46 0 0 0 OA 学力・政策・責任
- 著者
- 矢野 眞和
- 出版者
- 日本教育社会学会
- 雑誌
- 教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.90, pp.65-81, 2012-06-15 (Released:2013-06-17)
- 参考文献数
- 9
- 被引用文献数
- 2
本稿では,「政策」という補助線を設けることによって,学力と責任の関係を考察する。はじめに,学力政策の基本的枠組みに基づいて,学力政策の特質を二つ指摘し,この特質と責任の関係を述べた。一つに,学力は,生徒と教師の相互行為から生産される共同生産物であり,製品のような製造物責任を問うことが難しい。いま一つの特質として,教育に投入される資源の性質に着目する必要があり,法的責任とは別に教育費の経済的責任が重要になる。 第二に,学力の生産関数を測定する困難性を整理した。この困難に早急な解決を図ろうとする政治勢力が重なると「もっともらしいけれども,危うい」政治ショーが起きやすくなる。 第三に,困難な学力問題を広く理解するためには,国民の意識ないし世論の動きを視野に入れる必要性があることを指摘し,私たちが実施した「教育と社会保障の意識調査」結果を報告した。わが国の生涯政策への関心・選好・税負担の意識には,強いシルバーポリティクス(年齢格差)が働いており,教育政策への関心は二次的,三次的な優先順位になっている。「教育劣位社会」とでもいうべき日本の現状を明らかにした。 最後に,わが国の生涯政策の経済的責任がねじれていることを踏まえて,学力政策とトータルの教育政策を議論する一つの道筋を提示した。
8 0 0 0 OA 人口・労働・学歴 : 大学は,決して過剰ではない(<特集>人口変動と教育改革)
- 著者
- 矢野 眞和
- 出版者
- 日本教育社会学会
- 雑誌
- 教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.82, pp.109-123, 2008-06-15
In 1985, an interesting report that helps understand the relation between the population and the labor market was published. This report, 21 Seiki no Sarariman Shakai, made forecasts on changes in the Japanese employment system toward the year 2000 by forecasting the manpower requirements in various occupations and analyzing the impact of the baby boomers on the labor market. Looking back over this past forecast and learning from its experience, this paper makes projections in the following two areas. The first is a forecast of the manpower requirements by industry and occupation in 2015. The report, based on a consideration of both the change of population by age and structural changes in industry, makes clear that there will be a large mismatch of supply and demand in the labor force. In particular, the service industry sector will experience a shortage of 2.34 million workers and the there will be a shortage of 1.67 million professionals. Conversely there will be too many manufacturing and technical workers. These dramatic changes will accelerate mobility in employment, it projects, to a level above the figure projected in the report in 1985. The second is an analysis of the relation between the number of workers and wages, an indicator of the quality of labor, during three decades of 1976-2006. The main results are as follows. 1) Based on an analysis of relative wages by age group, the ratio of wages of the group in their fifties divided by that of those in their twenties, and of the number of workers in same age groups, it is possible to conclude that the shock of increasing numbers of seniors has been absorbed and that the seniority management system has been maintained through a decline in the wages of seniors relative to the young. 2) Based on the same approach, looking at the relative wages and number of workers by educational background, the relative wage of university graduates to high school graduates has been rising among workers in their thirties and forties even as the number of university educated graduates has increased. This suggests the important policy implication that university is never an over-investment in education because the labor demand for university graduates is rising compared to that for high school graduates within the changing labor market.
