著者
酒井 潔
出版者
西田哲学会
雑誌
西田哲学会年報 (ISSN:21881995)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.5, pp.21-43, 2008 (Released:2020-03-24)

Goichi Miyake(1895‐1982)war zweifellos einer der bedeutendsten Schüler, die sich Kitaro Nishid(a 1870‐1945) durch seine Lehrtätigkeit in Kyoto erworben hat. Nachdem Miyake an der kaiserlichen Universität Kyoto sein Studium(1916‐19)abgeschlossen hatte, war er über zwanzig Jahre Assistenzprofessor für Wissenschaftslehre an der Kaiserlichen Universität Tohoku(Sendai). Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg lehrte er in Sendai, Kyoto und Gakushuin(Tokyo)jeweils als Ordinarius für Philosophie. Im Vergleich zu anderen Philosophen, die zur “Kyoto Schule”gehörten, wie etwa Iwao Kouyama, Keiji Nishitani, ist Miyake nicht ganz so bekannt. Denn er schrieb fast keine Essais und er nahm nicht am Motiv des “absoluten Nichts”teil. Zudem lag sein Arbeitsplatz Sendai ungefähr 700 Kilometer von Kyoto, dem damaligen Philosophenzentrum entfernt. Aber Miyakes Hochachtung für Nishida hat sich durch sein Leben hindurch nie verändert. Auch Nishida fragte Miyake oft nach seiner Meinung oder seinem Urteil. Beide diskutierten über die philosophischen Kernfragen, die im Mittelpunkt von Nishidas System stehen. Vor allem sprachen sie über die “Geschichte”. Hier entwickelte sich ein ernsthafter und kritischer Dialog. Was ist die Geschichte? Nishida und Miyake stimmen zwar darin überein, dass die Geschichte nicht als eine bloss metaphysische Konstruktion zu behandeln ist, vielmehr soll sie im Selbstbewusstsein des Einzelnen aufgewiesen werden. Aber Nishida geht weiter als Miyake, so dass alles Wirkliche in “absolut widersprüchlicher Selbstidentität”zu finden ist, d.h. idealistisch in der “Geschichte”im Nishidaschen Sinne enthalten ist. Dagegen definiert Miyake die Geschichte als einen “kontextlosen Zusammnehang der sozial funktionierenden Wirkungen”, d.h. nach Miyake soll die Identifizierung der ganzen Wirklichkeit mit der Geschichte, als eine“unrichtige Verganzheitlichung der Geschichte”, wie dies bei Nishida, Hegel, Marx u.a.der Fall ist, kritisiert werden, An diesem Dialog ist für uns heute sehr lehrreich, ja sogar überaus beeindrückend zu sehen, wie und aus welchem Grund Miyake Nishidas “Geschichts”begriff als “absolute widersprechende Selbstidentität”zu kritisieren versucht, ohne dass Miyake seinen tiefen Respekt sowohl vor der Person wie auch vor der Philosophie seines Lehrers verliert.
著者
森 芳周
出版者
日本医学哲学・倫理学会
雑誌
医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, pp.1-9, 2015-09-30 (Released:2018-02-01)

Fetal tissues and organs are useful for regenerative medicine or other medical research. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare formed a committee in 2002 to examine regulations on clinical research using human stem cells. The committee had planned to settle on regulations including for stem cells collected from dead fetuses(for example, fetal neural stem cells) though they were exempt from the regulations in the end. Thus, though fetal tissues and organs are usually used in medical research, it is not clear how dead fetuses are disposed or buried and what is the ethically proper procedure to handle them. In this article, I survey procedures for the handling of dead fetuses and their legal status in Germany to clarify the problems involved in this task. Legal regulations concerning the treatment of dead fetuses have been reformed since the late 1990s in Germany. According to the German Civil Status Act, parents of a stillborn child, that is, a dead fetus weighing more than 500g, may register the child's name in birth records. Though a miscarried child, that is, a dead fetus weighing less than 500g, cannot be registered in any records, a certification is issued in which the child's name is entered in accordance with the parents' request. As for burial, it is governed by the law of each state. Most states require parents to bury a fetus when it exceeds a certain weight, and permit burial of a fetus upon parents' request if the weight is below threshold. These regulations were induced as a result of petitions from parents who had experienced a miscarriage or a stillbirth. Thus, when considering the procedures to treat dead fetuses, both the dignity of the unborn child and the feelings of the bereaved parents must be taken into account.
著者
長田 蔵人
出版者
日本医学哲学・倫理学会
雑誌
医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.27, pp.60-68, 2009-10-01 (Released:2018-02-01)

