著者

皆本 景子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.20-29, 2010 (Released:2010-02-05)

参考文献数

109

被引用文献数

2 8

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Cosmetics are defined as “articles with mild action on the human body, which are intended to be applied to the human body through rubbing, sprinkling or other methods, aiming to clean, beautify and increase the attractiveness, alter the appearance or to keep the skin or hair in good condition (The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law: Article 2).” Consequently, they include personal hygiene products such as shampoos, soaps and toothpaste. In Europe, 1% of the population is estimated to be allergic to fragrances and 2–3% to ingredients of cosmetics; 10% of outpatients patch-tested for cosmetics allergy were found to be positive. Allergenic ingredients of cosmetics can be fragrances, hair dye, preservatives, antioxidants, emollients, surfactants, UV absorbers, pigments or resins used in nail cosmetics. Among standard allergen series, eight substances are related to cosmetics; in Japan in 2003, p-phenylenediamine (hair dyes) induced allergic reactions with the highest rate of 7.9% in outpatients patch-tested (n=805), followed by fragrance mix No. 1 (4.0%, mixture of eight fragrances frequently used), colophony (3.2%, main contents of pine resin), lanolin alcohol (2.7%,emollients), and formaldehyde, parabens, Kathon CG (2.7% ,1.9% and 1.0%, respectively; preservatives). Cosmetic allergy symptoms tend to be mild except those caused by hair dye. However, the population exposed to cosmetics is huge and the number of ingredients used in cosmetics increased up to more than 6000. Here, major cosmetic ingredient allergens, mainly reported in Japan, are reviewed and discussed.

著者

高西 敏正 木村 直人 伊藤 孝 諸富 嘉男 井谷 徹

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.463-469, 1998-07-15 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

34

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of fluid ingestion and its composition on uric acid metabolism after exercise. Six healthy males volunteered for the study which was comprised of three different experiments; Exp. 1, Exp. 2, and Exp. 3. In all the experiments, subjects performed treadmill exercise (70% VO2max) for 70 minutes respectively. For seven hours after exercise, subjects ingested mineral water at 10°C ad-lib in Exp. 1, 1.5 times the volume of mineral water consumed in the first experiment in Exp. 2, and the same volume of sports drink as in the first experiment in Exp. 3. No significant differences were observed in oxygen uptake and heart rate during exercise among the three experiments, so it was considered that the produced serum uric acid (SUA) levels in the three experiments were about the same level. However, the decrease in SUA, urinary uric acid excretion (UUA), clearance of uric acid (CUA) and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) in Exp. 3, in which the sports drink was consumed instead of mineral water were higher than in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2. On the other hand, no significant differences were found in Exp. 2 and Exp. 3. A significant relationship between UUA and FEUA was found among the three experiments, while there was no correlation between UUA and urine volume.These results show that; 1) the sports drink ingestion can increase the efficiency of recovery from high serum uric acid after exercise, 2) the increase in uric volume due to high mineral water intake does not elevate UUA, and 3) the increase in UUA due to sports drink ingestion was associated with the increase of FEUA.

著者

宮下 道夫

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.3, pp.153-157, 1955-01-01 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

28

著者

入鹿山 且朗 田島 静子 藤木 素士

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.392-400, 1967-06-10 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

3 6

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(1) 酸化第二水銀または塩基性硫酸第二水銀とアセトアルデハイドとの反応により, 薄層クロマトグラフィでCH3HgOHと同一Rf値をもつ有機水銀が生成した。この反応液に塩化物を加えるとCH3HgClと同一Rf値をもつ有機水銀が証明された。(2) 酸化第二水銀とアセトアルデハイドより2種の水銀物質を得た。その一つは酢酸第二水銀と同定された。酢酸第二水銀と食塩の混合物を加温してCH3HgClの結晶を得た。

著者

近藤 喜代太郎

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.599-611, 1996-07-15 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

