著者

向田 久美子 坂元 章 村田 光二 高木 栄作

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.159-169, 2001

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A panel study of 543 Japanese college students was conducted before and after the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 to explore the impact of the Olympics on the images of foreign countries. In general, the images of 17 countries including Japan have changed favorably after the Olympics. The more they have exposed themselves to Olympic reports on the media, the more they have changed the images. Individual differences had a small, but negative effect. For example, those who were not satisfied with the result of the Olympics tended to change the images unfavorably. Though the perception of similarity between Japan and each country has also increased through the Olympics, the correlation of the index of positive image and the perception of similarity was not high. It suggested that the images of foreign countries and the perception of similarity could have changed through respective processes.

著者

上林 憲司 田戸岡 好香 石井 国雄 村田 光二

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.130-138, 2016 (Released:2016-09-07)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

2 3

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社会における善悪判断を左右する道徳性が,外的要因により意識されないまま変化することが知られている。本研究は道徳性に変化を及ぼす要因の一つとして,着衣に注目した。特に,道徳性が白色および黒色と結びついていることに基づき,白色または黒色の着衣が,着用者の道徳性に関する自己認知に及ぼす影響を検討した。参加者は白色または黒色の衣服を着用した状態で,自己と道徳性の潜在的な結びつきを測る潜在連合テスト(IAT)に取り組んだ。その後,道徳性について顕在的な自己評定を行った。その結果,潜在認知と顕在認知のどちらにおいても,白服着用者の方が黒服着用者より,自己を道徳的に捉えていた。これらの結果を踏まえ,着衣が認知や行動に影響を及ぼす過程や,道徳性を変化させる要因について議論した。

著者

道家 瑠見子 村田 光二

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.104-110, 2007

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The research into decision-making has shown that people express less regret in a repeating choice than in a switching choice (i.e., the status quo effect). However, recent research has suggested that when a prior experience was negative, less regret was expressed in a switching choice than in a repeating choice (i.e., the reversal of the status quo effect). We conducted a replication using different scenarios to examine the conditions in which those effects would occur. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the valence (positive, negative) of a prior experience and asked the participants to rate how much regret they thought the decision-maker would have felt. As predicted, the status quo effect occurred in the positive-experience condition, and the reversal of it occurred in the negative-experience condition. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the levels of the decision-maker's responsibility. The results suggested that a stronger reversal effect was observed in the high responsibility condition. The limitation and the implication of these findings for regret research are discussed.

著者

加藤 樹里 村田 光二

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.138-145, 2013-06-25 (Released:2013-09-01)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1 1

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Two experiments investigated whether emotional responses of “kandoh” (the state of being emotionally moved) associated with sadness were facilitated by the factors of “finitude salience” and “social value intention”. We predicted that participants who strongly intended social value would be more strongly moved by movies that portrayed social values than participants who weakly intended social value. Furthermore we predicted that this difference would increase in the finitude salience condition. In both experiments, participants assigned to the finitude salience condition subtracted the years of the person’s birth from death. In the control condition, participants performed the same task in the form of simple numerical calculations. Then all participants watched a movie that portrayed family love and death in Experiment 1 (N = 88). We used another movie that described friendship and separation in Experiment 2 (N = 82). The results supported the two hypotheses that social value intention facilitated emotional responses of “kandoh” and this effect increased under finitude salience.

著者

加藤 樹里 村田 光二

出版者

日本感情心理学会

雑誌

感情心理学研究 (ISSN:18828817)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.82-91, 2017-02-28 (Released:2017-04-06)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of finitude salience and the meditational effect of uncovering the social values on the emotional responses of being moved. We tested the hypothesis that the narrative depiction of separation as finitude salience would result in readers uncovering the social values of the story, and increase their emotional responses of being moved. Participants read a novel whose theme was friendship with or without the depiction of separation. Then, all the participants rated the extent to which they were moved by the novel. As hypothesized, our results indicated that participants who read the novel that depicted separation were more strongly moved. In addition, mediational data demonstrated that the effect of the depiction of separation on being moved could be explained by the participants' uncovering of the social values of the story.

