著者

久保 真人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.4, pp.364-372, 2014

被引用文献数

16

---

Two studies were conducted to examine the factorial and construct validity of the Japanese Burnout Scale which was designed to measure hypothesized aspects of the burnout syndrome among public service workers in a variety of samples. The sample in study 1 consisted of 389 public service workers, 350 non-public service workers, and 3,410 non-service workers. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a hypothesized three-factor structure for both public and non-public service workers, which was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The sample in study 2 consisted of the following car dealer employees: 349 sales staff, 152 engineering staff, and 288 clerical staff. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a hypothesized three-factor structure only in the sales staff group, which was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, the construct validity of the scale was supported by the job demand-control model (Karasek, 1979). The Japanese Burnout Scale may serve as a useful measure of burnout syndrome among service workers in future research.

著者

山根 隆宏

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.4, pp.335-344, 2014

被引用文献数

2

---

This study describes the development and evaluation of the Benefit Finding Scale in Developmental Disorder Parenting (BFS-DDP). Using this scale, we examined the stress-buffering effects of identifying positive implications and benefits of having a child with developmental disorders in parents of such children. The BFS-DDP was developed from a questionnaire survey of mothers (<i>N</i> = 265) of children with developmental disorders. Exploratory and confirmatory analysis identified four factors: (a) "deepened relationships," (b) "changed life," (c) "changed life philosophy," and (d) "personal strength." These factors had high degrees of internal consistency. Furthermore, BFS-DDP scores significantly correlated with measuring optimism and meaningfulness, indicating good convergent validity. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that benefit finding significantly decreased stress response in the presence of high stressors. These results suggest that benefit finding may have a stress-buffering effect.

著者

野村 幸正

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.3, pp.130-139, 1974-08-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

36

---

The principal purpose of the present study was to examine the adequacy of the interference theory in accounting for the so-called spacing effect in short-term memory tasks. A series of the 4 experiments were designed to investigate this problem by using the continuous paired-associate format and the Brown-Peterson format. The results indicated that the determinant of the effects of the spacing interval and the retention interval was the number of intervening items or tasks and this might be interpreted by the interference theory. Further, the relation between the spacing effect and the interference theory may be explained by assuming that the function of the spacing interval was mainly to provide the opportunity for the first encoded cue to forget rather than the stored information to forget by the interference.

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.6, pp.409-412, 1959-03-31 (Released:2010-07-16)

著者

野中 俊介 境 泉洋

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.313-318, 2014

被引用文献数

18

---

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of hikikomori, a Japanese term denoting "prolonged social withdrawal", on quality of life (QOL). Individuals with hikikomori at present (<i>n</i> = 26) and in the past (<i>n</i> = 31), as well as mildly depressed individuals without hikikomori (<i>n</i> = 114) and highly depressed individuals without hikikomori (<i>n</i> = 27) were requested to complete the WHO Quality of Life 26 (QOL26).The results of MANOVA indicated that the present hikikomori group's scores on the social relationships domains of the QOL26 were significantly lower than the scores of the highly depressed group.The results of this study suggest that it might be important to intervene to improve QOL in individuals with hikikomori.

著者

伊藤 大幸 松本 かおり 髙柳 伸哉 原田 新 大嶽 さと子 望月 直人 中島 俊思 野田 航 田中 善大 辻井 正次

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.304-312, 2014

被引用文献数

13

---

We examined the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) and developed a short-form. This study included 157 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD, ages 7–18, 128 boys) and 4,101 healthy controls (ages 7–15, 3,344 boys) from a general population with a controlled male-female ratio. Four factors (Unusual Interests, Sociality, Peer Relations, and Repetitive Behaviors) were extracted by exploratory factor analysis of control group data. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 4-factor model fit well with data for another sample of the control and ASD groups. Logistic analysis showed that the former 3 factors could significantly predict ASD diagnosis. Thus, a short form of the ASSQ was developed, consisting of 11 items for these 3 factors. This short form showed sufficient internal consistency and high discrimination power for ASD diagnosis that was comparable to that of the 22-item version. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated an optimal cut-off of 7 for the 22-item version (sensitivity .949, specificity .801) and 5 for the short-form (sensitivity .936, specificity .818).