5 8

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Data obtained from all residents, who lived in the Agano river villages where Minamata disease occurred as of June 1965, were used to analyze its incidence patterns and to evaluate validity of the official recognition of the disease. The residents totaled 18, 253 (8, 911 males and 9, 342 females), including 262 (151 males and 111 females) recognized patients and 378 (186 males and 192 females) rejected applicants.Consumption of the contaminated river fish was associated with hair Hg measurements (ppm), but there were few residents who denied the consumption but showed elevated Hg values, probably due to false-negative answers in the census survey in 1965.Incidence rates of the recognized patients increased with the upgrading codes for fish ingestion, but analysis of the association of fish ingestion among the recognized applicants indicated that there were ca. 50% false-positive diagnosis. This analysis showed that The Government made best efforts to help very mild cases despite the fact that such a generous attitude inevitably causes overdiagnosis.Incidence rates of the rejected applicants also showed a dose-response. This is extremely important because a rejection meant that compensation was refused by the polluting company. Protest groups insisted the existence of Minamata disease showing only sensony symptoms. but this concept has not been accepted by the Government and the polluters. The present study disclosed a doseresponse relationship in the rejected cases giving positive ground for the opinions proposed by protest groups.Proportions of such “Hg-associated sensory disorders” (cases with unexplained sensory disorders which are associated with river fish ingestion) were 15-30% among the exposed applicants, 6.6-15% among the all rejected applicants, and 3.9-10% among the unexplained sensory disorders in the regional population.Owing to the river pollution, there was 5-11% increase of the unexplained sensory disorders among the local residents, in addition to recognizable Minamata disease.

著者

伊藤 耕三

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.304-314, 1971-08-28 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

8 16

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Nitrogen dioxide is one of the main atmospheric pollutants in many communities. It is emitted in large quantities in the exhaust of automotive engines and is formed when atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen are heated to a high temperature in a flame.Experiments were made to ascertain possible synergistic effects of nitrogen dioxide and influenza virus infection in mice. Young female dd strain mice weighing 15 to 17g were challenged with mouse-adapted type A influenza virus, strain PR 8, two hours after acute and intermittent exposure to 10ppm nitrogen dioxide for two hours daily for one, three and five days. Female I.C.R. strain mice weighing 22 to 25g were also challenged with type A influenza virus after continuous exposure to 0.5 to 1.0ppm nitrogen dioxide for 39 days.Results were as follows;1) Acute and intermittent exposure to 10ppm nitrogen dioxide for two hours daily for five days significantly increased the susceptibility of mice to influenza virus infection as demonstrated by enhanced mortality.2) Extent of interstitial pneumonia was higher in the mice challenged with influenza virus after chronic and continuous exposure and acute and intermittent exposure to nitrogen dioxide than in the infected controls.3) Adenomatous proliferations of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium were marked in the mice challenged with influenza virus after continuous exposure to low levels of nitrogen dioxide.

著者

高田 真澄

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.22-26, 2018 (Released:2018-01-31)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

6

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Since World War II, Japan has achieved remarkable economic development and has become an advanced country. Particularly in the industrial field, a production system has been developed to reduce the loss of machining time by adopting a shiftwork in factories operating 24 hours a day, which contributes to the improvement of productivity. Nowadays, this shiftwork practice has spread from the industrial field to other businesses such as 24-hour entertainment facilities and convenience stores, which lead to sleep deprivation in Japanese society. Even at home, certain conditions adversely affect sleeping habits. We are concerned about the risks of physical and mental health, impairments posed by the use of tablets, PCs, smartphones, and other devices so popular in today’s Japan, as they delay sleep. It is urgent to improve poor sleeping habits because their outcomes such as sleep disorders and deprivation may also lead to traffic and industrial accidents.

著者

佐々木 直亮

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.5, pp.954-963, 1990

被引用文献数

1

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Prospective epidemiological studies of blood pressure in a high-salt population in northeastern Japan were investigated along with dietary habits such as miso soup, rice, apple, fish, milk and sake consumption as well as smoking habits.<br>Blood pressures of the populations in 3 villages were determined once or twice a year by mass surveys from 1954, 1957 or 1958 through 1975. The means and transitions of the personal blood pressure were calculated by regression analysis of the data obtained during each entire period.<br>The number of persons was 1127 males and 1369 females and the response rate was 98.7 percent. The average number of times of determination of blood pressure for a person was 12.9.<br>Stepwise multiple regression analyses were run with the means and transitions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the dependent variables and the life styles of the population in 1958 as an independent variable based on data of persons whose blood pressures were determined 5 or more times during the entire period. According to the backward stepwise method this study confirmed the positive relationship of age and sake drinking and the negative relationship of apple eating habits to blood pressure.