著者

田戸岡 好香 村田 光二

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.46-56, 2010

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Suppressing stereotypical thoughts ironically leads to a rebound effect (i.e., an increase in the accessibility of the stereotypes after suppression). Past research has shown that using the counter-stereotypes (e.g., that the elderly are competent) as replacement thoughts was not successful in diminishing the rebound effect. In this research, based on the stereotype content model, we hypothesized that on suppressing one dimension of the stereotype (i.e., incompetence) another dimension (i.e., warmth) could be an effective and practical replacement. Specifically, we tested whether participants who suppressed the incompetence-related aspects of elderly stereotypes would diminish the rebound if they used warmth-related aspects of the elderly as a replacement. Experiment 1 confirmed the rebound effect after suppressing incompetence-related aspects of the elderly, and experiments 2 and 3 examined the effect of the thought-replacement strategy. On suppressing incompetence of the elderly, participants who focused on warmth-related aspects decreased the rebound effect compared to those who focused on the counterstereotypes. We discussed the efficacy of using another dimension of stereotypes to prevent the rebound effect.

著者

田戸岡 好香 村田 光二

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.46-56, 2010-08-31 (Released:2017-02-21)

被引用文献数

8

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Suppressing stereotypical thoughts ironically leads to a rebound effect (i.e., an increase in the accessibility of the stereotypes after suppression). Past research has shown that using the counter-stereotypes (e.g., that the elderly are competent) as replacement thoughts was not successful in diminishing the rebound effect. In this research, based on the stereotype content model, we hypothesized that on suppressing one dimension of the stereotype (i.e., incompetence) another dimension (i.e., warmth) could be an effective and practical replacement. Specifically, we tested whether participants who suppressed the incompetence-related aspects of elderly stereotypes would diminish the rebound if they used warmth-related aspects of the elderly as a replacement. Experiment 1 confirmed the rebound effect after suppressing incompetence-related aspects of the elderly, and experiments 2 and 3 examined the effect of the thought-replacement strategy. On suppressing incompetence of the elderly, participants who focused on warmth-related aspects decreased the rebound effect compared to those who focused on the counterstereotypes. We discussed the efficacy of using another dimension of stereotypes to prevent the rebound effect.

著者

加藤 樹里 村田 光二

出版者

日本感情心理学会

雑誌

感情心理学研究 (ISSN:18828817)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.Supplement, pp.31-31, 2014 (Released:2014-12-05)

著者

井上 裕珠 村田 光二

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.1, pp.1-8, 2014-04-25 (Released:2014-04-15)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1 2

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Envy is an unpleasant emotion caused by comparison with a person who possesses something we desire. We conducted two studies to test our prediction that less envy would be felt when the person could attain what others had. In Study 1, participants read scenarios in which their friend could achieve a goal which they could not, and rated their emotions toward the friend. We manipulated the attainability according to whether the goal could be achieved by effort. In Study 2, participants competed with a confederate, and were informed that their performance was worse than that of the confederate. Afterwards the attainability was manipulated by either informing the participants that the possibility of improving their ability was very low or high. Then participants rated their emotions toward the confederate, and we also checked whether the participants had helped the confederate. As predicted, our findings demonstrated that those in the high attainability condition felt envy less than those in the low attainability condition, but showed no significant differences in helping behavior.

