著者
矢部 健太郎
出版者
国史学会
雑誌
国史学 (ISSN:03869156)
巻号頁・発行日
no.196, pp.63-98, 2008-12
著者
小野 厚夫
出版者
情報処理学会
雑誌
情報処理 (ISSN:04478053)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.46, no.5, pp.475-479, 2005-05-15

前回述べたように,情報は日本で作られた言葉で,1876年出版の酒井忠恕訳『佛國歩兵陣中要務實地演習軌典』に最初の用例があり,その原語はフランス語のrenseignementである.初期には情報と状報が併用されていたが,ほどなく情報に統一された.日清,日露戦争の記事で情報は新聞用語として定着し,国語辞書にも採録されるようになった.今回は,主に明治,大正期の情報の用例について述べる.
著者
山 朗
出版者
九州大学
雑誌
經濟學研究 (ISSN:0022975X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.5, pp.105-127, 2003-03-31
著者
高橋 和宏
出版者
JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2012, no.170, pp.170_46-170_60, 2012

During the Ikeda administration (1960–1964), Japan's index of import liberalization accelerated from 40% in 1960 to 93% in 1964, approximately same as in the European Economic Community countries. Such rapid liberalization, however, prompted severe anxiety among the Japanese, who feared their economy might be swallowed up by "black ships." Focusing on actions of the Economic Affairs Bureau (EAB) in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the leadership of Prime Minister Ikeda Hayato, this article explores the rising of Japan's economic nationalism, its underlying logic, and how Japan government restrained it.<br>Under insistence from the U.S. government, Japan decided to liberalize its trade restrictions in 1960. Such overt foreign pressure, however, fueled economic nationalism among Japan's governmental agencies. Believing trade liberalization was needed to not only meet U.S. demands to expand free trade and defend the dollar but also strengthen Japan's economy, EAB urged Ikeda to take assertive action. Consequently, Ikeda expressed his determination to hasten the removal of trade restrictions when he visited the U.S. in 1961.<br>Nonetheless, intense nationalism was inherent in the Japanese government, especially among its economic agencies. Although they considered trade liberalization necessary, they rejected its basic theory—the principle of comparative advantage—fearing that Japan's infant heavy industries might be forced out, obliging Japan to specialize only in light industries. Hoping to avoid that outcome, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) introduced legislation titled "Temporary Measures for Promotion of Specific Industries" intended to create a new industrial structure and strengthen competitiveness of the Japanese heavy industry through public-private cooperation. However, this bill could not muster enough support for enactment because it emphasized regulation rather than free trade.<br>Instead of trade regulations, Japan's economic agencies regarded higher tariffs as the means to prevent acceleration of imports. In opposition, the U.S. and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) called for linear tariff cuts at the start of the Kennedy Round negotiations. MITI and the Ministry of Agriculture resisted drastic tariff cuts, but their insistence on protecting domestic industries was so self-serving that Japan was reproached during the GATT negotiations. It was Ikeda's initiative that persuaded the intractable economic agencies and enabled Japan to participate affirmatively in the Kennedy Round negotiations.<br>This article concludes that Ikeda's leadership was essential to Japan's overcoming of the forces of economic nationalism and liberalizing its trade policies. Ikeda believed that the Japanese economy would become more vigorous and competitive through trade liberalization.
著者
小池 龍信 岩井 輝男 中西 正和
出版者
一般社団法人情報処理学会
雑誌
情報処理学会論文誌プログラミング(PRO) (ISSN:18827802)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.7, pp.1-8, 1999-08-15
参考文献数
8
被引用文献数
1