6 0 0 0 OA なぜ,大学に進学しないのか : 顕在的需要と潜在的需要の決定要因
- 著者
- 矢野 眞和 濱中 淳子
- 出版者
- 日本教育社会学会
- 雑誌
- 教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.79, pp.85-104, 2006-12-10
- 被引用文献数
- 1
Since 1976, the application rate of high school students for university has remained level at around fifty percent, and this seems to have contributed to the excess supply of higher education caused by the demographic decline. However, previous research has not clarified the reason why students do not go on to university despite the ease if access. This paper examines the extent to which economic factors underlie the stabilization of the application rate at 50%, through an analysis of the determinants of entrance rates for senmon gakko (technical schools) and employment rates after high school graduation from 1970 to 2004. The results of the analysis of the obvious demand factors indicate that household income has a strong positive impact, the price of private university tuition has a negative impact, and the unemployment rate has a positive impact on the application rate. Statistically, these results are weak, as they have a low value on the D. W. criteria, so the author uses the chow test approach to this problem solving. The test shows that there are structural changes in the trend of the determinants factor of the application rate during three decades, meaning that it would be better to divide it into three period times, 1970-1975, 1976-1996 and 1997-2004. In the first period, household income increases demand without an influence from price, and in the second period there was a positive effect of income, negative effect of price, and positive effect of the unemployment rate. In the third period, only unemployment had an impact, and there was no effect of income and price. It is possible to understand the leveling off of demand for higher education by considering household budget conditions, the rapid price increases since 1975, and in particular the high unemployment rate since 1997. However, the demand for higher education is actually higher than the application rate, since there are students who find employment or go to technical schools as a substitute for going to university. In order to consider this latent demand for higher education, an analysis of the determinants of the employment rate and entrance rate for technical schools is introduced. This analysis shows that there are individuals who find employment instead of going to university for the reason of the high price, and who go to technical schools for the reason of the high prices and low acceptance rate for entrance examinations. This result indicates that, considering this latent demand, the demand for higher education is larger than that indicated by the application rate. One policy implication of this study is that the application rate will increase in the near future as the economic recovery makes the latent demand obvious. Second, since there is still inequality of educational opportunities, low tuition and student aid should be introduced to equalize enrollment difference based on family income.
4 0 0 0 OA I 教育改革国民会議とは何だったのか : 教育における公共性と国家
3 0 0 0 OA 高等教育グランドデザイン策定のための基礎的調査分析
- 著者
- 金子 元久 矢野 眞和 小林 雅之 藤村 正司 小方 直幸 山本 清 濱中 淳子 阿曽沼 明裕 矢野 眞和 小林 雅之 濱中 淳子 小方 直幸 濱中 義隆 大多和 直樹 阿曽沼 明裕 両角 亜希子 佐藤 香 島 一則 橋本 鉱市 苑 復傑 藤墳 智一 藤原 正司 伊藤 彰浩 米澤 彰純 浦田 広朗 加藤 毅 吉川 裕美子 中村 高康 山本 清
- 出版者
- 東京大学
- 雑誌
- 学術創成研究費
- 巻号頁・発行日
- 2005
本研究は、1)日本の高等教育についての基礎的なデータを大規模調査によって蓄積し、その分析をおこない、2)それをもとに各国の高等教育との比較分析を行うとともに、3)その基礎にたって、日本の高等教育の課題を明らかにすること、を目的とした。とくに大規模調査については、(1)高校生調査(高校3年生4000人を、その後5年間にわたり追跡)、(2)大学生調査(127大学、約4万8千人の大学生について学習行動を調査)、(3)社会人調査(9千事業所、2万5千人に大学教育の経験、評価を調査)、(4)大学教員調査(回答者数約5千人)、(5)大学職員調査(回答者数、約6千人)、を行い、それをデータベース化した。
3 0 0 0 OA ジェンダー視点によるワーク・ライフ・バランスの生活時間構造分析
2 0 0 0 OA 高等教育の大衆化と政策課題
- 著者
- 矢野 眞和
- 出版者
- 日本教育社会学会
- 雑誌
- 教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.45, pp.20-34, 1989-10-01 (Released:2011-03-18)
- 被引用文献数
- 1
2 0 0 0 OA 人口・労働・学歴 ――大学は,決して過剰ではない――
- 著者
- 矢野 眞和
- 出版者
- 日本教育社会学会
- 雑誌
- 教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.82, pp.109-123, 2008-06-15 (Released:2017-06-01)
- 参考文献数
- 8
In 1985, an interesting report that helps understand the relation between the population and the labor market was published. This report, 21 Seiki no Sarari-man Shakai, made forecasts on changes in the Japanese employment system toward the year 2000 by forecasting the manpower requirements in various occupations and analyzing the impact of the baby boomers on the labor market.Looking back over this past forecast and learning from its experience, this paper makes projections in the following two areas.The first is a forecast of the manpower requirements by industry and occupation in 2015. The report, based on a consideration of both the change of population by age and structural changes in industry, makes clear that there will be a large mismatch of supply and demand in the labor force. In particular, the service industry sector will experience a shortage of 2.34 million workers and the there will be a shortage of 1.67 million professionals. Conversely there will be too many manufacturing and technical workers. These dramatic changes will accelerate mobility in employment, it projects, to a level above the figure projected in the report in 1985.The second is an analysis of the relation between the number of workers and wages, an indicator of the quality of labor, during three decades of 1976-2006. The main results are as follows.1) Based on an analysis of relative wages by age group, the ratio of wages of the group in their fifties divided by that of those in their twenties, and of the number of workers in same age groups, it is possible to conclude that the shock of increasing numbers of seniors has been absorbed and that the seniority management system has been maintained through a decline in the wages of seniors relative to the young.2) Based on the same approach, looking at the relative wages and number of workers by educational background, the relative wage of university graduates to high school graduates has been rising among workers in their thirties and forties even as the number of university educated graduates has increased. This suggests the important policy implication that university is never an over-investment in education because the labor demand for university graduates is rising compared to that for high school graduates within the changing labor market.
