著者

入谷 智定

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.603-607, 1937

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Experiments were performed on 3 kinds of .spiders waiting for games upon the spun webs.<BR>So far as the writer observed, all these animals could distinguish instinctively between eatables and uneatables, and show some different degrees of their inborn intellectualities in clearing the fields of the wastes and in managing the dead games or the living. The animals began to respond to them so variedly as one challenged directly against them with some blows by the fore-right-hand , while a second did with repeated vertical swings of its web, in contrast to the horizontal by a third. Even between two animals of one and the same class a remarkable individual difference could be perceived with regard to the precautions taken against the danger and their own procedures for the prizes, besides some traces of practice effects.<BR>All these facts tell us the true nature of several aspects of the animal's instinct.

著者

相川 充

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.6, pp.366-372, 1988-02-29 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

2 2 1

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Greenberg (1980) proposed that the magnitude of indebtedness (I) was a function of the recipient's benefits (B) from the aid attempt plus the donor's costs (C). This relationship is expressed by the equation I=x1B+x2C, x1>x2, where x1 and x2 are empirically determined weights. The present study examined the validity of this equation. The subjects, 272 university students, were asked to place themselves in the role of a hypothetical student confronted with each of 32 different situations in which the student needed some aid from others, and to answer a series of questions regarding their reactions. A multiple regression analysis validated the equation in 23 out of the 32 situations. In situations in which the outcome of the aid attempt was successful with low cost for the donor, there was a tendency for the subjects to estimate x1 to be smaller than x2(x1<x2).

著者

藤井 勉 澤海 崇文 相川 充

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.361-367, 2015

被引用文献数

4

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The Implicit Association Test of Shyness (Shyness IAT: Aikawa & Fujii, 2011) provides an indirect assessment of shyness by measuring associations of self (vs. other) with shyness-related (vs. sociability-related) words. In this study we examined the test–retest reliability of the Shyness IAT. Thirty-five participants responded twice to the Shyness IAT with a time lag of one month. The correlation coefficient between the two time points was .54 (<i>p</i> = .001), confirming an adequate level of test-retest reliability. Indeed, changes in explicit and implicit shyness between the two time points were not related to sociable behavior during the one month period. Implications of the results for the assessment of personalities using IATs as well as relevant future directions are discussed.

著者

西村 多久磨 村上 達也 櫻井 茂男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.368-373, 2015

被引用文献数

8

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The purpose of the present study was to develop a simplified scale to assess loneliness in children. Participants were 646 elementary school students (335 boys and 311 girls) from 4th to 6th grade and 24 homeroom teachers who identified lonely children within the participants of their classes. The student participants completed the Five-item Loneliness Scale for Children (Five-LSC) and other scales measuring social skills, social competence, and withdrawal to confirm the validity of the Five-LSC. The results showed that the Five-LSC was both reliable and valid. In addition, there were no grade or sex differences in loneliness. Future research using the Five-LSC was discussed.

著者

伊藤 友一 服部 陽介 川口 潤

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.340-346, 2015

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The cognitive function to project oneself into the specific past or future is labeled mental time travel (MTT). MTT to the past is considered "episodic memory" and the future is termed "episodic future thinking". Remembering the past and imaging the future during MTT both draw on information stored in episodic memory: a process that enables integration of episodic information into a coherent event representation. Recent studies suggested that episodic information in past/future event representations varies with temporal distance from the present to the event. However, it is unclear whether the influence on temporal distance is actually caused by the function of episodic memory retrieval. The present study investigated the relationship between episodic memory and temporal concepts with a lexical decision task. The results indicate that remembering the past activated temporal concepts of the near future more than that of the far future. This finding suggests that the rich information derived from episodic memory modulates the subjective sense of time in episodic future thinking.

著者

横光 健吾 金井 嘉宏 松木 修平 平井 浩人 飯塚 智規 若狭 功未大 赤塚 智明 佐藤 健二 坂野 雄二

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.354-360, 2015

被引用文献数

5

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This study explores the psychological effects that Japanese people experience when consuming their "Shikohin", such as alcohol, tea, coffee, and tobacco. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 542 people, from 20-to 69-year-old, who regularly consumed any one of "Shikohin" in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Chiba. The participants responded to an anonymous questionnaire concerning the consumption patterns of their "Shikohin" and the psychological effects that they experienced in taking in their "Shikohin". Results obtained using the K-J methods showed three common psychological effects in each "Shikohin". These effects included an increase in relaxation response, the promotion of social relationships, and an increase in positive mood. Our findings suggest that Japanese people may get some common effects through consumption of different "Shikohin".