著者

小森 めぐみ 村田 光二

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.2-14, 2010 (Released:2010-08-19)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

3

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本研究では,社会的状況を手がかりとした自発的感情推論が生じるかどうかを,そして視点取得がその推論に果たす役割を,記憶課題を用いて検討した。実験1では,参加者はさまざまな状況に置かれた人物についての記述文を記憶した。記述文から推論される感情語が後に手がかりとして呈示された場合には,手がかりがない場合と比べて記述文の再生が促進されることが示された。実験2では,参加者は特定の感情が表出された人物の顔と名前の対を記憶した。その表情が事前に呈示された同一人物の記述から推論される感情と一致する場合には,そうでない場合と比べて対連合記憶課題の成績が良いことが示された。これらの傾向は視点取得した場合(実験1)にはより強く見られ,状況に注目した場合(実験2)には記憶課題全体の成績を向上させた。二つの実験で見られた記憶の促進効果は,人が表情などの表出行動からだけでなく,他者の置かれた状況からも,その人の感情を自発的に推論する場合があることを示しているだろう。また,視点取得が他者の置かれた状況への注目を強め,推論を促進させる可能性も示しているだろう。

著者

田戸岡 好香 石井 国雄 村田 光二

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.2, pp.112-124, 2015 (Released:2015-03-26)

参考文献数

24

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ステレオタイプ抑制後にはステレオタイプのアクセスビリティが増加するリバウンド効果が生起する。これまでの抑制研究では,スキンヘッド男性のような少数派や高齢者のような地位が低いとみなされる対象に関する抑制が扱われてきたが,本研究では嫉妬的ステレオタイプを抑制した後のリバウンド効果について検討した。ステレオタイプ内容モデルによれば,我々は成功した外集団に対して有能だが冷たいとみなすことがある。ただし,そうした対象をいつも冷たいとみなすわけではなく,特に競争意識を知覚した時にネガティブな特性が顕現的になることが示されている。そこで,本研究では,抑制対象に対する競争意識の知覚がリバウンド効果の生起を調整することを検討した。参加者はキャリア女性(実験1)もしくはエリート男性(実験2)が他者と働いている場面を記述した。その際,半数の参加者にはその人物の冷たいというイメージを抑制するよう教示し,半数にはそういった教示は与えなかった。その後,ステレオタイプのアクセスビリティを測定した。実験の結果,抑制対象に競争意識を感じやすい場合にはリバウンド効果が生起し,感じにくい場合にはリバウンド効果が生起しなかった。ステレオタイプ抑制を対人認知の観点から検討することの意義について考察した。

著者

樋口 収 道家 瑠見子 尾崎 由佳 村田 光二

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.148-157, 2011 (Released:2011-03-08)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 1

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他者との良好な関係を維持したいという欲求は,根源的なものであるとされる。先行研究では,そのような動機から,被害者は時間の経過とともに加害者を許すことが示されている(Wohl & McGrath, 2007)。このことから,本研究は重要他者との葛藤を思い出したとき,被害者は加害者よりも当該出来事を遠くに感じる可能性について検討した。実験1では,参加者に重要他者との間に起きた過去の葛藤を被害者あるいは加害者の立場から想起させ,当該出来事をどの程度遠くに感じるかに回答させた。その結果,被害者は加害者よりも当該出来事を遠くに感じていた。実験2では,参加者に重要他者あるいは非重要他者との間に起きた葛藤を被害者あるいは加害者の立場から想起させ,当該出来事をどの程度遠くに感じるかに回答させた。その結果,重要他者との葛藤を思い出した場合には被害者の方が加害者よりも出来事を遠くに感じていたが,非重要他者との葛藤を思い出した場合には被害者と加害者の間で有意な差はみられなかった。これらの結果は,仮説と一貫しており,他者との良好な関係を維持したいという欲求が自伝的記憶の再構成に及ぼす影響を議論した。

著者

加藤 樹里 村田 光二

出版者

日本感情心理学会

雑誌

感情心理学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.82-91, 2017

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of finitude salience and the meditational effect of uncovering the social values on the emotional responses of being moved. We tested the hypothesis that the narrative depiction of separation as finitude salience would result in readers uncovering the social values of the story, and increase their emotional responses of being moved. Participants read a novel whose theme was friendship with or without the depiction of separation. Then, all the participants rated the extent to which they were moved by the novel. As hypothesized, our results indicated that participants who read the novel that depicted separation were more strongly moved. In addition, mediational data demonstrated that the effect of the depiction of separation on being moved could be explained by the participants' uncovering of the social values of the story.

