著者

小林 啓志 原 剛 西牟田 祐二 大野 彰 三上 敦史

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.68-108, 1996-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

小林 達也

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.76-86, 1995-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

北林 雅志

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.42-70,iii, 1992-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

被引用文献数

1

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In the last quarter of the 19th century, the history of eastern banking was dominated by the depreciation of silver in terms of gold. The continuous decline in the value of silver was a problem for all eastern exchange banks. The Oriental Bank, which was the largest bank in Asia, fell into a business crisis and stopped payment in 1884. Under these circumstances, the Hongkong Bank extended their business, made remunerative profits and became the largest bank in Asia. How could the Hongkong Bank get over the difficulties produced by the exchange fluctuation, and grow up in such bad times? The Hongkong Bank's activities in this era were marked by the Even Keel Policy. One purpose of this article attempts to examine what the Even Keel Policy was through contemporary evidence. Even though the Hongkong Bank adopted the Even Keel Policy, the Bank could not overcome all difficulties. The Bank suffered considerable losses on the exchange business in 1886. The other purpose of this article is to try to investigate why the Bank suffered heavy losses in 1886. The foreign exchange banks had to lay in fund largely at Hankow as preparation for the Chinese tea season. They had remitted a very large amount of their funds to Hankow in Shansi bankers' drafts since 1875. But this mode of remittance was stopped by the Shanghai financial crisis of 1883. Therefore, the Hongkong Bank had to send their fund in the form of “Sycee” to Hankow. In the spring of 1886, the silver panic happened suddenly, when the Hongkong Bank remitted large “Sycee” to Hankow. As a result, the Hongkong Bank could not avoid suffering heavy losses from the silver panic of 1886.

著者

小林 袈裟治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.76-88, 1986-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

北林 雅志

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.4, pp.1-28, 1987-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

被引用文献数

1

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The price of silver began to fall after 1873. The silver question was one of the most difficult problems facing British colonial banks in the 19th century. British colonial banks, whose operations involved financial transfers between Europe and Asia, suffered from constant fluctuations in exchange rates. This paper is an attempt to investigate how British colonial banks coped with this problem.The violent fluctuations in exchange rates were undermining their business with all silver using countries by introducing into it a strong element of speculation and uncertainty. Under these circumstances, the nature of China's foreign trade, especially the import trade, was undergoing a cmplete change from the late 1880s to the early 1890s, The very unsettled state of exchange rates had been compelling foreign importers to alter their mode of doing business, the socalled “Indent trade”. Under this “Indent trade”, a good deal of the import business passed into the hands of chinese merchants, while foreign importers were becoming merely commission agents. After the Indian mints stopped producing silver coinage in June 1893, the bulk of the “Indent trade” changed from a silver basis to a sterling basis. At this stage, it became possible for manufacturers in Manchester to quote for their piece goods in sterling and to obtain payment by drawing bills of exchange payable sterling on chinese indentors. In this system, the exchange risks inherent in the trade were transferred to chinese importers.As a result, sterling bills came to be widely used in the East and most of the “Indent trade” was conducted on a sterling basis. Through this mode of business, British colonial banks were able to carry on exchange operations on a stable basis, and to make remunerative profits.

著者

小林 惟司

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.38-64, 1985-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

小林 正彬

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.1-36,i, 1984-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

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O.S.K. (Osaka Shosen Kaisha), a small shipping company covering only the Inland Sea of Japan, was established in 1884. And it has been one of the two large shipping companies (O.S.K. and N.Y.K.) having the regular ocean routes since 1909.As compared with N.Y.K. (Nihon Yusen Kaisha), O.S.K. has achieved a great expansion under the good labor management and active strategies of leading executives.This article tries to clarify why O.S.K. could catch up with N.Y.K.. From the viewpoint of the labor management, there are four reasons : First, after Tokugoro Nakahashi took office as the fourth president of the company in 1898, he employed many talented college graduates as staff members. Second, the employees were well treated even in extreme depression. Third, this company had a more adequate system of Yobiin (the seamen reserved for sailing the regular ocean routes) than N.Y.K. did. Fourth, since captains and engineers of superior ability were promoted to executives, the labor and the management cooperated well with each other.This article emphasizes the last two of them : one is Yobiin system, the other is the good labor-management relations in O.S.K..

著者

小林 袈裟治 森川 英正

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.74-85, 1979-09-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

小林 袈裟治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.95-98, 1979-03-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

小林 正彬

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.102-105, 1977-10-15 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

林 善義

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.34-45, 1976-07-20 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

小林 袈裟治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.51-53, 1975-08-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

小林 袈裟治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.61-64, 1972-05-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

小林 袈裟治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.3, pp.34-50, 1971-08-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

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The pay roll books of the McCormick works in Chicago show us the fact that, through the later part of the nineteenth century, the production of the reaping machine has been done with a kind of seasonal rhythm reached the peak in June. The peak was then followed by the sharp decline in employment which was practiced through a layoff, especilly, of the unskilled workers.Although this came from the historical fact that the reaper production was linked with the harvest season of the crops such as winter wheat, a layoff was, eventually, institutionalized in the industry.This paper intends to throw some lights on the labor management and examine the entrepreneurial significance of the layoff system on the growth of the enterprise.

