著者

髙野 陽太郎 伊藤 言

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.6, pp.584-588, 2016

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Volpi (2004) pointed out that Alessandro Valignano, a 16th century Christian missionary, had considered the Japanese extreme collectivists. According to Volpi, his remark was based on Valignano's reports (1583, 1592) edited by Alvares-Taladriz (1954). However, it is highly questionable whether Volpi examined these texts directly because the information about them provided by Volpi involved many serious errors. A thorough inspection of Valignano's translated reports found no mention of Japanese collectivism. On the contrary, he had actually reported exceedingly individualistic behaviors of Japanese warriors. Such behaviors are consistent with what is widely known about the 16th century Civil Wars in Japan. It has thus turned out that no reliable evidence is present for the alleged observation by Valignano.

著者

亀山 晶子 及川 恵 坂本 真士

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.6, pp.577-583, 2016

被引用文献数

6

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The present study revised a psycho-educational program designed to prevent depression (Oikawa & Sakamoto, 2007) and to enhance interpersonal coping resources for depression. The effects of the revised program on female undergraduates were examined. One hundred and seventy two undergraduates were assigned either to an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group participated in the revised program for ten weeks as part of a psychological class, while the control group did not. All participants were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire about self-efficacy for cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal coping for depression, the state of their mental health, and perceived social support from their family and friends before and after the program. The experimental group's ratings and responses indicated that the program were interesting and meaningful. Moreover, self-efficacy for coping with depression and perceived support from friends at the post intervention were significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group. These results suggest the effectiveness of the revised program for increasing interpersonal coping resources.

著者

野崎 優樹 子安 増生

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.6, pp.555-565, 2016

被引用文献数

1

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Emotional competence has recently become a widespread concern in schools and workplaces, both which deeply involve laypersons. While academic researchers have discussed the status of emotional competence compared to the traditional intelligence, it is very important to elucidate how laypersons regard emotional competence compared to traditional intelligence as well. The present study investigated the position of emotional competence in the multiple intelligences theory by assessing laypersons' self-estimates of their abilities and their rating of the importance of emotional competence for thriving in society. Participants (<i>N</i> = 584) answered a questionnaire online. Results showed that laypersons regarded emotional competence as a distinct construct, and most strongly related it to personal intelligence. Moreover, their ratings of the importance of emotional competence and personal intelligence for thriving in society were higher than that of traditional intelligence.

著者

小松 孝至 向山 泰代 西岡 美和 酒井 恵子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.6, pp.589-595, 2016

被引用文献数

2

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Based on the recently developed <i>Gitaigo</i> personality scale (Komatsu, Sakai, Nishioka, & Mukoyama, 2012), we investigated the relationship between perceived personality and leading/following roles in close friend dyads. Primary participants rated their own and one of their close friend's personality with <i>Gitaigo</i> personality scale. They also described who takes the role of leader in the relationship with the friend they rated. When one in the pair is reported as leader, the other is considered as follower. Subsidiary participants who were cited as close friends rated their own personality. Our analysis of the 215 pairs showed that the participants taking the role of follower were rated higher in the traits of Cowardliness and Mildness by the primary participants. Regarding Mildness, this tendency was also clear in subsidiary participants' self-ratings. Primary participants rated the Preciseness and Candidness of their friends lower if their friend was considered a follower. <i>Gitaigo</i> personality scale describes the perceived personality well, at least for several traits.

著者

伊藤 裕子 相良 順子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.1, pp.42-48, 2015 (Released:2015-04-25)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

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A marital commitment scale was created to study marital relationships of middle-aged and elderly couples. This study examined the scale’s reliability and validity. A total of 840 middle-aged and elderly married participants ranged from 37 to 89 years completed the marital commitment questionnaire and answered questions regarding marital love, perception of the balance of power between spouses, and the concept of gender roles. The results showed that marital commitment consisted of: personal commitment, resigned and instrumental commitment and normative commitment. Personal commitment was highly correlated with marital love. Resigned and instrumental commitment was correlated with perception of poorly balanced of power between spouses. Normative commitment was correlated with the concept of traditional gender roles. Thus the internal consistency as well as the construct and criterion-related validity of the marital commitment scale were confirmed. Gender differences were also identified. Men scored higher on personal and normative commitment, and women scored higher on resigned and instrumental commitment. The results are discussed in terms of gender.