2 0 0 0 OA なぜ, 大学に進学しないのか 顕在的需要と潜在的需要の決定要因
- 著者
- 矢野 眞和 濱中 淳子
- 出版者
- 日本教育社会学会
- 雑誌
- 教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.79, pp.85-104, 2006-12-10 (Released:2011-08-04)
- 参考文献数
- 13
- 被引用文献数
- 7 1
Since 1976, the application rate of high school students for university has remained level at around fifty percent, and this seems to have contributed to the excess supply of higher education caused by the demographic decline. However, previous research has not clarified the reason why students do not go on to university despite the ease if access.This paper examines the extent to which economic factors underlie the stabilization of the application rate at 50%, through an analysis of the determinants of entrance rates for senmon gakko (technical schools) and employment rates after high school graduation from 1970 to 2004.The results of the analysis of the obvious demand factors indicate that household income has a strong positive impact, the price of private university tuition has a negative impact, and the unemployment rate has a positive impact on the application rate. Statistically, these results are weak, as they have a low value on the D. W. criteria, so the author uses the chow test approach to this problem solving. The test shows that there are structural changes in the trend of the determinants factor of the application rate during three decades, meaning that it would be better to divide it into three period times, 1970-1975, 1976-1996 and 1997-2004. In the first period, household income increases demand withoutan influence from price, and in the second period there was a positive effect of income, negative effect of price, and positive effect of the unemployment rate. In the third period, only unemployment had an impact, and there was no effect of income and price.It is possible to understand the leveling off of demand for higher education by considering household budget conditions, the rapid price increases since 1975, and in particular the high unemployment rate since 1997. However, the demand for higher education is actually higher than the application rate, since there are students who find employment or go to technical schools as a substitute for going to university. In order to consider this latent demand for higher education, an analysis of the determinants of the employment rate and entrance rate for technical schools is introduced.This analysis shows that there are individuals who find employment instead of going to university for the reason of the high price, and who go to technical schools for the reason of the high prices and low acceptance rate for entrance examinations. This result indicates that, considering this latent demand, the demand for higher education is larger than that indicated by the application rate. One policy implication of this study is that the application rate will increase in the near future as the economic recovery makes the latent demand obvious. Second, since there is still inequality of educational opportunities, low tuition and student aid should be introduced to equalize enrollment difference based on family income.
2 0 0 0 非営利組織としての私立大学の経営行動の動向に関する実証的研究
現在、高等教育においては大学評価が重要な意味を持ちつつあるが、本研究では家計による市場型評価に焦点をあてた。大学の教育サービスの需要者である家計は、教育内容と価値について情報を求める。わが国の大学教育費の多くは、とりわけ私立大学では親(保護者)によって負担されていることから、保護者を家計の代表者と考えることができよう。以上をふまえ、本研究では保護者を対象とした面接調査および質問紙調査を中心とし、1)大学教育に対する満足のありかたとその規定要因、2)家計による費用負担の実態、3)大学に対する期待と教育費負担に対する考え方、の3点を明らかにすることを、主要な課題として設定した。1.大学教育に対する保護者の満足度は、「満足」+「やや満足」の合計で77.3%と、全体的にみて非常に高い。2.入学時に考慮していた教育内容やサービスに対する満足度が高いだけでなく、入学時にはほとんど考慮されていなかった「同窓会組織の充実」や「卒業生の社会的活躍」などに対する満足度が大きく高まっている。入学から卒業にいたる期間に、保護者は大学の評価すべき側面を新たに発見しており、そのことが高い評価に結びついていると考えられる。3.親子間のコミュニケーションが高いほど、また大学から提供されるさまざまな情報を利用しているほど、保護者の大学評価は高くなる傾向がある。4.年収700万円未満の家庭では、教育費が家計の20%以上を占める比率が85%にのぼる。教育費の調達に特別な方策を要しなかった家庭は6%で、ほとんどの家庭で「教育目的以外の預貯金や蓄え」を取り崩している。5.重い負担にもかかわらず、多くの保護者は教育費を「子どもへのプレゼント」として認識している。