著者

下田 俊介 大久保 暢俊 小林 麻衣 佐藤 重隆 北村 英哉

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.294-303, 2014

被引用文献数

7

---

The Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT) is an instrument for the indirect assessment of positive and negative affect. A Japanese version of the IPANAT was developed and its reliability and validity were examined. In Study 1, factor analysis identified two independent factors that could be interpreted as implicit positive and negative affect, which corresponded to the original version. The Japanese IPANAT also had sufficient internal consistency and acceptable test–retest reliability. In Study 2, we demonstrated that the Japanese IPANAT was associated with explicit state affect (e.g., PANAS), extraversion, and neuroticism, which indicated its adequate construct validity. In Study 3, we examined the extent to which the Japanese IPANAT was sensitive to changes in affect by assessing a set of IPANAT items after the presentation of positive, negative, or neutral photographs. The results indicated that the Japanese IPANAT was sufficiently sensitive to changes in affect resulting from affective stimuli. Taken together, these studies suggest that the Japanese version of the IPANAT is a useful instrument for the indirect assessment of positive and negative affect.

著者

榊原 雅人 寺本 安隆 谷 伊織

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.284-293, 2014

被引用文献数

9

---

The present study aimed to develop a short-form self-report measure to assess relaxation effects (S-MARE). Participants (<i>N</i> = 190) responded to a questionnaire comprised of 45 items assessing relaxation and non-relaxation based on the Relaxation Inventory (Crist et al., 1989). Exploratory factor analysis identified three factors: physiological tension, psychological relaxation, and anxiety. Each factor was related to 5 items and each had an acceptable Cronbach's coefficient (α = .93, .94, and .85). S-MARE scores pre- and post- relaxation instruction were significantly correlated with the Emotional Relaxation Scale (Tokuda, 2011) (<i>r</i> = .446) and with State Anxiety (<i>r</i> = –.531) (<i>N</i> = 172). There was a significant correlation between the amplitude of the high frequency component of heart rate variability during relaxation instruction and physiological tension scores on the S-MARE (<i>r</i> = .456—.474, <i>N</i> = 24). These results confirmed the reliability and validity of the S-MARE in terms of physiological correlation with cardiac parasympathetic tone, suggesting that the S-MARE is a valid measure of relaxation effects.

著者

竹谷 隆司 河西 哲子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.276-283, 2014

被引用文献数

2

---

It has been suggested that uniform connectedness is the most fundamental factor in forming units of attentional selection, while there are evidences that attention can select a perceptual group that consists of separate elements with similar features. The present study examined the effects of connectedness and a boundary-feature similarity on early spatial-selection processes using a sustained-focal-attention paradigm of event-related potentials (ERPs). Bilateral stimuli were manipulated to have an orthogonal combination of connectedness (C–, C+) and a similarity in boundary feature (S–, S+). ERPs were recorded from 15 participants who were instructed to pay attention to the left or the right visual field and to respond to a target shape that appeared infrequently in the attended field. The ERP attention effect in the N1 latency range (125–185 ms) was decreased for stimuli with connectedness and/or boundary-feature similarity, and the effects of the two grouping factors were independent of each other. The present result suggests that multiple grouping factors, including connectedness, operate in parallel in early processes of object-based attention-spreading.