We usually recognize instinctively that it is unreasonable to be blamed for something beyond our control or expectations, and that we should be morally evaluated in terms of motives or intensions, which are insusceptible to luck. On the other hand, however, we admit in many cases that luck exerts some influence on agents' moral evaluations. This inconsistency has long been discussed as the problem of 'moral luck'. This paper shows that the same inconsistency can be found in our attitude toward medical malpractice, and considers how to deal with it. According to D. Dickenson, who introduced the concept of moral luck into discussions of medical ethics, bad luck in medical accidents means doctors' misfortune of being blamed for inevitable accidents that occur beyond their control. Medical malpractice, which is caused by negligence and therefore can be prevented, is thus excluded from her consideration. Contrary to this, this paper argues that even regarding cases of negligence, if there are structural, technical factors that can induce such negligence, anybody could make medical errors, and it is in this sense that there exists moral luck in the cases of malpractice. This consideration leads us to the following conclusions; (1) even in the cases of negligence, it may be unreasonable to inflict criminal punishment on doctors, for we cannot clearly distinguish according to criminal law between cases of vicious negligence and those of mere moral luck; (2) a criminal suit is not a proper means to investigate what really occurs in medical malpractice.
著者
菅原 潤
出版者
日本医学哲学・倫理学会
雑誌
医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, pp.21-30, 2006-10-24 (Released:2018-02-01)

The German philosopher Juergen Habermas, who emphasizes the significance of communicative rationality in constructing social theories, has recently made active proposals in bioethics. To the extent that he insists on duties analogous to moral ones with regard to the moral status of animals, he remains in step with the opinions of some English-speaking ethical theorists. Indeed his acceptance of communications between men and other animals is consistent in part with the position of Peter Singer, who represents such opinions and objects to differentiating between humans and animals with reference to moral duties. However, Habermas fears that valuing various lives only for their sensible capacities, regardless of special differences, might result in assignment of priority to the lives of healthy higher animals over those of handicapped babies, and therefore maintains that we are after all different from the other animals in moral status. This conclusion by Habermas is built on the philosophical edifice of Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, the author of the Dialectic of enlightenment, in accordance with the idea that we should not instrumentalize the living activities of humen beings. This is why he insists that research in reproductive medicine should be carefully considered. Accordingly, his attitude toward bioethics results in a kind of anthropocentrism, though we must not overlook the need for expansion of communicative relasions between humans and other animal species. The opinions of Habermas on bioethics have affected the ethics of nature, as outlined by Angelika Krebs and Martin Seel under the influence of Frankfurt School in the contemporary Germany.
著者
伊藤 幸郎
出版者
日本医学哲学・倫理学会
雑誌
医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, pp.69-75, 2004-10-18 (Released:2018-02-01)