1 0 0 0 OA 芸術文化活動の参加メカニズムと文化政策
- 著者
- 加藤 毅 矢野 眞和 岡村 駿
- 出版者
- 文化経済学会〈日本〉
- 雑誌
- 文化経済学会〈日本〉論文集 (ISSN:09194738)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.1995, no.1, pp.35-41, 1995-03-20 (Released:2009-12-08)
- 参考文献数
- 23
1 0 0 0 OA グローバリゼーションと教育
- 著者
- 矢野 眞和
- 出版者
- 日本教育社会学会
- 雑誌
- 教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.66, pp.5-20, 2000-05-10 (Released:2011-03-18)
- 参考文献数
- 15
Globalization can be described as the flow of goods, capital, technology, people and value across borders. It is a process which affects the socioeconomic policies, including educational policies, of different country in different ways.The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept and meaning of globalization, and to look at strategies for integrating the dimension of globalization into education, focusing in particular on the impact of the global economy and new information technology. It includes a discussion of the breakdown of Japanese economic nationalism in the 1990s, an exploration of why education is important for responding to globalization, and a description of the main problems of the marketization of education.The key to Japan's economic success in the postwar period lay in the development of the doctrine of economic nationalism, through which the social progress of workers and their families was advanced through the pursuit of the expansion and security of firms. This economic nationalism was emphasized by the system of lifelong employment, and the rapid growth of export industries in the 1975-90 period.The economic recession in the early 90s marked the breakdown of Japanese economic nationalism, and was accompanied by an increasing awareness of a global economy and innovation of information technology.A new consensus of the role of education is based on the idea that nations are able to win a competitive advantages in the world wide knowledge based economy through investment in new technology and upgrading the quality of human resources by the marketization of education.This idea, however, threatens to increase the social inequalities and undermine the foundations of social solidarity. In order to reduce these problems it is necessary to rebuild the educational and employment institution and to upgrade the quality of local labor forces and industries.
1 0 0 0 高校生の進学行動と大学政策 (高校の現在)
- 著者
- 矢野 眞和
- 出版者
- IDE大学協会
- 雑誌
- IDE (ISSN:03890511)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.489, pp.13-19, 2007-04
1 0 0 0 大学改革の実施状況に関する調査研究
平成3年6月に改正された大学設置基準は、各大学がそれぞれの教育理念・目的に基づいて個性豊かな教育を自由に展開していくことを可能にするとともに、その教育研究活動を自らの手で点検・評価することを求めている。本研究は、大学設置基準の改正以降の各大学のカリキュラム改革や自己点検・評価の状況など大学改革の実施状況を把握し、これについて調査研究するものである。平成5年度は、既存の関連調査等の資料やデータの収集・分析をもとに、改正された大学設置基準及び大学審議会答申等の趣旨がどの程度実現されているか、各大学・学部の理念・目的が十分反映された改革が行われているか、という視点に立って、改革の具体的な内容や方法も引き出せるような設問と選択肢の作成を行った。平成6年度は、前年度から準備を進めてきた、わが国の全大学・学部を対称としたアンケート調査を実施した。回収率は約95%という高率であった。解答には自由記述が多く、定量的な調査ではくみ取れぬような改革状況をかなり正確に把握できるものであったので、可能な限り原票に忠実に調査結果の集計作業を進めた。平成7年度は、前年度実施したアンケート調査の集計結果をもとに分析・検討作業を進めた。その際、(1)学生の受け入れに関する改革、(2)教育課程の改革、(3)教育方法の改善、(4)教員組織の改革、(5)研究条件の改革、(6)生涯学習、(7)学生生活への配慮、(8)自己点検・評価といった項目ごとに分析・検討を行った。その結果、改革は各方面にわたっているが、とりわけ一般教養的教育をはじめとする教育課程の改革が進んでいること、また、自己点検・評価については、その組織体性が整い、実施に積極的な姿勢を見せてはいるものの、その結果の公表についてはどちらかといえば消極的であること、などが明らかになった。
