking anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy.Methods: Between March 2013 and February 2019, 262 patients undergoing EVT for unruptured cerebral aneurysms and having at least 6 months of postoperative follow-up data were included in this retrospective study. Patients taking oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs for cerebral vascular events following EVT were compared with those taking only antiplatelet agents.Results: Of the 262 patients, 12 (4.6%) used anticoagulants before EVT for a preexisting condition. Cerebrovascular events after coil embolization were observed in 3 patients taking both anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs and in 14 patients taking only antiplatelet drugs (25% vs. 5.6%, respectively, p = 0.035). Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) was administered in five patients and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in seven patients. Patients taking VKA experienced cerebrovascular events, whereas those taking DOACs did not (p = 0.045).Conclusion: Our study showed that patients using oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs experienced more cerebrovascular events after EVT for unruptured cerebral aneurysms. These results suggest that in patients requiring oral anticoagulants, DOACs may be more beneficial than VKA for preventing stroke occurrences after EVT.
著者
岩佐 佳哉 熊原 康博 後藤 秀昭 石村 大輔 細矢 卓志
出版者
一般社団法人 日本活断層学会
雑誌
活断層研究 (ISSN:09181024)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2022, no.56, pp.47-58, 2022-06-28 (Released:2022-12-28)
参考文献数
32

The Futagawa fault, extending southwest from Aso caldera, is one of the major dextral strike-slip active faults in Kyushu, southwest Japan. On 16 April 2016, the Kumamoto earthquake (Mj 7.3) occurred, and ~31-km-long right-lateral surface ruptures appeared along the Futagawa fault. After the 2016 earthquake, several trenching surveys were conducted across surface ruptures to reveal the faulting history. However, no trenching survey has been carried out in the 15-km-long middle section from Dozon to Aso caldera. We conducted a trenching survey and an additional hand auger survey to reveal faulting history in Komori, Nishihara Village, in the middle of the section. Furthermore, we carried out a geomorphological survey for the detailed description of the surface ruptures around the trench site. At the trench site, a ~40-cm-deep graben was formed by the 2016 earthquake. A similar graben structure appeared on the trench wall units, which shows larger vertical deformation than that of the 2016 earthquake, indicating that similar types of deformation to the 2016 earthquake have repeatedly occurred at this site. Based on such deformational features of units, we identified at least four faulting events, including the 2016 earthquake, since about 11,500 cal BP. Also, the timing of the penultimate event was 2,240-1,910 cal BP and the calculated recurrence interval was 2,400-3,800 years. The penultimate event may have been simultaneous in the section from the northeastern part of the Aso caldera to the southwestern part of the fault zone, similar to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. If this idea is correct, based on the overlap among event dates from previous studies as well as our result, the timing of the preceding earthquake is about 2,000 cal BP.
著者
桐村 喬
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Series A (ISSN:18834388)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.83, no.2, pp.151-175, 2010-03-01 (Released:2012-01-31)
参考文献数
37
被引用文献数
2 1

本稿は,都市内部の居住者特性に関する入力変数の情報を最大限に活用した類型化および可視化手法としての自己組織化マップ(Self-Organizing Map: SOM)の有効性や網羅性を示すことを目的としている.SOMでは「マップ」と呼ばれる2次元空間を利用して,居住者特性の時空間的な変化を示すこともできる.そこで本稿では,SOMを用いて,阪神・淡路大震災前後の神戸市の既成市街地における時空間的な居住者特性の変化を明らかにする.SOMおよび「マップ」による分析の結果,被害が大きく,利便性の高い地域における若年層の増加や,製造業中心の地域における失業率の悪化や高齢化といった,従来の個別の事例研究において得られた成果と同様の結果が確認された.また,「マップ」によって,震災直後の居住者特性が従前よりも多様化したことが示された.こうしたことから,SOMは,都市内部における居住者特性の分析に対して非常に有効であり,網羅的に検討できる手法であることが示された.
著者
馬場 香里
出版者
一般社団法人 日本助産学会
雑誌
日本助産学会誌 (ISSN:09176357)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.2, pp.207-218, 2015
被引用文献数
1