著者

小林 袈裟治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.92-94, 1969-10-25 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

小林 袈裟治

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.64-84,iii, 1967-09-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

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This paper deals with a cotton manufacturing company in Manchester, New Hampshire, promoted by a group of entrepreneurs known as the “Boston Associates.” Started as a small establishment in the 1830's, this company had grown in the space of a century to one of the largest-scale and highest quality companies in the industry. But though the mills in Manchester were firmly established, the management of the company in Boston was totally unsuited to meeting the changing situation in the early 20th century. One of the causes of the company's bankruptcy in the 1930's was attributed to mismanagement by the executives.With an emphasis on the functions, respectively, of the company treasurer and of the local mill agent, this paper analyzes the relationship between decision-making and execution, and discusses some of the characteristics of business enterprises controlled by the so-called general entrepreneurs of 19th century America.

著者

小林 龍太郎 遠藤 雅人 吉崎 悟朗 竹内 俊郎

出版者

日本水産學會

雑誌

日本水産学会誌 (ISSN:00215392)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.5, pp.646-651, 2002-09-15

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

3 12

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本研究ではティラピアOreochromis niloticusの近赤外光に対する感受性の測定を試みるとともに,その系統差を明らかにするために,回転ドラム追従実験装置を用いた実験を行った。供試魚は異なる2系統各200尾で,照射光は可視光と波長限界700,750,780,800nmの5種類を用いた。その結果,全ての個体が可視光下および波長限界700nmの光で感受性を示した。しかし,波長限界800nmの光では全個体が感知不可能であった。感知できる最も長波長側の波長限界は1系統が750nmであったのに対し,もう一方の系統は780nmであり,同一種において系統差のあることが明らかとなった。

著者

安部 正真 橘 省吾 小林 桂 伊藤 元雄 渡邊 誠一郎

出版者

日本惑星科学会

雑誌

日本惑星科学会誌遊星人 (ISSN:0918273X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.28-37, 2020-03-25 (Released:2020-05-22)

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探査機「はやぶさ2」は小惑星リュウグウ表面での試料採取のための二回の着陸運用を成功させ,現在,地球帰還に向けて,飛行中である.2020年末に地球に届けられるリュウグウ試料は,地球帰還から6ヶ月の期間,JAXAキュレーション施設内に設置された専用のクリーンチャンバーの中で,地球大気にさらされず,窒素ガス中で初期記載される.その後,一部試料に対し,外部機関でのJAXA主導の高次キュレーションならびに「はやぶさ2」科学チームによる初期分析がおこなわれる.地球帰還から18ヶ月後には,それらの分析結果はカタログ化され,国際公募による分析に試料が配布される.本稿では,初期記載,高次キュレーション,初期分析に関し,それぞれの目的や実施内容,計画について示し,国際公募開始以前にJAXAならびに「はやぶさ2」プロジェクトが主導しておこなうリュウグウ試料分析の全体像を紹介する.

著者

谷岡 未樹 松永 佳世子 秋田 浩孝 片山 一朗 乾 重樹 石井 正光 小林 裕美 相場 節也 菊地 克子 石川 治 永井 弥生 照井 正 高柳 たかね 古江 増隆 吹譯 紀子 加藤 敦子 山﨑 貞男 宮地 良樹

出版者

日本皮膚科学会大阪地方会・日本皮膚科学会京滋地方会

雑誌

皮膚の科学 (ISSN:13471813)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.170-182, 2011 (Released:2012-10-23)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

2

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顔面に尋常性ざ瘡のある女性患者を対象に,低刺激性・低アレルギー性メーキャップ化粧品dプログラム®スムースアップファンデーション(パウダリー),スムースアップファンデーション(リキッド),スムースアップフェースパウダー(おしろい)の安全性を評価することを目的とする4週間の使用試験を実施した。解析対象例(85例)における副作用発現率はパウダリー2.1%,リキッド0%,おしろい0%で,副作用の症状は軽微であった。試験開始時と比較した終了時におけるざ瘡の炎症性皮疹(紅色丘疹,膿疱)および非炎症性皮疹(面皰)数は有意に減少した。Dermatology Life Quality Index を用いた生活の質の評価は「総合」「症状・感情」「レジャー」のスコアが有意に改善された。Visual Analogue Scal (VAS) による顔面の皮膚状態に関する満足度も有意に上昇した。以上の結果より,本試験試料の低刺激性・低アレルギー性メーキャップ化粧品は女性の尋常性ざ瘡患者が安全にかつざ瘡を悪化させることなく使用することができるだけでなく,生活の質を改善すると結論した。(皮膚の科学,10: 170-182, 2011)

著者

稲葉 光行 平林 幹雄

雑誌

じんもんこん2000論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2000, no.17, pp.231-238, 2000-12-15