著者

角谷 詩織 無藤 隆

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.79-86, 2001-06-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

2 4 9

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In this study, the significance of extracurricular activities in the life of junior high school students was examined. Seventh and eighth graders participated in a two-stage questionnaire survey, administered in May and October. Based on developmental stage-environment fit theory (Eccles, Wigfield, & Schiefele, 1998), how well extracurricular activity settings fit needs of the students was analyzed. In support of the theory's hypothesis, results indicated that whether an extracurricular activity satisfied the student's developmental needs affected his/her sense of fulfillment and satisfaction in school life. In addition, the effect of seventh graders' commitment to extracurricular activities on their satisfaction of school life was stronger in October than in May. The findings suggested that for students who felt uneasy in class for whatever reasons, extracurricular activities provided an opportunity for relief.

著者

村上 宣寛

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.180-184, 1984

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The purpose of this study was to classify Umemoto (1969)'s 210 stimulus words, based on his own norm of word association data. The principal factor analysis and geomax rotation was applied to the concordance matrix which was calculated by count-out method. The result indicated that the 210 words were classified into 11 groups; education (I), emotional evaluation (II), beauty (III), social relations (IV), motion (V), furniture (VI), family (VII), color (VIII), unusuality (IX), ego (X), and plant (XI). Umemoto's stimuli do not include sufficient number of words concerning social relations, furniture, family, and plant.

著者

市川 玲子 望月 聡

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.5, pp.631_1-631_1, 2015-12-25 (Released:2016-02-06)

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心理学研究第86巻第5号掲載の市川 玲子,望月 聡著,“パーソナリティ障害と顕在的-潜在的自尊感情間の乖離との関連”論文につきまして,p440のFigure 2,Figure 3に印刷の段階で誤りがございました。お詫びし,訂正させていただきます。

著者

仙場 真祐 鳥居 修晃

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.49-52, 1960 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

4

著者

大山 正 鳥居 修晃 浜本 夏美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.210-222, 1957 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3

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Obonai (this journal, 1949, 19, 177-183) reported that the rate of figure-ground reversal decreased as the size of stimulus pattern increased and that the rate increased as the brightness gradient between figure-sectors and their surroundings, the illuminance of stimulus field and the number of sectors increased. We re-examined these relationships.The stimulus pattern used in this study was a circle devided into six sectors. Three alternate sectors were white or light gray, and the other sectors were black or dark gray. The surrounding field was middle gray or white. (See Fig. 1 of the text).Regular figure-ground reversal cycles were frequently interrupted by what we call the undefined phase in which neither of the two areas appeared as figure. This fact made it difficult to determine unequivocally the number of reversal or the time of reversal. So we adopted, as a measure of the rate of reversal, the average number of appearances of two areas per minute i. e. N = (nw + nb) / 2.We analyzed the influence of the size of stimulus pattern through fifteen series of experiments which varied in stimulus pattern, illumination, set, subjects and experimental design. In only two of the series, we obtained statistically significant results. We concluded that Obonai's result was a special case with some particular types of subjects under some particular stimulus conditions.We did not find the influence of brightness gradient upon the rate of reversal when the brightnesses of the two areas were varied symmetrically. But we found that, when the brightness of one area was kept constant, the rate of reversal increased as the brightness gradient between the other area and the surroundings became more similarto that of the former.We found also that the rate increased as the illuminance of stimulus field increased. On the other hand, the influence of the number of sectors was not clear in our experiment.Above mentioned changes in the rate of reversal were partly due to the changes in the time of undefined phase. The level of the rate of reversal varied considerably from subject to subject and individual levels were relatively constant through many experiments.The influence of those stimulus factors upon the rate of reversal was rather slight and not general, contrary to Obonai's results. It was suggested that the rate of figureground reversal was determined by the conditions of the organism rather than by stimulus set-up.