ごみ集め処理(GC)を必要とする言語がいくつか存在し Lisp言語などのような関数型言語処理系にはGCが不可欠である.これらの処理系は 実時間性に向いてないとされてきた.理由としては GCを行っている時に処理が一時中断することがあげられる.この中断時間をできるだけ減らすための研究がなされている.このようなGCを実時間GCと呼び その中の一つにTreadmill GCがある.Treadmill GCは複写式GCを改良したものである.このGCでは全てのオブジェクトを双方向環状リストで連結し GCは複写によるオブジェクトの移動ではなく 双方向ポインタのつけかえ(relink)で実現する.これにより複写式GCの利点を保持し さらにオブジェクトの移動を行わないため複写式GCで問題となるreadバリアが解消されている.Treadmill GCの時間的コストは生きているオブジェクトの数に比例する.よって生きているオブジェクトが多い場合には実時間性が乏しい.この問題点の解決方法として世代別GCの考えを取り入れた.世代別GCの考え方は ある程度生き続けたオブジェクトは半永久に生き残り また生成して間もないオブジェクトの殆どは寿命が短いというものである.本稿では 世代別GCの考えを取り入れたTreadmill GC(Opportunistic Treadmill GC)の提案及びその実現方法 さらにいくつかのベンチマークアプリケーションを実行し その実験結果から1回のGC時間 総実行時間を削減したことについて報告を行う.Real-time Garbage Collection is a study that makes pause time of GC as short as possible. Treadmill GC, one of the real-time GC algorithms, is improved Copying GC. In this scheme all objects are linked by cyclic doubly-linked lists (treadmill). Objects are not removed by copying, and objects' pointer of treadmill are relinked. This means that advantages of Copying GC are preserved, solving read barrier problem at the same time. We propose the "Opportunistic Treadmill GC", which is a Garbage Collection technique that the collector traces only short-life objects, setting long-life objects out of collector's view. There is a strong evidence that the overwhelming majority of objects die very young, although a small proportion may live for a long time. In Treadmill GC, pause time of GC is mostly the time for relinking alive objects. Especially in the original Treadmill GC, collector has to relink all alive object. However in Opportunistic Treadmill GC, collector only has to relink short-life objects of all alive objects. Hence we can make a pause time of GC shorter and improve effective real-time GC. Then we implemented the original Treadmill GC and Opportunistic Treadmill GC on an incremental garbage collector of the Lisp1.5 based system, and showed how efficient it is by a few experiments, in comparison with the original Treadmill GC, we could decrease average time of one GC execution as well as total execution time. We refined incremental GC so that the real-time systems with our Opportunistic Treadmill GC will be more useful.
著者
渡邊 容子
出版者
華頂短期大学
雑誌
華頂博物館学研究 (ISSN:09197702)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.5, pp.27-44, 1998-12
著者
金子 晃
出版者
公益社団法人地盤工学会
雑誌
土と基礎 (ISSN:00413798)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, no.10, pp.96-98, 1976-10-25
著者
尼子 直輝
出版者
日本雑草学会
雑誌
雑草研究 (ISSN:0372798X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.3, pp.137-140, 2007-09-28
被引用文献数
2

外来生物による被害を防止し,生物の多様性の確保,人の生命・身体の保護,農林水産業の健全な発展を目指し制定された「特定外来生物による生態系等に係る被害の防止に関する法律(通称「外来生物法」)」が2005(平成17)年6月1日に施行され,2年が経ったが,身近な植物も規制対象となっている反面,法律についてあまり知られていない面もある。ここでは,法律の概要,指定の経緯,法律に関する身近な疑問とその対応などを紹介する。
著者
川村 輝典
出版者
東京女子大学
雑誌
東京女子大学比較文化研究所紀要 (ISSN:05638186)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, pp.41-56, 1991

1. The purpose of this paper is to call into question the term "Kokai-ism" a term denoting the concept that the ideal stand of the Christian Church in Japan is evangelical, superdenominational, and independent. Judged from this point of view, many important elements of the real church of Japan in Meiji Era are excluded. 2. Thus the establishment of Presbyterian churches by C. Carrothers, H. Loomis, and J. C. Hepburn has, as a consequence of sentimental reasoning, been treated relatively negatively and as yet not ecclesiastically. From a scientific point of view, this gives the impression of careless thinking. 3. The breakdown of Kokai-ism was achieved not by the independent work of the Presbyterian churches but by the nonecclesiastical character of the Kokai herself. The Presbyterian Church of Japan founded one new church after another and with the Dutch Reformed Church and the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland established the United Church of Japan. 4. The establishment of the United Church of Japan in October, 1877, was quite opportune and an incident of great historical importance for the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Japan. The original ideal of Kokai-ism has been realized not in herself but in the United Church of Japan. This church was established by the several churches, each of which maintained the clear character of the denomination and was as yet not closed, but wished to unite herself with the Congregational Church of Japan.
著者
平尾 良光
雑誌
Isotope news (ISSN:02855518)
巻号頁・発行日
no.656, pp.22-27, 2008-12-01