<b>目 的</b><br> 児童虐待防止への介入の必要性の判断や介入の評価指標とする児童虐待の本質を捉えた尺度の開発につなげ,さらに将来的な周産期における児童虐待防止への支援の発展と,児童虐待予防活動の基盤づくりへの示唆を得ることを目的とした。<br><b>方 法</b><br> Rodgers(2000)の提唱する概念分析のアプローチ法を用いた。9つのデータベースとして,医中誌Web,CiNii,MEDLINE,CINHAL,PsycINFO,SocINDEX,Minds,National Guideline clearing-house,trip databaseを使用し,検索用語は「児童虐待(child abuse),妊娠(pregnant women),産後(postnatal),育児(child care)」とした。最終的に,英語文献26件,日本語文献32件の計58件と,日本小児科学会の発行している「子ども虐待診療手引き(2014)」を分析対象とした。<br><b>結 果</b><br> 5つの属性【養育者から子どもへの一方的な支配関係】【養育者の自覚の有無に関係しない行為】【子どものwell-beingを害する行為】【子どものwell-beingを保つ行為の欠如】【子どもの状況】,5つの先行要件【養育者の要因】【子どもの要因】【社会環境の要因】【複数要因の重なり】【適切な介入の不足】,5つの帰結【子どもの保護】【養育者の否認と孤独】【サバイバーの健康への影響】【母になったサバイバーの苦悩】【世代間伝播】が抽出された。代用語に「child maltreatment」が抽出され,関連概念に「しつけ」「shaken baby syndrome(揺さぶられっこ症候群)」「Munchhausen Syndrome by proxy(代理ミュンヒハウゼン症候群)」が抽出された。分析の結果,本概念を「養育者から子どもへの一方的な支配関係から成る,養育者の自覚の有無に関係しない行為による子どもの状況を基盤とした,子どものwell-beingを害する行為,及び子どものwell-beingを保つ行為の欠如である」と再定義した。<br><b>結 論</b><br> 本概念分析の結果は,児童虐待の本質を捉えることにつながり,今後の研究において児童虐待を測る尺度を開発する基盤となりうる。また本概念分析により,児童虐待による子どもへの長期的な健康への影響や,次世代への児童虐待の繰り返しの可能性が示され,児童虐待発生前の妊娠期からの予防の必要性,特に周産期で主な支援対象となる母がサバイバーであった場合の母に対する介入の必要性が示唆された。さらに周産期における児童虐待防止への支援については,妊婦のみならず,そのパートナーや子ども,社会環境も含めて支援対象であると認識し,それらの要因に対する適切な介入が必要である。
著者
原田 利宣 吉本 富士市
出版者
日本デザイン学会
雑誌
デザイン学研究 (ISSN:09108173)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.1, pp.77-84, 2004-05-31
被引用文献数
4

日本刀は,日本人における美の原点のひとつであり,デザイナーにとっても曲線美の基準である。しかし,日本刀の曲線の曲率半径を算出し,厳密に日本刀の曲線の性質を分析した研究例はほとんどない。そこで,本研究では,60振り(刀[太刀を含む]を45振り,短刀15振り)を用いて,日本刀の曲線の性質とはいかなるものであるか,またそれらの日本刀においてどのような共通点があるのかを調べた。具体的には,まず日本刀の写真をスキャニングし,その刃先の曲線を表す点列データを画像処理で抽出した。次に,それらの点列データから曲線を創成し,筆者らの提案した曲線の性質の定量化手法によって分析を行った。その分析結果を基に,それら曲線に共通する特徴や相違点の考察を行った。その結果,太刀,刀における曲線を5つのタイプに,短刀を2つのタイプに分類することができた。また,各タイプの曲線における特徴を明らかにすることができた。加えて,それらの曲線の工業デザインヘの応用を提案した。