What is meant when a doctor says, "You are healthy" after the health examination? Is it possible to diagnose a person to be healthy? In fact, this question comes from a confusion between science and values. Health is not a scientific term but a value-laden, normative concept. So your doctor can only say "I couldn't find any disease," not "You are healthy." Clinical medicine textbooks describe many diseases, but they never give a working definition of "health". There are many diseases to be diagnosed but only one "health." "Health" is unique for each person and stands outside any medical investigations. When one tries to define health he will tend to fall into a circular discussion: Health is an absence of diseases and disease is a lack of health. One typical definition of health has been given by the WHO (1946). The WHO defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Some critics say that the WHO definition merely replaced the word "health" with "well-being." Many philosophers have proposed non-circular, positive definitions of health. However, like the WHO, they eventually fall into theories of happiness, which are very important, but cannot be applied to medicine as science. In contrast to clinical, the textbooks of public health education have rich descriptions of health. Public health officers also stress the importance of health. As shown in the slogan "health promotion," the health and disease of a population is recognized as a quantitative concept which may increase or decrease. In conclusion, health examinations don't diagnose a person as being healthy. All we can do is a massscreening of diseases. The true meaning of health depends on each person's view of happiness and as such, it is not a pure medical problem.
著者
神山 和好
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.1, pp.31-37, 1998-12-25 (Released:2010-05-07)
参考文献数
15

2人がレストランで夕食をともにしていたとする。突然, 隣のテーブルで, カップルが大声で言い争いを始めた。一方が他方の目をみつめ, 嫌悪の表情を見せた。通常の場合この状況で, 隣のテーブルでいさかいが始まったということは2人の間で明白であり, 疑問の余地はなかろう。このようなとき, 隣のテーブルでいさかいが始まったということが2人の間で「共有知識」(common knowledge) のであると言われる。共有知識の概念は, 1969年に哲学者のデービッド・ルイス (Lewis, 1969) が導入し, 少し後1976年に, ゲーム理論家のロバート・オーマン (Aumann, 1976) がそれに形式的表現を与えた。それまで暗黙理に要請されてきた, ゲームの規則やプレーヤーの合理性などに対するプレーヤー間での共有知識の仮定をモデルの中に組み込む可能性を開いたという点で, オーマンの形式化はゲーム理論にとって示唆的であった。マイケル・バカラック (Bacharach, 1985) による認知論理を用いた基礎づけを経て, 今日, 共有知識はゲーム理論の鍵概念の一つである。認知およびコミュニケーションの成立や行為の合理性, 倫理性の説明に際して, 個人間で多重に共有されたものの分析は不可欠であろう。しかし, 従来の認識論においてこの契機が主題として分析されることはなかった。この空白を埋めているという点でゲーム理論における共有知識の分析は認識論にとっても重要である。共有知識に関連する基本的問題の一つに, 共有知識を一般にどのように定義するかという問題がある。共有知識の標準的な定義は次のものである (簡単のためプレーヤーが2人のケースで述べる) : 〈事柄Eについて「1はEを知っている, かつ, 2もEを知っている, かつ, 1は2がEを知っていることを知っている, かつ, 2は1がEを知っていることを知っている, かつ, …」が成り立つとき, Eは2人の間で共有知識である〉。「~は知っている」という知識命題が主語を変えて交互に繰り返しあらわれるこのタイプの定義を「共有知識の反復的概念」(iterated notion of common knowledge) と言う。この定義の難点としてしばしば指摘されてきたのは, それが無限連言を含み実証不可能であるという点である。ゲーム理論家たちもたとえば次のように述べている。「反復的定義の欠点は, それが説明と記述の力を若干欠いている点である。いかに合理的な人間 (homo rationalis) であっても, 無限に多くの言明の正しさを一つ一つチェックすることは不可能である」 (Monderer and Samet, 1989, p.171) そこで, この難点を避ける共有知識の定式化-共有知識の有限的定式化-が追究されてきた。オーマン以来の標準的な意味論的分析の伝統に限ったとしても(1), そのような有限的定式化は2種類ある。オーマンに由来する「共通可能性集合」 (common possibility set) の概念を用いる定義, 「公共的事象」 (public event) の概念を用いる比較的最近の定義の2つである。それら有限的な定義を「共有知識の」定式化と呼べるのはなぜであろうか。通常ここで頼りにされるのは, 個人の知識 (「個人iはEを知っている」という命題) に対する一定の要請のもとでそれらが反復的概念と同値になるという事実である。実際, 認知論理S5もしくはS4に相当する知識モデルにおいて, それらは反復的概念と同値である (Bacharach, 1985, Binmore and Brandenburger, 1990)。しかし, この説明が多少なりとも説得力をもつためにはそれら知識モデルがある程度弱い (自然な) ものである必要がある。個人の知識のモデルとしてS5やS4はかなり強い。同値の成立のために, S5やS4という強いシステムは必要であろうか。本論で示すように (命題1), それらは必要ではなく, 基本的にはS5やS4の一部である「バーカン公理」 (もしくは単調性の要請) だけで十分である。しかし, ここで問題が終わるわけではない。しばしば指摘されるように, バーカン公理は個人に「論理的全知」(logical omniscience) のを要請する点で方法論上大きな問題を含んでいる。以下, 共有知識の特徴づけ問題を例にとり, 共有知識の分析にとってバーカン公理が鍵となる要請であることをあらためて示すとともに, それへの依存を除去する方法論上のプログラムを素描する。
著者
上田 知夫
出版者
The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌
科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.49, no.1, pp.19-35, 2016-07-31 (Released:2016-11-10)
参考文献数
27