著者

Masafumi AKISAKA Hidemoto ZAKOUJI Makoto ARIIZUMI

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene) (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.481-489, 1997-07-15 (Released:2009-04-21)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

5 4

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To obtain basic data on the bone density of high school girls, the bone density of the right heel was measured in principle and their lifestyles were surveyed. The subjects were 142 girls (15-18years, mean±SD=16.5±0.8years old) of a high school in Nagano Prefecture, who accepted our visiting bone health check. Bone density was measured with an' Achilles' ultrasound bone-densitometer (Lunar Co.) and a self-registered questionnaire on their lifestyles was also employed in this study.The main results were as follows:1. There were no significant correlations between Sitffness and, age, grede, bone fracture, family historiy, and regularity of menstruation. However, Stiffness significantly correlated to the age of menophania (r=-0.191, p=0.002)2. High school girls who belonged to a sports club had significantly higher bone density than other girls. Those who did exercises which consist mainly of jumping, had significantly higher bone density than others who participated in running sports or did no exercise. There were also significant differences in the frequency of exercise and the duration of exercise. Mireover, those who had a regular exercise history had higher bone density than those who had no regular exercise histry, and the mean Siffness of the group that did exercises daily was higher than for those who did not.3. There were no significant correlations between Stiffness and food intakes. There also were no significant diffrence for Stiffness concerning intake of calcium-containing food groups. Regarding the cause of weight loss of more than 2kg/month, the mean Stiffness of the group with intense exercise was significantly higher than those in the no-weigh loss group and the group that had reduced dietary intake.4. Regarding the relationships between bone density and the lifestyles of high school girls, a delayed age of menophania had a significantly decreasing effect on Stiffness, whereas three variables of regular exercise habits at present, body weight, and exercise histories had significantly increasing effects on Stiffness in multiple regression analysis.5. It is considered that there may be other important factors in the relationship between bone density and lifestyle of adolescent females who are in a developmental state. Therefore, the measurement of bone density and its assessment need consideration from points of view which are different from those for middle-aged and the elderly people.

著者

青島 恵子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.455-463, 2012 (Released:2012-10-25)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

14 39

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Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements to which humans could be exposed at work or in the environment. The outbreak of itai-itai disease, which is the most severe stage of chronic Cd poisoning, occurred in the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin in Toyama. In this area, the river was contaminated by slag from a mine upstream; as a consequence, the soil in rice paddies was polluted with heavy metals including Cd through irrigation water from around 1910 to the 1960s. The government of Toyama prefecture carried out an extensive survey on Cd concentration in rice and soil of the paddy fields and declared that the upper layer of a total of 1500 ha of paddy fields should be replaced by nonpolluted soil. Then, an intervention program of soil replacement in the polluted paddy fields was continually carried out from 1980 to 2011. As a result, Cd concentration in rice markedly decreased. The kidney is the organ critically affected after long-term exposure to Cd. Proximal tubular dysfunction (RTD) has been found among the inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin. The very recent report by the Environmental Agency in Japan in 2009 has disclosed that b2-microglobulinuria with RTD is still found at a high prevalence among the inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin of both sexes. Twenty patients with itai-itai disease (1 male and 19 females), who attended our hospital and received medical examination during 2000 to 2008, had applied for recognition as itai-itai disease patients to the government of Toyama prefecture. In this paper, the recent epidemiological and clinical features of itai-itai disease are discussed on the basis of a review of the cases of these 19 female patients.

著者

福岡 秀興 佐田 文宏

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.3, pp.185-187, 2016 (Released:2016-09-30)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

