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In recent years, investigations on the structures of volcanoes have been noteworthy for further understanding volcanic processes, including locations of magma reservoirs, magma rising process before eruptions and causes of related phenomena. In 1994, a joint experiment was conducted on Kirishima Volcanoes, Southern Kyushu, to reveal the structure and the magma supply system by a group of scientists from national universities under the National Research Project for the Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions. The experiment was carried out by seismological, electromagnetic and other geophysical methods. The following seven papers including this one present some results of the experiments. This paper outlines a seismic explosion experiment in Kirishima, and presents all data on the first motion. An extensive explosion seismic experiment was conducted on December 1, 1994. Observations were made along a 30-km major line lying in the NNW-SSE direction and other sub-lines which cross the major line in and around the Kirishima Volcanoes. Along these lines, 6 shots with a charge size of 200-250 kg, and 163 temporary observations were arranged by many universities and institutes. A newly developed data logger was used for these temporal observations, and the position of each site was determined by GPS. All 6 shots were successfully fired, and clear onset and significant phases were observed at most observation sites. A travel time diagram suggests that a high velocity layer crops out south of the Kirishima Volcanoes, while in the Kirishima Volcanoes, this layer is covered with a lower velocity layer, which is thick at the northern part. It is also suggested that a structural discontinuity exists between S3 and S4.

2015-05-30 18:09:00
1 はてなブックマーク

http://hdl.handle.net/2261/13141

1 0 0 0 OA Studies on the Luminous Fungus, Pleurotus japonicus sp. nov.

著者: Kawamura Seiichi
出版者: Inperial University of Tokyo
雑誌: Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo
巻号頁・発行日: vol.35, pp.1-29, 1915-12-30

The chief result of my observations on Pleurotus japonicus may be summarized as follows: 1. The fungus belongs to the genus Pleurotus, being characterized by the position of stem at one side of pileus, by the decurrent gills, by the spores presenting white color when caught in a mass, & c. It somewhat resembles Pleurotus rapidus Kalchbr. and Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq., but apparently represents a new and distinct species. 2. The fungus usually grows in clusters, overlapping one another, on the decaying trunk of the beech (Fagus sylvatica L. var. Sieboldi Maxim.), which is the only host as yet known. It is found in the Autumn. 3. The light is emitted by the gills only; all other parts of the fungus, including spores, are not luminous. The gills are uniformly luminous all over. Both hymenium and trama of gills are luminous. The juice squeezed out from the luminous gills are non-luminous. 4. The minimum and maximum temperatures in which the present fungus emits light are 3-5℃. and 40℃. respectively. The optimum temperature may be put down at 10-15℃. 5. In nitrogen gas, the luminosity begins to fade after ten seconds, becomes very feeble after fifty seconds, is scarcely recognizable after one minute and twenty seconds, and finally becomes completely invisible after one minute and forty seconds. In hydrogen gas, it begins to fade after ten seconds and becomes invisible in thirty minutes. In ether vapor, the light becomes invisible after one minute and fifty seconds, and if immediately after that, the object be taken out into the air, the luminosity returns after thirty seconds. In chloroform vapor, it vanishes in fifty-five seconds. Exposure to oxygen gas causes no change in the luminosity. Gills with faded luminosity become temporarily highly luminous some minutes after being in gaseous either or chloroform. 6. The fungus with luminous area of about 100 sq. cm. gives sufficient light for seeing Roman alphabets of about 8 mm. diameter in the dark. The luminosity can be fully perceived at a distance of thirty metres or more. 7. The light is white in color, not greenish, bluish or yellowish as in almost all other cases of luminous fungi. Photographic images of the luminous surface of the fungus taken in the dark room, by exposure of seven and half hours and also of twenty-four hours, were all very faint. Good dark prints on white background were secured of the leaves placed between the luminous fungus surface and a photographic dry-plate, by an exposure of one hour and fifty minutes.

2015-05-30 06:26:29
1 + 2 Wikipedia

http://hdl.handle.net/2261/32970

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