著者

外山 美樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.257-265, 2014

被引用文献数

3

---

Prior research has reported that dispositional optimists tend to take approach-type coping strategies in response to health threats, and as a result, experience positive health benefits. This study investigated whether dispositional optimism or pessimism interacted with the importance that a participant assigned to stressful events to predict their coping behavior. College students (<i>N</i> = 178) participated in the study. The results indicated that the importance participants assigned to stressful events moderated the relationship between dispositional optimism and positive interpretations, as well as the relationship between dispositional pessimism and positive interpretations, abandonment, and avoiding of responsibility. It was concluded that optimistic individuals used positive interpretations for highly important events but not for less- important events. Moreover, less pessimistic individuals also used positive interpretations for highly significant events, and did not use abandonment or avoidance of responsibility; there was no such relationship with less- important events. These findings suggest that individuals high in optimism and low in pessimism are flexible, which plays a valuable role in their self-regulatory behavior.

著者

松田 憲 楠見 孝 細見 直宏 長 篤志 三池 秀敏

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.240-247, 2014

被引用文献数

1

---

This study examined the influence of familiarity and novelty on the mere exposure effect while manipulating the presentation of background information. We selected presentation stimuli that integrated cars and backgrounds based on the results of pilot studies. During the exposure phase, we displayed the stimuli successively for 3 seconds, manipulating the background information (same or different backgrounds with each presentation) and exposure frequency (3, 6, and 9 times). In the judgment phase, 18 participants judged the cars in terms of preference, familiarity, and novelty on a 7-point scale. As the number of stimulus presentations increased, the preference for the cars increased during the different background condition and decreased during the same background condition. This increased preference may be due to the increase in familiarity caused by the higher exposure frequency and novelty resulting from the background changes per exposure session. The rise in preference judgments was not seen when cars and backgrounds were presented independently. Therefore, the addition of novel features to each exposure session facilitated the mere exposure effect.

著者

奥村 優子 鹿子木 康弘 竹内 祥惠 板倉 昭二

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.248-256, 2014

被引用文献数

3

---

Recent research demonstrates that social preferences for native language speakers emerge early in development, indicating that infants prefer speakers from their own society. Dialect may also be a reliable cue to group membership because it provides information about an individual's social and ethnic identity. We investigated whether infants showed social preferences toward native-dialect speakers over those with unfamiliar dialects. Infants at 9 and 12 months of age were shown videos in which two adults (a native-dialect speaker and an unfamiliar-dialect speaker) each spoke to and then offered an identical toy to the participating infants. Next, two real versions of the toys were presented to the infants in person. The 12-month-old infants preferentially reached for the toy offered by the native-dialect speaker. The 9-month-old infants also showed a preference for native-dialect speakers but this finding was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that dialects may be a reliable cue to group membership, and that infants' orientation toward members of their native community may guide their social and cultural learning.

著者

大濱 知佳 小野 史典

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.233-239, 2014

---

A large number of studies have demonstrated the sequential effect, in which the response in the current trial is assimilated towards that of the immediately preceding trial in a decision making task. However, most previous studies have only examined the effect in situations where the response was given after each stimulus presentation. In this study, we examined whether the sequential effect existed when observers responded after the presentation of two stimuli. After two pictures of male faces were presented successively, participants rated the attractiveness of each face on a 9-point scale. The results showed that the second response was assimilated towards the first (Experiment 1), but the first response contrasted with (shifted away from) the second (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that preceding and succeeding contexts may differentially modulate our decision making.

著者

中西 大輔 亀田 達也

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.6, pp.469-476, 2001

---

Effects of stereotypic beliefs were examined in a group problem solving context, featuring full-fledged, face-to-face interaction. Based on formal analysis of group aggregation processes, it was hypothesized that positive and negative impacts of stereotypic beliefs on task performance in problem solving were larger on the group level than on the individual level. In the present study, data from five-person groups working on a series of problem-solving tasks were used to test the hypothesis. Results indicated that stereotypic beliefs indeed exerted "emergent influence" as hypothesized on task performance in the group problem solving. The finding illustrates the importance of socially-shared aspects of stereotypic beliefs, providing a case for the need for "truly social" social-cognition research.