7

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Epigenetic modification takes place in many types of environment. Undesirable epigenetic changes for the postnatal life at the developmental stage are induced in utero by exposure to harsh environment such as endocrine disruptors, severe psychological stress and insufficient or excessive nutrition. Some of these changes continues even for a long time after birth from womb to tomb. Under these circumstances with an unhealthy life style, such as higher caloric intake, insufficient exercise, or stress, there is a higher risk of developing various illnesses including lifestyle-related diseases, such as essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, psychological disorders and cancers. An illness goes through these two steps, first having origins in the early stage of life and secondary exposure of unhealthy life. In addition, some of these modifications have a tendency to be transmitted to the next generations, (transgenerational effect). This is the concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease theory (DOHaD). The incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have been markedly increasing, especially in developing countries, and the prevention of these diseases is a high-profile objective for world economic growth. In addition to birth weight, specific epigenetic modifications are expected to be good marks for developing illness in later life. With analysis of these makers, even for the individuals with a higher risk, the illness development will be expected to be effectively controlled through intervention in the early stage. Research on predicting markers, and intervention supplements, and pharmacological materials for higher risk individuals has been progressing considerably. This DOHaD theory is expected to be highly beneficial for the prevention of many illnesses.

著者

小池 重夫 久野 由基一 森田 博行

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.510-515, 1982-06-30 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3 3

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本実験では, シリカがウサギの肺マクロファージと腹腔内の多形核白血球の過酸化脂質の生成, 乳酸脱水素酵素の細胞外放出, ニトロブルーテトラゾリウム (NBT) の還元能に及ぼす影響を調べた。対照にはマクロファージ単独, あるいはコランダム (Al2O3) を選んだ。3mg/107cells のシリカを1時間, 肺マクロファージに捕食させると過酸化脂質-酸化された不飽和脂肪酸の分解産物であるマロニルジアルデヒドであらわす-が増量した。また, マクロファージ外に放出した乳酸脱水素酵素の活性は著明に亢進し, シリカが細胞膜を傷害したことを示している。シリカはコランダムに比べて顕著なNBTの還元能を示したが, これはシリカを捕食したマクロファージにスーパーオキシドの産生が亢進したことを示すものである。以上の結果はシリカは肺マクロファージに捕食されて, 過酸化脂質の生成を促進すると同時にスーパーオキシドの生成を亢進し, 細胞膜を傷害することを示している。

著者

堀口 兵剛

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.447-454, 2012 (Released:2012-10-25)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

9 13

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Because the staple food in Japan is rice, which absorbs cadmium (Cd) from the soil efficiently, rice is the main source of exposure to Cd in the Japanese population. In addition, there have been many Cd-contaminated farming areas in Japan. Therefore, a safety standard for the Cd concentration in rice was set as 0.4 ppm by the Japanese government. This safety standard has been followed for decades without any appropriate scientific or legal basis. However, recent epidemiological studies of female Japanese farmers exposed to Cd through self-grown rice, that is, a series of Japanese Multi-centered Environmental Toxicant Study (JMETS), showed evidence that the safety standard is appropriate. Therefore, general Japanese consumers are unlikely exposed to Cd excessively with the application of this safety standard, considering the trend of decreasing amount of rice consumed among the Japanese population. On the other hand, Japanese farmers were found to be at risk of Cd exposure through the consumption of self-grown rice with a high Cd concentration. Actually, the JMETS showed that female farmers at 70 years of age or older had a decreased proximal renal tubular function due to the high renal accumulation of Cd. On the basis of these findings, “medical examinations for Cd exposure” have recently been implemented for farmers residing in Cd-polluted areas in northern Japan. Because it has been estimated that such Cd-polluted areas are actually larger, it is necessary to implement medical examinations of more farmers there, particularly the elderly.

著者

宇井 進治

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.5, pp.717-723, 1959-08-01 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

著者

酒井 敏行

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.1, pp.3-12, 2011 (Released:2011-02-25)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

1 1

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In previous prevention studies, molecular targets were not intended. We then proposed the concept termed “molecular-targeting prevention” and applied it to cancer prevention. In most malignant tumors, tumor-suppressor genes, the retinoblastoma gene (RB) and/or the p53 gene are considered to be inactivated. We therefore hypothesized that RB and/or p53 might be good candidates for the molecular-targeting prevention of cancer. Interestingly, many cancer-preventive food factors were found to reactivate the lost functions of RB and/or p53 by a “gene-regulating chemoprevention” strategy. We next proposed the concept termed “combination-oriented molecular-targeting prevention”, in which only the preventive effects are synergistically enhanced. We then investigated the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-death receptor 5 (DR5) pathway as a candidate of the target, and found that many cancer-preventive food factors could enhance the pathway resulting in the synergistic apoptosis of various cancer cells. We hope that these strategies will contribute to the prevention of cancer.