This paper aims to analyze the content expressed by a belief report, which is a sort of assertions, in terms of Conceptual Role Semantics (CRS). CRS focuses on normative aspects of assertions called “conceptual roles.” According to CRS, the conceptual role of an assertion, which is a pair of entitlement and commitment of the assertion, is nothing but its semantic content. Since CRS is holistic, this paper focuses on the relevant notion of whole. In this paper, the individualistic notion of whole (narrow content theory) and the social notion of whole (wide content theory) are compared by analyzing belief reports. I will argue that the wide content theory is a better alternative than narrow content theory.
著者
北島 雄一郎
出版者
The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌
科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.1, pp.49-64, 2015-07-31 (Released:2015-11-08)
参考文献数
21

‘Quantum Enigma: An Introduction to Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics’ is an introductory Japanese book for readers who are not familiar with philosophical problems in quantum mechanics. This book consists of three parts: the preliminary knowledge of philosophy of quantum mechanics, the interpretation problem of quantum mechanics, and philosophical problems except for the interpretation problem. In the present review, I make several critical comments on the descriptions in the book.

3 0 0 0 OA 脳と心

著者
糸川 昌成
出版者
The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌
科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.2, pp.53-68, 2014-12-20 (Released:2015-11-08)
参考文献数
18

Schizophrenia is severe mental disorder. A genetic study is thought to be effective to reveal pathophysiology of schizophrenia since genetic factors are involved in developing the disease. Molecular biology has been performed to detect etiology of the mental illness. However, genetic studies have not found a causative mutation from patients with schizophrenia because the psychotic illness is large heterogeneous syndrome, not homogeueous disease. Mind is depending upon central nervous systems but is not equal to the brain. We need to study on not only the brain but also the mind.
著者
金杉 武司
出版者
The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌
科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, no.2, pp.47-63, 2012 (Released:2016-01-15)
参考文献数
11

Self-deception has traditionally been conceived as a phenomenon in which one is motivated by a desire that P to deceive oneself intentionally to form a belief that P despite his/her possession of a belief that not P. It has been argued, however, that this traditional conception is confronted with two paradoxes precisely because it construes self-deception in such a manner. Consequently, in recent years, an increasing number of philosophers have come to abandon the traditional conception of self-deception to deny that a self-deceiving subject owns a belief that not P and/or that self-deception is intentional. Against this backdrop, this paper argues that some of phenomena called “self-deception” should nonetheless be conceived under the traditional framework and, further, explores a possibility for avoiding the paradoxes under the traditional conception.