著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, no.2, pp.69-79, 2002-02-01

On June 26, in 2000 President Clinton announced at a historic White House ceremony that the international Human Genome Project and Cellera Genomics Corporation have both completed an initial sequencing of the human genome - the genetic blueprint for human beings. On the same day, the public and private groups that sequenced the human genome announced jointly that they have completed rough drafts of the human genome. President Clinton hailed the announcement as "the most important, most wondrous map ever produced by humankind." He said, "Today, we are learning the language in which God created life. We are gaining ever more awe for the complexity, the beauty, the wonder of God's most divine and sacred gift. With this profound new knowledge, humankind is on the verge of gaining immense, new power to heal. Genome science will have a real impact on all our lives - and even more, on the lives of our children. It will revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases." The rough draft of the entire human genome is regarded as a first glimpse of the instruction book previously known only to God, and a powerful new tool to find cures for disease. On the other hand, there are worries over discrimination in education, employment, promotion, insurance contracts, marriage and so on because of gene diagnoses and gene treatments. The General Conference of UNESCO in 1997 adopted "the Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights" in order to ban such discrimination. Recently ethical problems concerning genes and the genome have been much discussed. These problems are concerned with eugenics, especially the issue of whether the new eugenics ethically allows gene enhancement. Should society be against this new eugenics or for it? This paper examines the argument about "the theory and ethics of genetic engineering society" by a philosopher of science.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, no.2, pp.23-42, 2001-02-01

Various research programs in the "new" sociology of scientific knowledge emerged in the latter half of 1970s. British sociologists such as Barnes, Bloor, Mulkay, Collins and so forth were challenging the Mertonian functionalist sociology of science. The aim of the new sociology of scientific knowledge has been to investigate and explain the "contents" of scientific knowledge per se. Ethnomethodological studies of scientific practices were surrounded by the emergence of these "new" programs in social studies of science. Although ethnomethodological studies of science have often been understood without being distinguished from these "new" programs, it seems that ethnomethodological studies differ from these programs in their perspective on language, science and action. In spite of their commitments to a supposedly "radical" view of scientific knowledge, the new sociologies use some conventional social science terminologies and explanatory formulae, and seem caught in a trap concerning the usage of ordinary language in social science and philosophy. Garfinke's ethnomethodology appears to advocate a complete departure from these conventional views of language and science which the new programs have taken over. We will make sense of ethonomethodological studies of science by reviewing how ethonomethodology sees the "new" programs. In this paper we would like to leave a port to the sea of argumentation by regarding ethnomethodologist M. Lynch's studies of science as leading light. Ethnomethodology's agenda is, according to Lynch, to reconsider what it means to produce observations, descriptions and explanations of something "actual." Garfinkel's program is not interested in explaining scientific facts by reference to the social context of their production. The program does not try to construct comprehensive models of activities and institutions. Its objective is to examine how scientific works are produced from the disciplinary-specific Lebenswelt of scientific projects. The aim is not to explain "discovery" as a matter of "social construction" but to try to gain a better understanding of scientific work.
著者
Shiino Nobuo
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, no.1, pp.71-77, 2000-07-01

Cicourel tries to integrate structural conceptions with the contingencies of everyday social interaction. He understands social structure as accounts of situated social interaction. What is important to him is the way in which normative and situated representational devices are used to communicate human experiences and knowledge-claims of everyday social structure. He thinks that the understanding of social structure remains an accountable illusion of sociologists' common-sense knowledge unless we can reveal a procedural connection between interactional sequences among actors and structural framework. While the existing theory of status or role seems to provide a convenient shorthand for the observer to describe the actor's behaviour in social life, the notions of 'status' and 'role' as a structural feature of social order seldom point to the interactional consequences of everyday life. Cicourel thinks that any reference to the actor's perspective must cover both the researcher's and the actor's attempts to negotiate everyday activities or to organize socially acceptable behaviours over the course of social interaction in the situated settings. In this paper we examine Cicourel's social theory which deals with social interaction form within the actor's perspective over the course of the situated settings.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, pp.79-86, 1998-01-01

It is clear that there was an intimate relationship between ethnomethodology and conversation analysis in the 1960's, but latter-day conversation analysis may or may not have much to do with ethnomethodology. In the 1960's H. Sacks, together with H. Garfinkel, was explicating "demonstrably rational properties of indexical expressions." Certainly conversation analysis investgates "indexical expressions" by describing recurrent sequential actions in conversation and specifying formal rules for generating their organizational features, but its purpose is to develop a grammar for conversation. However, Garfinkel's ethnomethodological program is to investigate "the uses of grammar" (the uses of language). The original purpose in ethnomethodological studies was not to construct a formal structure of practical actions but to examine how formal structures are used in and as local courses of practical actions. Latter-day conversation analysis is not necessarily incompatible with ethnomethdological studies, but professionalized conversation analysis seems different from ethnomethodological studies in essential ways. This paper attempts to search for a possibility of ethnomethodological studies of social institutions by examining "professionalized" conversation analysis from the (postanalytic) ethnomethodological standpoint.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, pp.27-43, 1997-01-01