著者

堀江 早喜 竹内 真純 山岡 和枝 野原 理子 蓮沼 直子 冲永 寛子 野村 恭子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.3, pp.264-270, 2015 (Released:2015-09-26)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2 3

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Objectives: This study aims to develop a scale of “women-doctor-friendly working conditions in a hospital setting”. Methods: A task team consisting of relevant people including a medical doctor and a hospital personnel identified 36 items related to women-doctor-friendly working conditions. From December in 2012 to January in 2013, we sent a self-administered questionnaire to 807 full-time employees including faculty members and medical doctors who worked for a university-affiliated hospital. We asked them to score the extent to which they think it is necessary for women doctors to balance between work and gender role responsibilities on the basis of the Likert scale. We carried out a factor analysis and computed Cronbach’s alpha to develop a scale and investigated its construct validity and reliability. Results: Of the 807 employees, 291 returned the questionnaires (response rate, 36.1%). The item-total correlation (between an individual item score and the total score) coefficient was in the range from 0.44 to 0.68. In factor analysis, we deleted six items, and five factors were extracted on the basis of the least likelihood method with the oblique Promax rotation. The factors were termed “gender equality action in an organization”, “the compliance of care leave in both sexes and parental leave in men”, “balance between life events and work”, “childcare support at the workplace”, and “flexible employment status”. The Cronbach’s alpha values of all the factors and the total items were 0.82–0.89 and 0.93, respectively, suggesting that the scale we developed has high reliability. Conclusions: The result indicated that the scale of women-doctor-friendly working conditions consisting of five factors with 30 items is highly validated and reliable.

著者

辻 達彦 永田 稔 伊藤 洋子 今村 晋 松井 寿夫 芦沢 義郎

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.294-301, 1973

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亜鉛製錬所全従業員1398人のCd特殊健診第2次健診として,第1次健診成績をもとに抽出した214人(男181女33)の尿中Cd量の,測定を行ない,成績の検討をした。その主なる所見は以下のごとくであった。<br>1)対象集団の尿Cd量の中央値は男4.7μg/<i>l</i>,女4.1μg/<i>l</i>であった。10μg/<i>l</i>以上のCd量を示すものは男29人(16%),女5人(15.2%)であった。<br>2) 職場環境としての気中Cd濃度は昭和46年では高濃度職場でも0.024mg/m³と許容濃度以下であるが, 44年時の測定では最高0.73mg/m³で許容濃度を超えている職場が多くあった。<br>3) 職域群別分類で尿中Cd量を比較するとき製錬2課(群V)と,その下請作業者(群VI)および退職者(Cd作業経歴者)は他群に比し高値を示す傾向にある。<br>4) Cd作業者の作業従事年数と尿中Cd量間には, <i>r</i>=0.330と低度ながら有意の相関々係を認めた(<i>P</i><0.01) 10μg/<i>l</i>以上のCd量を示すものは勤続2年の女1例を除いてはいずれも3年以上の勤続者である。また, Cd作業者について10μg/<i>l</i>以上の排泄者をみるとき,従事期間5年を境に出現率は有意に高率となる(<i>P</i><0.01)。<br>5) 10μg/<i>l</i>以上のCd量を示すものは,それ以下の群に比して自覚的愁訴が全般的に多い。両者間で統計的に有意差を認める愁訴としては「よく手足がつる」「下痢をし易い」「耳鳴りがする」「腰痛」の, 4項目がある。<br>6) 内科精密検診対象者としてCd 1日排泄量20μg以上の9人を選定した。これらは,いずれも何らかの所見を有するが,そのうち3例については慢性Cd中毒の検討対象としては,除外できることが検討会で承認された。不受診者1例を除いた残り5例は継続観察が必要である。なお,これら9例は全てCd作業者またはその経歴者である。<br>内科精検所見の一部引用を,こころよく御了承下さった,本学第一内科学教室主任,小林節雄教授に深謝します。

著者

大和 浩 姜 英 太田 雅規

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.3-14, 2015 (Released:2015-01-29)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