著者

中島 実穂 服部 陽介 丹野 義彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.347-353, 2015

被引用文献数

4

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Previous studies have shown that two types of private self-consciousness result in opposing effects on depression; one of which is self-rumination, which leads to maladaptive effect, and the other is self-reflection, which leads to an adaptive effect. Although a number of studies have examined the mechanism of the maladaptive effect of self-rumination, only a few studies have examined the mechanism of the adaptive effect of self-reflection. The present study examined the process of how self-reflection affected depression adaptively. Based on the previous findings, we proposed a hypothetical model assuming that hardiness acts as a mediator of self-reflection. To test the validity of the model, structural equation modeling analysis was performed with the cross-sectional data of 155 undergraduate students. The results suggest that the hypothetical model is valid. According to the present results and previous findings, it is suggested that self-reflection is associated with low levels of depression and mediated by "rich commitment", one component of hardiness.

著者

髙本 真寛

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.302-312, 2015

被引用文献数

4

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This study used daily diary methods to investigate if fear of interpersonal stress in daily affect could be explained by coping strategies, and if daily affect and coping would vary randomly across personality traits. Every day for one week, 103 undergraduates recorded their daily events, perceived interpersonal stress, cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, positive events, and positive and negative affect twice a day. A hierarchical linear model and multilevel structural equation modeling were used to examine the relationships between variables. Results suggest that problem-focused coping was associated with within-level maladjustment, while positive reappraisal was associated with within-level adjustment. In addition, neuroticism appeared to moderate the relationship between coping and daily affect. Furthermore, there is evidence that higher fear of interpersonal stress predicts greater active coping, and positive affect.

著者

奥村 太一 森 慶輔 宮下 敏恵 西村 昭徳 北島 正人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.323-332, 2015

被引用文献数

4

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In this study, we developed a Japanese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Educators Survey (MBI-ES). We also examined the reliability and validity of the scale, based on data from Japanese schoolteachers. Because some items related to depersonalization showed a floor effect, the reliability of the MBI-ES was evaluated using item response theory (IRT), which can evaluate the difficulty of the items. The IRT analysis showed that scores of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment had high reliabilities among the wide range of distribution of the latent scores around the means. However, the reliability of the depersonalization items was estimated to be moderate when it was implemented among highly depersonalized teachers, whereas the reliability was lower for relatively healthy teachers. Correlations with the General Health Questionnaire, frequency of emotional labor, and job satisfaction were mostly consistent with previous research and the current theory of burnout, supporting the high validity of the Japanese version of the MBI-ES.

著者

伴 碧 内山 伊知郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.333-339, 2015

被引用文献数

2

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Our goal in this study was to examine whether controlled pretense signal presentation by an adult promoted pretend play behavior in toddlers. Seventy-two Japanese toddlers (24 toddlers in the 18-month-old group, 24 toddlers in the 24-month-old group, and 24 toddlers in the 30-month-old group) participated in one of two experimental conditions: signal and signal-less. In the signal condition, the experimenter presented children with pretend play behaviors (eating, drinking, pouring, and wiping) accompanied by a smile, speech including sound effects, and gazing. In the signal-less condition, the experimenter presented only pretend play behavior with a neutral facial expression without speech or gazing. For each child, we coded the number of pretend play behaviors and recorded the number of seconds the toddler engaged in the behavior. Results indicated that 18- and 24-month-old toddlers' pretend play behavior lasted longer in the signal condition than it did in the signal-less condition. However, the 30-month-old toddlers showed no difference in pretend play behaviors between the signal conditions. In sum, adults' pretense signals promoted pretend play behavior only in 18- and 24-month-olds, and not in 30-month-olds.