著者

古武 彌正

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.1-17, 1951 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

---

Part IExtinction, Delay, and Trace of Conditioned Salivary Reflex in Human SubjectsFormerly we succeeded in establishing the conditioned salivary reflex in human subjects, of which Zebrowski, Brunacci, Richter, Lashley, Krasnogorski, and others have never been able to report any setisfactory result, and showed several phases of generalization, (c.f. “Ten Tears of Research on the Conditioned Response in Human Subjects” by Yasho Kotake, in Brain Study vol. 6). And here, after making efforts, we could catch the phenomena of extinction by the manometer which was connected to the suction disk. The sound of metronome was used as conditioned stimulus, and special care was taken for unconditioned stimulus, trying to establish complicated temporal scheme which is more advanced than simple basic scheme of conditioned reflex. And at last, we succeeded in establishing the delayed conditioned salivary reflex and the trace conditioned salivary reflex in human subjects, which have been thought to be impossible. The results of the experiments were showed in detail following the development of reinforcement process. The results have enough reliability as they were acquired by perfect arrangements of the sound proof room and our experimental technique mastered through ten years' experience. We made a psycho-physiological scheme of human being and found psycho-physiological laws of the functions of the human brain by executing just the same experiments as pavlov did on dogs. The laws which were drawn out from the relation between introspective data and establishing process of conditioned reflex, the facts about strengthening of differentiation, and especially time relation in trace conditioned reflex, are, we believe very interesting achievements.Part IIA Method of Acute Establishment of Conditioned Reflex in Human Subjects.On the basis of the confidence acquired at Part I, we found acute method of establishing conditioned reflex in human subjects by extremely shortened reinforcing xprocess. And we succeeded with offering it as a research method of clinicalmedicine. The method is to measure galvanic skinreflex by simple electric condenser circuit. Thus weconditioned this galvanicskin reflex by weak electricshock as uncond itioned sti mulus and pure tone asconditioned stimulus.We have the conviction that conditioned reflex can be established by means of 14-25 times reinforcing trials within only 30 or 60 minutes. Comparing single reinforcing method and differential reinforcing method, We have found that the latter is more effective and reliable in human subjects. By this research an indicator of the function of the human brain was acquired. Certainly it may play an interesting rôle on the researches of psychopathology and brain surgery.There are many authers in U.S.A. who have reported on the conditioned galvanic skin reflex. However, it is the first time that it was offered as a practical method by introducing differential reinforcing method, being based upon the researches of conditioned salivary reflex for many years. Thus we could contribute to apply conditioned reflex theory to the new fields. Our second theme is to complete all the schemes containing generalization, trace, and delay of human conditioned galvanic skin reflex by this acute method of conditioning, and in future “Brain Wave” will be introduced in our experimental study.Part IIIVoluntary Cootrol of Conditioned Salivary Reflex in Human Subjects.In this part one of the most difficult problems for the experiments in the field of psycho-physiology is taken up. The problem is to prove experimentally the fact that conditioned salivary reflex in human subjects which hasthe most clear form is controlled voluntarily, and to make the basis firm for solviug the more interesting problems of reflex, volition and language. It was found that conditioned salivary reflex in human subjects is controlled voluntarily through five

著者

今井 貢

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.5, pp.673-693, 1928 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

2

著者

藤田 哲也 堀内 孝

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.5, pp.414-420, 1998-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

---

Judging whether words refer to oneself results in better memory than judging words on a semantic or physical basis. This phenomenon is known as self-reference effect. It is assumed that people encode more attribute when they are engaged in self-referent processing than when they are engaged in other types of processing, but it is not clear what kinds of attributes are encoded. In this study, the performance patterns of three judgment types (self, semantic, and physical) were measured in two conditions: A perceptual implicit memory test (the word-stem completion condition) and a conceptual explicit memory test (the word-stem cued recall condition). The results showed that in the explicit condition, both the self reference effect and the levels-of-processing effect were obtained, but in the implicit condition, all judgments produced the same memory performance. This finding suggests that self-referent judgment produces a perceptual encoding that is similar to a perceptual encoding in semantic or physical judgment, and, that self-referent judgment produces more semantic and conceptual encoding than semantic or physical judgment.