著者

大山 正 鳥居 修晃

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.178-188, 1955

被引用文献数

8

---

The effects of area, voluntary control and prolonged observation on the figureground reversal were analysed by the continuous presentation method.<BR>The stimulus used was a circle divided into six sectors (Fig. 1). The following measures were adopted for the record and analysis of reversal process : total time of appearances for two shapes (<I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB>, <I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB>), total undefined time (<I>T</I><SUB>ε</SUB>=<I>T</I>-(<I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB>+<I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB>)), the number of appearance (<I>n</I><SUB>α</SUB>, <I>n</I><SUB>β</SUB>), relative dominancy (<I>R</I>=<I>100T</I><SUB>α</SUB> / (<I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB>+<I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB>)), average duration (<I>t</I><SUB>α</SUB>=<I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB> / <I>n</I><SUB>α</SUB>, <I>t</I><SUB>β</SUB>=<I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB> / <I>n</I><SUB>β</SUB>) and the frequency of first appearance (<I>f</I><SUB>α</SUB>, <I>f</I><SUB>β</SUB>).<BR>By varying the sector angles of two shapes, we obtained quantitative relationships between the sector angle and each measure (Table 1, 2, 3, 4 ; Fig. 2, 3). Smaller shape appeared as "figure" more frequently at first view, persisted longer in reversal and was more dominant in the total time of appearance. The larger the areal difference of the two shapes was the stronger were these tendencies, and the slower was the reversal.<BR>By voluntary control, the relative dominancy (<I>R</I>) could be changed to some extent (Table 5). The amounts of shifts of <I>R</I> were almost equal in the three stimuli with various sector angles, but were different in two directions (increasing and decreasing). These shifts of <I>R</I> were based upon the changes in both <I>T</I><SUB>α</SUB> and <I>T</I><SUB>β</SUB>, which, in turn, were depended mostly on the changes in <I>t</I><SUB>α</SUB> and <I>t</I><SUB>β</SUB>.<BR>The prolonged observation (12min.) did not cause the acceleration of the rate of reversal which had been expected by Köhler (11). On the other hand, the prolonged observation resulted in the increase of the undefined time and the decrease of the favourable shape, and the slight shift of <I>R</I> to the neutral point (50).

著者

仙場 真祐 鳥居 修晃

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.49-52, 1960

著者

大山 正 鳥居 修晃 浜本 夏美

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.210-222, 1957

被引用文献数

3

---

Obonai (this journal, 1949, 19, 177-183) reported that the rate of figure-ground reversal decreased as the size of stimulus pattern increased and that the rate increased as the brightness gradient between figure-sectors and their surroundings, the illuminance of stimulus field and the number of sectors increased. We re-examined these relationships.<BR>The stimulus pattern used in this study was a circle devided into six sectors. Three alternate sectors were white or light gray, and the other sectors were black or dark gray. The surrounding field was middle gray or white. (See Fig. 1 of the text).<BR>Regular figure-ground reversal cycles were frequently interrupted by what we call the undefined phase in which neither of the two areas appeared as figure. This fact made it difficult to determine unequivocally the number of reversal or the time of reversal. So we adopted, as a measure of the rate of reversal, the average number of appearances of two areas per minute i. e. N = (nw + nb) / 2.<BR>We analyzed the influence of the size of stimulus pattern through fifteen series of experiments which varied in stimulus pattern, illumination, set, subjects and experimental design. In only two of the series, we obtained statistically significant results. We concluded that Obonai's result was a special case with some particular types of subjects under some particular stimulus conditions.<BR>We did not find the influence of brightness gradient upon the rate of reversal when the brightnesses of the two areas were varied symmetrically. But we found that, when the brightness of one area was kept constant, the rate of reversal increased as the brightness gradient between the other area and the surroundings became more similarto that of the former.<BR>We found also that the rate increased as the illuminance of stimulus field increased. On the other hand, the influence of the number of sectors was not clear in our experiment.<BR>Above mentioned changes in the rate of reversal were partly due to the changes in the time of undefined phase. The level of the rate of reversal varied considerably from subject to subject and individual levels were relatively constant through many experiments.<BR>The influence of those stimulus factors upon the rate of reversal was rather slight and not general, contrary to Obonai's results. It was suggested that the rate of figureground reversal was determined by the conditions of the organism rather than by stimulus set-up.

著者

武藤 世良

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

2016

被引用文献数

6

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This study examined the action tendencies of respect-related emotions in Japanese university students. Participants (<i>n</i> = 405) randomly received a questionnaire about one of six respect-related emotions: (a) <i>keiai</i> (respect mingled with mild love); (b) <i>shinsui</i> (idolatry, worship, and adoration); (c) <i>ifu</i> (awe mingled with fear); (d) <i>kanshin</i> (admiration); (e) <i>kyotan</i> (wonder); and (f) <i>sonkei</i> (respect proper) and were asked to recall a situation they felt the emotion. Next, they rated how much they felt like doing the respect-related (intrapersonal or interpersonal) actions in the situation. Statistical analysis revealed several action tendencies of respect-related emotions, however, the degree of each differed between the prototypical episodes of the emotions (a)–(e). The action tendency pattern of <i>sonkei</i> was most similar to that of <i>keiai</i>, therefore <i>keiai</i> could be considered as the prototypical feeling of <i>sonkei</i> in university students. Furthermore, almost all the respect-related emotions tended to strongly motivate willingness for self-correction and improvement. These findings suggest that respect-related emotions play an important role in self-improvement and building good relationships with superiors, at least in late adolescence.