著者

山根 隆宏

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.293-301, 2015

被引用文献数

3

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This study examined the stress-buffering effects of sense making among parents of children with developmental disorders. A model assuming that social support is related to sense making and that coping strategy mediates sense making and stress response was examined via a questionnaire survey of mothers of children with developmental disorders (<i>N</i> = 245). The results of structural equation modeling analysis suggested the following: (a) the stress-buffering effects of sense making were mediated through an emotional approach coping strategy and sense making was positively related to stress response mediated through an active coping strategy; (b) seeking a meaning directly increased one's stress response, which was indirectly mediated by an avoidant coping strategy; and (c) the effects of social support on sense making and coping strategy, as well as stress response, varied with the kind of social resources from whom mothers anticipated support. These results suggest that sense making affects stress response in mothers of children with developmental disorders through the social support they anticipate and the coping strategies they adopt.

著者

梅岡 義貴

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.52-56, 1951

著者

丸島 令子 有光 興記

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.3, pp.303-309, 2007-08-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

7 11

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The generative concern scale (GCS) and the generative behavior checklist (GBC) based on the multifaceted model of generativity (McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992) were reconstructed based on item analysis in preliminary research. The reconstructed scales were administered to 996 adults. Factor analysis of GCS-R and GBC-R data revealed the following three factors which showed high internal consistency: offering, maintaining, and creativity. Significant positive correlations between the GCS-R and the GBC-R implied that generative concern may lead to generative behavior. The GCS-R and GBC-R showed significant positive correlations with the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (Nakanishi & Sakata, 1993) and the Inventory of Psychosocial Balance (Domino & Affonso, 1990), which supports concurrent validity. Adults with higher scores on the GCS-R were more extroverted, open-minded to experiences, and the less depressive based on scores on the Big Five Scale (Wada, 1996) and the Beck Depression Inventory (Hayashi & Takimoto, 1991). These results indicate convergent and predictive validity.

著者

宗像 剛

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.6, pp.458-463, 1997-02-28 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

2 3

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This study attempted to construct Male Apathy Inventory (MAI), Female Apathy Inventory (FAI), and Obsession Scale (OS), and investigate the relations among apathy, obsession, self-consciousness, and self-image. Forty-seven original items for MAI and FAI, 13 original items for OS, Sugawara's self-consciousness scale (1984), and Murase and Murase's self-image scale (1966) were administered to 508 university students. Principal component analysis and factor analysis were used to select 24, 32, and 9 items for MAI, FAI, OS, respectively. Students high on OS tended to be higher on private self-consciousness, and male students who were low on both apathy and obsession had the lowest public self-consciousness. Self-images of the students high on apathy tended to be negative. Also, high obsession scores seemed beneficial for the adjustment of female students.

著者

伴 碧 内山 伊知郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.86.14309, (Released:2015-09-15)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

2

---

Our goal in this study was to examine whether controlled pretense signal presentation by an adult promoted pretend play behavior in toddlers. Seventy-two Japanese toddlers (24 toddlers in the 18-month-old group, 24 toddlers in the 24-month-old group, and 24 toddlers in the 30-month-old group) participated in one of two experimental conditions: signal and signal-less. In the signal condition, the experimenter presented children with pretend play behaviors (eating, drinking, pouring, and wiping) accompanied by a smile, speech including sound effects, and gazing. In the signal-less condition, the experimenter presented only pretend play behavior with a neutral facial expression without speech or gazing. For each child, we coded the number of pretend play behaviors and recorded the number of seconds the toddler engaged in the behavior. Results indicated that 18- and 24-month-old toddlers’ pretend play behavior lasted longer in the signal condition than it did in the signal-less condition. However, the 30-month-old toddlers showed no difference in pretend play behaviors between the signal conditions. In sum, adults’ pretense signals promoted pretend play behavior only in 18- and 24-month-olds, and not in 30-month-olds.

著者

森田 慎一郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.6, pp.534-539, 2006-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between intention to serve the same company for long years and job satisfaction in Japanese workers. Four hundred eighteen Japanese workers completed a questionnaire to assess intention to serve for long years and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was measured by two scales. One scale was consisted of the items which were deviced in the preliminary study concerning satisfaction with the company, and the other was consisted of the items based on the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. A factor analysis on the former scale yielded four factors: fosterage by company, order in company, company's name recognition, and expansibility of company. A factor analysis on the latter yielded four factors: contribution and activity, recognition and benefits, supervision, and discretion on job. The multiple regression analysis showed that “expansibility of company” was the most important predictor of intention to serve for long years.