著者

積山 薫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.6, pp.342-349, 1987-02-27 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

8 9 6

---

Three experiments on mental rotation were carried out to investigate conditions under which hand images are operated kinesthetically. In Experiment 1a, either a left or right hand was presented in a photographic slide, and subjects' task was left-right identification. In Exp. 2, each slide consisted of two hands, identical hands or mirror-imaged hands, and same-different judgment was required. In Exp. 3, two hands were presented successively, requiring same-different (mirror-reversed) judgment. On the other hand, subjects in Exp. 1b were asked to rate physical difficulty of actual hand movements to imitate stimuli. Six to 12 undergraduate students served as subjects in each experiment. The results suggested that subjects' mental operations of hand images were kinesthetic in Exp. 1a but visual in Exp. 2 and 3, on the basis of comparison between reaction times in the three experiments and the ratings in Exp. 1b. Conditions which give rise to kinesthetic image processes were argued in relation with task structures.

著者

竹内 ますみ

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.5, pp.296-302, 1984

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of this study was to measure the behavioral characteristics of neonates and to investigate the relationship between these characteristics and infant-perception by adults (nurse). Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) were administered to 45 neonates three or four days after birth. Nurses were required to assess the perception of the neonates who received BNBAS during two to five days after birth. The main findings were as follows: (1) A factor analysis was performed on the behavioral items of BNBAS, and six factors corresponding to Osofsky's factors (1977) were extracted. (2) As for the behavioral items, there was no significant sex differences. (3) Some of BNBAS factors related to the infant-perception by nurses.

著者

広田 実

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.6, pp.363-376, 1959-03-31 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Problem: Easel pictures painted by children freely were analysed into items according to the categories of painting characteristics and each of them was rated from two points of the quantity of painting expression (e.g., the length of strokes, area of a mass, number of dabs, etc.) and the effect of expression (e.g., distance from left edge of paper to painted things, recognizable forms, etc.). Then, the questions to be answered were as follows: What are the quantity and the effect of painting expression? How do they change with age? What factors are found in characteristics of children's painting? Have its characteristics been analysed and rated accurately? How much is its rating affected by errors? To what extent is the agreement among caters gained?Procedure: Two age groups of young children, consisting of 22 four-year-olds (IQ 119 on the average), and 29 six-year-olds (IQ 111 on the average) were selected from a kindergarten and a nursery school of middle class districts in Kyoto City. Pictures painted 4 times each with interval of more than 7 days, were analysed into 71 items and were rated into 4 grades. The categories of items were defined as clearly and unambiguously as possible.Results: 1. 4-year-olds were rated as more distinctively in items on color and on non-concreteness of form than 6-year-olds. The latter were more distinctively in items on direction and on concreteness of form than the former. Those developmental differences should be taken into consideration when personality studies and clinical researches with children's paintings are conducted.2. The correlation clusters were found when correlation coefficients of inter-items were tabulated adequately, and 3 factors were found on factor analysis. The first factor was interpreted as the emotionality of expression, the second as the effectiveness of expression, the third as the color and form quality of expression.3. Validity. Examining the internal consistency of items estimated from the intercorrelations of each item to the total by 6-year-olds, the majority of the items except several turned out to be valid.Reliability. The internal correlations of each item on 6-year-olds were mostly recognizable as significant, but several were negligible. As reliability coefficient of item battery, rtt by the method of Spearman-Brown was .74, which is reliable.4. 48 pictures painted by 12 children of 4-year-old and 6-year-old; were rated on 31 items into 4 grades by 3 raters, whose opinions on children's painting were different, and after 19 months' interval they were rated again by one of the racers, Agreement among 3 raters' ratings and the agreement between the first and the second ratings of one rater were 61% and 76% respectively on the average.