著者

武藤 世良

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

2016

被引用文献数

5

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This study examined the reproducibility of the hierarchical semantic structure of respect-related emotions and the prototypical meaning of <i>sonkei</i> (respect) in modern Japanese people. Participants, ages 20–79, rated the semantic similarity of 153 pairs of 18 respect-related words used in previously published work. Hierarchical cluster analysis (<i>n</i> = 515) showed almost the same semantic organization as the previous study. The highest level of abstraction consisted of "person-focus respect, emotional attitude" and "action-focus respect, emotional state." The basic level consisted of (a) respect mingled with mild love; (b) ought-respect (respect as moral duty); (c) idolatry (worship and adoration); (d) awe mingled with fear; (e) admiration; and (f) wonder. The word <i>sonkei</i> was included in category (a). Additional analyses were conducted according to age. The results revealed that the basic categories seen in adults ages 60–79 differed from those in the whole sample and that <i>sonkei</i> was included in the category which could be considered as ought-respect. These findings suggest that the semantic organization of respect-related emotions is gradually changing under the influence of modern culture.

著者

市村 潤

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.6, pp.396-398, 1959-03-31 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

3

著者

淡路 圓治郎 岡部 彌太郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.1-54, 1932 (Released:2010-07-16)

著者

杉森 伸吉

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.16-24, 1993-06-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

20

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This study tested the hypothesis that undesirable members are salient in a small group, while desirable members become salient in a larger group. One hundred and forty-five students were randomly assigned to twelve conditions, and read sentences desirably, undesirably, or neutrally describing each member of a college student club. The twelve clubs had one of three group sizes: 13, 39, or 52, and the proportion of the desirable or undesirable to the neutral was either 11:2 or 2:11, forming a three-way (3×2×2) factorial. Twelve subjects each were asked to make proportion judgments and impression ratings. Results indicated that proportion of the undesirable members was over estimated when the group size was 13, showing negativity bias, whereas proportion of the desirable was overestimated when the size was 52, displaying positivity bias. The size 39 showed neither positivity nor negativity bias. These results along with those from impression ratings suggested that salience of member desirability interacted with group size. It is argued that illusory correlation and group cognition studies may well take these effects into consideration.

著者

張 珺 外山 美樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.5, pp.424-433, 2015 (Released:2015-12-25)

参考文献数

67

被引用文献数

1 3

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This study aimed at examining whether optimism and pessimism, mediated by emotions and coping styles, affects mental and physical health. We contrasted Japanese college students (n = 176, M (age) = 19.67, SD =1.00) with Chinese college students (n = 199, M (age) = 20.45, SD = 2.04), to explore cultural differences. A questionnaire was administered twice, two weeks apart, to the two groups of participants. Results suggested that optimism led to more positive emotions in Chinese participants, which had a positive effect on positive reinterpretation that benefited health, whereas pessimism led to more negative emotions, which had a negative effect on positive reinterpretation and resulted in impaired health. Due to the differences in the self-improvement motivation between Chinese and Japanese students, the influence of pessimism on coping styles is different. Compared to Chinese students, Japanese students had more interdependence of self with others and self-improvement motivation. Hence even when Japanese students score high in pessimism, that may not influence individual approaches to goals.

著者

財津 亘 渋谷 友祐

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.3, pp.209-217, 2013-08-25 (Released:2013-11-01)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2

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The effects of recollection and familiarity on recognition memory in the Concealed Information Test (CIT) were investigated. In the learning phase, participants encoded 20 words that were presented in one of four frames on a personal computer screen. Next, in the recognition test, the participants were divided into “Remember judgment (Recollection)” or “Know judgment (Familiarity)” groups, based on their Remember/Know judgment when recognizing learned items. In the CIT phase, physiological responses to questions about learned (i.e., critical) and non-learned (i.e., non-critical) items were measured and recorded. The results indicated that there was a deceleration of respiration speed (RS), an increase in skin conductance response (SCR), and a drop in heart rate in responses to critical items for both groups. Furthermore, the effect sizes of RS and SCR were greater in the “Remember judgment” group compared to the “Know judgment” group. These results suggest that critical response patterns are generated by recollection and familiarity. However, the more vividly participants recognized critical items the larger were the magnitudes of RS and SCR response patterns.