著者

ターン 有加里ジェシカ 村田 光二 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.77-82, 2018 (Released:2018-12-21)

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There are a considerable number of cases reported that an ex-convict's children are negatively perceived even though they themselves have not committed a crime. However, there are few quantitative researches and reasons for the negative perception have not been discussed well. This study hypothesized that the negative perception is associative stigma, and a reason for the stigma is genetic essentialism. Associative stigma is the tendency to being stigmatized or devalued based on his or her association with a stigmatized person. Genetic essentialism is the tendency to ascribe genes as a fixed and underlying nature to members of a category. An experiment was conducted, where all the participants were shown two separated vignettes of a middle-aged man who was a murderer, and of a boy who slapped his classmate. Also, the participants were given a minimum amount of information about the relationships between the two protagonists; they were randomly divided into three conditions, Child-by-blood condition (CBB), Child-by-adoption condition (CBA), and Unrelated condition (URL). If the hypothesis is supported, the boy would be perceived negatively most by CBB and least by URL. The results showed that while the boy was perceived more negatively by CBB than by URL when the perception of the middle-aged man, the murderer, was controlled, there was no such difference between CBA and URL. Although there was no difference between CBB and CBA, which contradicts with the hypothesis that genetic essentialism is a reason for the stigma, considering that there was a significant difference only between CBB and URL and not between CBA and URL, there is the possibility of the existence of genetic essentialism.

著者

道家 瑠見子 村田 光二

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.150-158, 2009 (Released:2009-03-26)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

3 3

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本研究は,僅差の失敗では予期的後悔が経験後悔よりも過大推測され,インパクト・バイアスが見られることを示したGilbert et al.(2004)の研究を追試し,先行研究と同様の結果を追認した。加えて,本研究では失敗の直後と10分後の2時点で後悔を測定し,後悔の持続時間のインパクト・バイアスについても検討した。参加者は,魅力的な賞品の当たるクイズに参加し,僅差,もしくは大差ではずれた場合の後悔の程度を予測,または報告させた。その際,半数の参加者にはクイズにはずれた直後と10分後の後悔の程度を予期させた。残りの半分の参加者には,直後と10分後に実際に経験した後悔の程度を回答させた。その結果,予想していた通り,クイズにはずれた直後も10分後も僅差条件では,経験後悔よりも予期的後悔の方が程度が大きく,インパクト・バイアスが見られた。他方,大差条件では,経験後悔と予期的後悔の間には差が認められず,インパクト・バイアスが見られなかった。時間経過に伴い,予期的後悔も経験後悔もクイズにはずれた10分後には直後よりも強度が弱まっていた。考察では後悔の持続時間のインパクト・バイアスとそれが消失する条件について議論した。

著者

高木 彩 村田 光二

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.216-223, 2005

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The purpose of the present study was to reconsider social annoyance as a discrepancy in normative focus in line with norm-focus theory (Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren, 1990). We conducted two experiments to examine the hypothesis that a discrepancy in normative focus between the actor and the observer would make the behavior seem less annoying than when there is consistency between them. Results showed that participants who focused on the same norm as the actors evaluated the action as less annoying than those who focused on a different norm. However, the focal norms did not influence the emergence of behavior that was considered social annoyance. Therefore, the hypothesis was partially supported. A discussion on the emergence of social annoyance in terms of norm-focus theory was conducted.

