著者
大森 佐和
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, no.1, pp.1_80-1_108, 2017 (Released:2020-07-01)
参考文献数
37

本稿は, 世界金融危機以後になされた国際通貨基金 (IMF) の融資プログラムの改革を踏まえ, IMF加盟国における融資プログラムに関する米国の影響力が, 世界金融危機の前と後で変化したか否かを1992-2015年のIMF加盟国のデータベースを用い計量的に分析することを目的としている。分析の結果から, 世界金融危機前には, 米国はIMF融資プログラムの承認に有意な影響を与えていることが従来の先行研究通り示されたが, 世界金融危機後には, こうした米国の影響は顕著に減少したことが明らかとなった。また, 日本が米国から独立してIMF融資プログラムの承認に与える影響は, 世界金融危機前の期間のアジア地域においてのみ認められた。従って, IMFが世界金融危機以降に行ってきた改革は, 全ての加盟国を公平に扱うべきであるというIMFに対する批判に応える方向で変化するものとなっていると思われる。しかし, このようなIMF改革の努力の成果が, 米国の新大統領のもとでも継続するか, 今後引き続き検討が必要である。
著者
Lok Kumar Shrestha Rekha Goswami Shrestha Sabina Shahi Chhabi Lal Gnawali Mandira Pradhananga Adhikari Biswa Nath Bhadra Katsuhiko Ariga
出版者
Japan Oil Chemists' Society
雑誌
Journal of Oleo Science (ISSN:13458957)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, no.1, pp.11-32, 2023 (Released:2023-01-07)
参考文献数
201
被引用文献数
6

Nanoarchitectonics integrates nanotechnology with numerous scientific disciplines to create innovative and novel functional materials from nano-units (atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials). The objective of nanoarchitectonics concept is to develop functional materials and systems with rationally architected functional units. This paper explores the progress and potential of this field using biomass nanoarchitectonics for supercapacitor applications as examples of energetic materials and devices. Strategic design of nanoporous carbons that exhibit ultra-high surface area and hierarchically pore architectures comprising micro- and mesopore structure and controlled pore size distributions are of great significance in energy-related applications, including in high-performance supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and fuel cells. Agricultural wastes or natural biomass are lignocellulosic materials and are excellent carbon sources for the preparation of hierarchically porous carbons with an ultra-high surface area that are attractive materials in high-performance supercapacitor applications due to high electrical and ion conduction, extreme porosity, and exceptional chemical and thermal stability. In this review, we will focus on the latest advancements in the fabrication of hierarchical porous carbon materials from different biomass by chemical activation method. Particularly, the importance of biomass-derived ultra-high surface area porous carbons, hierarchical architectures with interconnected pores in high-energy storage, and high-performance supercapacitors applications will be discussed. Finally, the current challenges and outlook for the further improvement of carbon materials derived from biomass or agricultural wastes in the advancements of supercapacitor devices will be discussed.
著者
金山 範明
出版者
日本基礎心理学会
雑誌
基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.1, pp.56-64, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-12-14)
参考文献数
27

In recent years, the importance of tactile stimulation/haptics has increased in various research fields. Psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists have great difficulty controlling tactile stimulation in experiments, in contrast to visual and auditory stimulation. Unlike studies involving audiovisual stimulation, there is no standardized tactile stimulation device, such as a computer display or speaker, which can be purchased anywhere and then controlled easily by any personal computer. In this article, methods of controlling tactile stimulation using vibration, electrical stimulation, and touch on the various materials are introduced. The methods introduced do not completely overcome the difficulty of controlling tactile stimulation in experiments; therefore, psychologists must expend further effort to develop a standardized method. More active collaboration with engineering/robotics researchers and commercial companies will play an important role in this standardization.
著者
浅井 健一
出版者
東京大学
雑誌
奨励研究(A)
巻号頁・発行日
1997

自己反映言語のコンパイルを目指して、おもにその基礎技術である部分評価法の研究を行った。部分評価器を自己反映言語のコンパイラとして使用するためには、使用する部分評価器が(1)十分、強力で、かつ(2)効率的に動くこと、の2点が重要である。これらに対応して以下のような結果を得た。1. 部分評価器の能力として、構造データをきちんと扱えることが重要で、そのためには部分評価時に各式の値とコードの両方を保持することが重要であることを発見した。これに基づいて実際にonlineの部分評価器を作成し、その効果を確かめた。しかし、この方法はonlineのため効率に問題があることがわかった。2. より効率的な部分評価を実現するべく、上記の方法をofflineに拡張する方法を提案した。この方法は、構造データをうまく扱う特化器の作成と束縛時解析器の作成というふたつの部分からなる。このうち前者は、必要に応じて値とコードの両方を保持し、かつコードの複製を避けるためコード部分を必ずlet式に残すことでうまくできることがわかった。この特化器を使って実際にいろいろな特化を行い、自己適用によるコンパイラジェネレータの作成を含めてうまく動くことを確認した。後者に関しては、従来の束縛時解析の手法を拡張することで、値とコードの両方を持つべき場所を特定できることを示した。その過程で、束縛時解析は、比較的、素直に制約を生成する型システムとして定式化できるが、制約を解くためには従来の手法と違い、2段階にわける必要があることがわかった。束縛時解析は実際に実装を行い、うまく動くことを確認した。今後の課題としては、ここで提案した束縛時解析の多段の部分評価への応用、今回は行うことができなかった自己反映言語のコンパイルへの実際の適用などがあげられる。
著者
ICHIROU TANAKA HARUO TAKEFUSHI
出版者
The Anthropological Society of Nippon
雑誌
Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.101, no.2, pp.187-193, 1993 (Released:2008-02-26)
参考文献数
13
被引用文献数
93 107