This paper attempts to explicate what ethnomethodological studies of science and mathematics are by considering chapters 8 & 9 of Making Sense of Ethnomethodology written by an ethnomethodological sociologist, E. Livingston. He is a leading expert in the field of ethnomethodological studies of science. He took his Ph. D in sociology at UCLA by writing The Ethnomethodological Foundations of Mathematics. His second book , Making Sense of Ethnomethodology, was written as a general introduction to ethnomethodology (EM below) , clearly presenting the features and purposes of studies in EM. EM tries to respecify the fundamental problems and methods of social science research in a radical way. Because of the technicalities of the EM's literature, difficulties in gaining access to EM's original studies and many misinterpretations of EM's studies, many professional sociologists do not seem to have a good understanding of the features and practices of EM. Dr. Livingston says, "I know of no academic discipline that suffered more at the hands of its expositors than ethnomethodology." With this in the background, the text of this book discusses many topics in EM studies, ranging from embodied settings, naturally organized ordinary activities and the problem of social order, including an introduction to conversational analysis, to the work of proving a theorem in Euclidean geometry. It provides a readable account of extended ethnomethodological studies. In Chapter 8 a statistics exercise is discussed and Chapter 9 is a self-contained introduction to EM. This chapter is said to be readable independently of the statistics exercise and to be central to the entire book.\n 本稿は,エスノメソドロジー的社会学者,エリク・リヴィングストンの著書『エスノメソドロジーを理解する』の第8章と第9章を素材にして,科学・数学のエスノメソドロジー研究とは何かを検討する試みである。彼は『数学のエスノメソドロジー的基礎づけ』でUCLAからPh. Dを取得した科学のエスノメソドロジストの第一人者である。『エスノメソドロジーを理解する』は,エスノメソドロジー(以下EMと略)へのわかりやすい一般的な入門書として書かれたものであり,EM研究の性質と目的を明確に,妥協せず紹介している。EMは,社会科学研究の基礎問題や方法のラディカルな再特定化を提示しているが,エスノメソドロジストの著作の専門性や,原型のEM研究に接触することの困難性,およびEM研究についての多くの誤解や曲解のために,一般の社会学者もEMの性質や実践を十分には理解できていないと思われる。「EMほど,解説者の手を通してひどい目に会ってきた学問分野を私は知らない」とは,リヴィングストンの言葉である。このような背景において本書のテクストは,具体的な場面・「自然に編成された普通の活動」・社会秩序問題からはじまり,会話分析入門を含んで,ユークリッド幾何学の定理の証明ワークの記述まで扱っており,広範なEM研究についての読みやすい説明を与えてくれるものである。そして本書の第8章は「統計学の練習問題」を論じており,第9章は自己充足的なEM入門であり,「統計学の練習問題」から独立して読むこともできる本書の中心部分なのである。
著者
比名 朋子 中井 祐一郎
出版者
日本生命倫理学会
雑誌
生命倫理 (ISSN:13434063)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, no.1, pp.13-21, 2015

<p> 本邦においては、人工妊娠中絶の施行条件は母体保護法によって限定されており、強姦による妊娠以外にも 身体的または経済的に母体の健康が維持できない場合に容認されている。また、その適用の可否は母体保護法指定医によって決定されるが、経済的条件(以下、経済条項と称する)が広く解釈されているために、事実上自由に人工妊娠中絶が行われているのは周知のとおりである。</p><p> 一方、生活保護法は文化的かつ健康的な生活を保証するとともに、妊娠・分娩に関しては分娩費用以外にも妊娠に伴う附帯費用を付加した経済的援助を規定しており、生活保護受給者が妊娠・分娩によって「経済的に母体の健康が維持できない」ことはない。したがって、母体保護法の経済条項を無条件に適用することには疑義が残るが、旧厚生省は生活保護法受給女性における経済条項適用を容認するとともに、福祉事務所や民生委員に経済条項適用の可否決定に関して必要な情報を提供するように通達を行っている。</p><p> しかしながら、生活保護法の主旨を具現化すべき上記公務員にとって、妊娠が生活保護受給女性の健康を維持し得ないことを主張することは不可能であり、母体保護法指定医師とともに矛盾を抱え込まざるを得ない。</p>
出版者
新住宅社
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45(514), no.6, 1990-06
著者
淺間 一 田中 宏和 井澤 淳 近藤 敏之 矢野 史朗
出版者
東京大学
雑誌
新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)
巻号頁・発行日
2014-07-10

四肢の欠損した患者や統合失調症の患者は,自分の身体への所有感が低下することや自分の運動に対して主体感が持てなくなり,健常者と比べて脳内身体表現が変容していることが知られている.本年度はこの身体所有感や運動主体感が脳内身体表現の変容に対してどのように影響を与えるのか定量的に評価し,数理モデルの構築を行った.具体的には,健常者に対してラバーバンド錯覚という現象を起こした上で,身体所有感と運動主体感がそれぞれ感じられない条件で,脳内身体表現がどのように変化するか調べた.その結果,被験者が能動的に動くことで,運動主体感は増し,ラバーバンド錯覚で呈示する腕の映像が実際のものと異なる時には,身体所有感が低下することがわかった.次に脳内身体表現の変容に対して,身体所有感と運動主体感が与える影響を定量的にモデル化した結果,対象とする被験者の数回の試行データを用いることで,変容がどの程度進むかを推定することができるようになった.またこのような知見を実際のリハビリテーションに応用可能なプラットフォームとして,バーチャルリアリティ環境の運動介入システムの実装を行った.これは使用者の腕の運動と筋活動を計測し,それをリアルタイムで使用者にフィードバックするシステムである.このシステムを使うことで,実際に使用者が行っている運動とは異なる結果を返したり,あえて運動を過剰に表示することで,運動を誘導することができることが分かった.
著者
藤原 健蔵 シャルマ R.C.
出版者
広島大学総合地誌研究資料センター
雑誌
地誌研年報 (ISSN:09155449)
巻号頁・発行日
no.2, pp.1-30, 1992-03

<特集> インド干ばつ常習地域の村落変化
著者
海田 能宏 ケシャブ・ラル・マハラジャン
出版者
京都大学東南アジア研究センター
雑誌
東南アジア研究 (ISSN:05638682)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.3, pp.403-416, 1990

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。