5

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It is necessary to implement 100% smoke-free environments in all indoor workplaces and indoor public places in order to protect people from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS). Forty-four countries have already implemented comprehensive smoke-free legislations according to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Guidelines on protection from exposure to tobacco smoke. The Occupational Safety and Health Law (OSHL) was partially revised to strengthen the countermeasures against SHS in Japan in 2014. However, the revision was only minimal. Firstly, it is necessary to make efforts to implement countermeasures against SHS (their implementations are not obligatory, as required in Article 8). Secondly, the revised OSHL allowed the implementation of designated smoking rooms inside workplaces (Article 8 requires 100% smoke-free environments). Thirdly, revised OSHL does not effectively cover the small-scale entertainment industry so that workers in restaurants and pubs will not be protected from occupational SHS. We explain the importance of implementation of 100% smoke-free environments by law, using the data on leakage of smoke from designated smoking rooms, and occupational exposure to SHS among service industry workers. The decrease in the incidence of smoking-related diseases in people where a comprehensive smoke-free law is implemented is also introduced. These data and information should be widely disseminated to policy makers, media, owners of service industries, and Japanese people.

著者

杉崎 幸子 渡邊 智子 土橋 昇

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, 1999-04-15

著者

大平 昌彦 青山 英康

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.6, pp.500-531, 1972-02-28 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

14 19

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In 1955, many babies who had drunk arsenic-tainted milk produced at the Tokushima Plant of the Morinaga Milk-Industry Company Ltd., suffered from serious poisoning. The number of victims ascertained in February, 1956 covering 27 prefectures in the western part of Japan was 12, 159, of whom 131 died.The disaster was caused by the process of manufacturing the powdered milk. Disodium phosphate was added as a stabilizer to make the milk easily soluble. This disodium phosphate was poorly purified, intended for non-food industrial use, and contained a toxic dose of arsenic, sodium arsenite and vanadium compounds etc.Shortly after the disaster, numerous medical reports were published. A committee organized by the Society for Child Health (the chairman was Prof. Nishizawa of Osaka University; so it was called the Nishizawa Committee), determined criteria for the diagnosis of the poisoning; but these criteria were inadequate and erroneous from several points of view. Strange to say, debates and publications about the disaster disappeared quickly after the report was published by the Health Department of Okayama Prefecture stating that the victims had recovered completely according to the criteria established by the Nishizawa Committee only one year after the disaster.Until 1969, when Prof. Maruyama et al., of Osaka University reported on victims whom they had visited, no study had been made to ascertain whether or not there were any after-effects of the poisoning. Much fault must be found with the Ministry of Health and Welfare, with the attitude of the Morinaga Company, and with the doctors concerned, for this neglect to follow-up such an unprecedented and large-scale disaster.In 1969, the authors managed to organize an epidemiological study group with several departments of Hiroshima University and the Department of Hygiene of Okayama University cooperating and have developed joint research on this disaster as follows:1. A follow-up survey was made among victims in Okayama Prefecture between December 1969 and April 1970. 214 people answered the questionnaire and 74 were given a medical examination.2. A prospective study was made on the basis of a questionnaire on clnical complaints collected at the time of the disaster in 1955.3. A comparative study was performed between the victims and their brothers and sisters.4. A comparative study was performed among handicapped children in institutions in Okayama Prefecture, who were born between January 1st, 1953 and December 31st, 1955. The children were divided into three groups, namely those who had consumed the arsenic-tainted milk, those who were brought up on different brands of powdered milk from different companies, and those fed only maternal milk.5. A comparative study was performed among all children born between January 1st, 1954 and December 31st, 1955 and brought up in Seno district in Hiroshima Prefecture which has a relatively stationary population and where good records had been kept of the physical growth and mental development of the children in the nursery, primary and junior high schools. The children were divided into the same three groups as mentioned above. This study was performed as a joint research project by the Departments of Public Health (Director: Prof. M. Tanaka), Orthopedics (Director: Prof. K. Tsuge), Ophthalmology (Director: Prof. T. Dodo) and Psychiatry and Neurology (Director: Prof. K. Sarai) of Hiroshima University Medical School and Deparment of Conservative Dentistry (Director: Prof. T. Inoue) of Hiroshima University Dental School, and Department of Hygiene (Director: Prof. M. Ohira) of Okayama University Medical School. All clinical examinations were conducted separately under the double blind method.6. The 124 cases of the children examined in the district of Senogawa town were discussed individually by the six medical doctors and five dentists who did the examinations.