著者

井上 裕珠 村田 光二

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.1, pp.1-8, 2014

被引用文献数

2

---

Envy is an unpleasant emotion caused by comparison with a person who possesses something we desire. We conducted two studies to test our prediction that less envy would be felt when the person could attain what others had. In Study 1, participants read scenarios in which their friend could achieve a goal which they could not, and rated their emotions toward the friend. We manipulated the attainability according to whether the goal could be achieved by effort. In Study 2, participants competed with a confederate, and were informed that their performance was worse than that of the confederate. Afterwards the attainability was manipulated by either informing the participants that the possibility of improving their ability was very low or high. Then participants rated their emotions toward the confederate, and we also checked whether the participants had helped the confederate. As predicted, our findings demonstrated that those in the high attainability condition felt envy less than those in the low attainability condition, but showed no significant differences in helping behavior.

著者

埴田 健司 村田 光二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.307-317, 2013-09-01 (Released:2014-12-05)

参考文献数

26

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In general, people tend to associate men with work-related concepts and women with home-related concepts. In this study, we examined whether these beliefs about sex-roles that people had implicitly and also explicitly were influenced by remembering exemplars of homemakers (i.e., traditional women) or career women (i.e., nontradi-tional women). Participants were asked to remember as many exemplars of traditional or nontraditional women as they could and write down their names. Following this manipulation, they completed the paper-and-pencil IAT measuring their implicit asso-ciations between gender and concepts related to work and home. They then completed a measure of explicit belief about sex-roles. The results showed that participants who remembered exemplars of nontraditional women revealed weaker implicit male-work and female-home associations than participants who remembered exemplars of tradi-tional women. On the other hand, the explicit belief about sex-roles was not influenced by the type of the remembered women exemplars. These results suggested that the belief that people have implicitly about sex-roles might depend on the type of women exemplars activated in situation. Finally, we discussed possible processes of the change in implicit belief about sex-roles.

著者

道家 瑠見子 村田 光二

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.104-110, 2007-08-01 (Released:2017-02-08)

被引用文献数

1

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The research into decision-making has shown that people express less regret in a repeating choice than in a switching choice (i.e., the status quo effect). However, recent research has suggested that when a prior experience was negative, less regret was expressed in a switching choice than in a repeating choice (i.e., the reversal of the status quo effect). We conducted a replication using different scenarios to examine the conditions in which those effects would occur. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the valence (positive, negative) of a prior experience and asked the participants to rate how much regret they thought the decision-maker would have felt. As predicted, the status quo effect occurred in the positive-experience condition, and the reversal of it occurred in the negative-experience condition. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the levels of the decision-maker's responsibility. The results suggested that a stronger reversal effect was observed in the high responsibility condition. The limitation and the implication of these findings for regret research are discussed.

著者

田戸岡 好香 石井 国雄 村田 光二

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.2, pp.112-124, 2015

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ステレオタイプ抑制後にはステレオタイプのアクセスビリティが増加するリバウンド効果が生起する。これまでの抑制研究では,スキンヘッド男性のような少数派や高齢者のような地位が低いとみなされる対象に関する抑制が扱われてきたが,本研究では嫉妬的ステレオタイプを抑制した後のリバウンド効果について検討した。ステレオタイプ内容モデルによれば,我々は成功した外集団に対して有能だが冷たいとみなすことがある。ただし,そうした対象をいつも冷たいとみなすわけではなく,特に競争意識を知覚した時にネガティブな特性が顕現的になることが示されている。そこで,本研究では,抑制対象に対する競争意識の知覚がリバウンド効果の生起を調整することを検討した。参加者はキャリア女性(実験1)もしくはエリート男性(実験2)が他者と働いている場面を記述した。その際,半数の参加者にはその人物の冷たいというイメージを抑制するよう教示し,半数にはそういった教示は与えなかった。その後,ステレオタイプのアクセスビリティを測定した。実験の結果,抑制対象に競争意識を感じやすい場合にはリバウンド効果が生起し,感じにくい場合にはリバウンド効果が生起しなかった。ステレオタイプ抑制を対人認知の観点から検討することの意義について考察した。