著者

浅井 継悟

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.2, pp.196-202, 2014 (Released:2014-06-25)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

2 2

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The Over-Adaptation Tendency Scale is designed to assess internal (self-inhibitive personality traits) and external (other-directed behavioral adaptation strategies) characteristics of over adaptation. The relationships among over-adaptation, subjective well-being, and family relationships were investigated using this scale. The scale was administered to undergraduate and graduate students (N = 408). The results indicated that for both men and women, all internal aspects of over-adaptation were significantly and negatively associated with the participant’s cognition of past, present, and future subjective well-being. Furthermore, for women, all external aspects of over-adaptation were significantly and positively associated with future subjective well-being and family cohesion was associated with both internal and external aspects. These results are discussed in relation to the characteristics of over-adaptation.

著者

武藤 世良

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.2, pp.157-167, 2014 (Released:2014-06-25)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

4 7

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This study examined the semantic organization of “sonkei” (a feeling of respect) and respect-related emotion words such as “awe” and “admiration” in Japanese university students. Native Japanese university students rated the semantic similarity of 153 pairs of 18 respect-related words having been collected from synonym dictionaries. Hierarchical cluster analysis of similarity ratings revealed two main distinctions at the highest level of abstraction: “person-focus respect, emotional attitude” (sustained respect for a particular person considered to be superior) and “action-focus respect, emotional state” (temporal respect for a praiseworthy action). The former included three basic categories: (a) respect mingled with mild love; (b) idolatry (worship and adoration); and (c) respect mingled with fear (awe). The latter included two basic categories: (d) admiration and (e) respect mingled with surprise (wonder). The word “sonkei” was included in category (a). Also, multidimensional scaling revealed three dimensions of respect-related words: focus, valence, and self-oblivion. These findings suggest that for Japanese university students, respect is typically a kind of emotional attitude, but they sometimes experience respect as an emotional state (“state respect”).

著者

白間 綾 望月 登志子

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.1, pp.51-56, 2007

被引用文献数

1

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The present study aims to examine whether depth perception based on pictorial cues in the peripheral visual field is improved by compensating for the peripheral reduction of visual sensitivity. Figures that partially overlapped or had apparent transparency over a background figure were presented on a CRT monitor at the central-peripheral retinal regions of 2.5-10° eccentricity under the two conditions of same size or size adjusted for the Cortical Magnification Scale (Virsu & Rovamo, 1979). In Experiment 1 the subjects could discriminate the depth relationship of two cortically magnified figures when these were presented within the retinal eccentricity of 10°, even when solutions for the tasks were not dependent on a single visual attribute (brightness, shape). But discrimination in the peripheral visual field became difficult when the number of visual attributes of the stimuli increased (Experiment 2). We conclude that even for peripheral vision, depth perception based on pictorial cues is possible when cortically magnified stimuli are used. However, it should be further study whether or not the visual acuity is an only determinant for the difference between central and peripheral depth perception.

著者

白間 綾 望月 登志子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.1, pp.51-56, 2007-04-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

---

The present study aims to examine whether depth perception based on pictorial cues in the peripheral visual field is improved by compensating for the peripheral reduction of visual sensitivity. Figures that partially overlapped or had apparent transparency over a background figure were presented on a CRT monitor at the central-peripheral retinal regions of 2.5-10° eccentricity under the two conditions of same size or size adjusted for the Cortical Magnification Scale (Virsu & Rovamo, 1979). In Experiment 1 the subjects could discriminate the depth relationship of two cortically magnified figures when these were presented within the retinal eccentricity of 10°, even when solutions for the tasks were not dependent on a single visual attribute (brightness, shape). But discrimination in the peripheral visual field became difficult when the number of visual attributes of the stimuli increased (Experiment 2). We conclude that even for peripheral vision, depth perception based on pictorial cues is possible when cortically magnified stimuli are used. However, it should be further study whether or not the visual acuity is an only determinant for the difference between central and peripheral depth perception.