Grooming behavior was studied from September 1990 to May 1992 in the provisioned troop of free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at Jigokudani Monkey Park, Japan. By confiscating what macaques picked up during grooming, we found that macaques pick up lice (Pedicinus obtusus and Pedicinus eurygaster) and the eggs of lice and eat them. Slow motion video replays were used to discriminate the prey of grooming. Most (98.9%) of what Japanese macaques picked up and ate during grooming were the eggs of lice. Hence, allogrooming has an altruistic function to eliminate the external parasites on others. In particular, grooming of infants by mothers appears to be important maternal care. On the other hand, in Japanese macaques, grooming is also insect-feeding behavior, and such selfish benefit may favor grooming under individual natural selection.
著者
Yoshito Kamijo Michiko Takai Yuji Fujita Kiyotaka Usui
出版者
The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine
雑誌
Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.0333-17, (Released:2018-03-09)
参考文献数
30
被引用文献数
21 23

Objective We conducted a retrospective study on the epidemiological and clinical features of patients with acute caffeine poisoning in Japan. Methods Letters requesting participation were sent to 264 emergency departments of hospitals, and questionnaires were mailed to those that agreed to participate. Patients Participants were patients transported to emergency departments of hospitals between April 2011 and March 2016 after consuming large or massive amounts of caffeinated supplements and/or energy drinks (caffeine dose ≥1.0 g). Results We surveyed 101 patients from 38 emergency departments. Since April 2013, the number of patients has markedly increased. Of these young patients (median age, 25 years), 53 were men, and 97 had consumed caffeine in tablet form. Estimated caffeine doses (n=93) ranged from 1.2 to 82.6 g (median, 7.2 g). Serum caffeine levels on admission (n=17) ranged from 2.0 to 530.0 μg/mL (median level, 106.0 μg/mL). Common abnormal vital signs and laboratory data on admission included tachypnea, tachycardia, depressed consciousness, hypercreatinekinasemia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperlactatemia. Common signs and symptoms in the clinical course included nausea, vomiting, excitement/agitation, and sinus tachycardia. Seven patients (6.9%) who had consumed ≥6.0 g of caffeine, or whose serum caffeine levels on admission were ≥200 μg/mL, developed cardiac arrest. Ninety-seven patients (96.0%) recovered completely, but 3 patients (3.0%) died. Discussion The present analysis of data from more than 100 emergency patients revealed clinical features of moderate to fatal caffeine poisoning. Conclusion We recommend highlighting the toxicity risks associated with ingesting highly caffeinated tablets.
著者
萩田 賢司
出版者
公益社団法人 自動車技術会
雑誌
自動車技術会論文集 (ISSN:02878321)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, no.5, pp.871-876, 2014 (Released:2018-01-25)
参考文献数
9

日没前は太陽の眩しさにより交通事故が増加しており,日没後は薄暮により交通事故が増加しているという研究報告が存在する.これらの現象を時系列的に分析した研究は存在しない.そのため,日没前後の交通事故発生確率を時系列的に分析して,太陽の眩しさと薄暮による交通事故発生への影響を定量的に示した.
著者
湯川 文彦
出版者
教育史学会
雑誌
日本の教育史学 (ISSN:03868982)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.58, pp.6-18, 2015 (Released:2016-05-02)
参考文献数
8

This paper examines the essential qualities of educational policy during the early Meiji Period, focusing on the relation between education and the reform of Civil Government. Previous studies of Meiji educational system and policy regard Education System Order of 1872 as the starting point of modern educational policy, and assessed the Order itself as a product of intellectualism and literal translation of Western knowledge, and therefore undifferentiated, unrealistic, and/or arbitrary in nature. However, these studies did not consider the real intent and actions of officials involved in determining educational policy, particularly those of Oki Takato, who was the primary educational policymaker of the early Meiji period. Through an analysis of Oki Takato’s intent and actions, this study provides context for early Meiji educational policy, Education System Order of 1872, and educational policy. The results are as follows: 1) Oki recognized the importance of education for all people, through Civil Government in Tokyo Prefecture. He determined the order of importance for various matters of Civil Government, and carried them out, step by step, in a practical manner. He was appointed to the Ministry of Civil Government (Minbusho) by the Meiji government, and considered how to encourage all people to understand the benefits of learning, and insisted that it was very important to establish elementary schools, to provide learning opportunities for girls, as well as opportunities for learning business methods throughout Japan. 2) For Oki, the first Minister of Education, Education System Order of 1872 was nothing more than a first step. After it was promulgated, he immediately suggested that it should be revised, based on local government officials’ input, and re-emphasized that the top priority was the establishment of elementary schools.