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1 0 0 0 OA 中国における国際政治研究の展開 ―「中国モデル」という課題―

著者: 川島真
出版者: 一般財団法人日本国際政治学会
雑誌: 国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.2014, no.175, pp.175_100-175_114, 2014-03-30 (Released:2015-09-05)
参考文献数: 49

This article traces the historical contexts of international politics study from the 19th century to the present in China, and explores the background and possibilities of ‘China model.’ The China model has been argued in the academic circle in China after the latter half of the 1990s, in order to interpret Chinese foreign policy more clearly and efficiently under its own historical and cultural contexts. It was the 19th century when China started to make contact with the international law and diplomacy. At first, Chinese officials recognized them as tools and device to negotiate with western countries. In the beginning of the 20th century, the Chinese government utilized concepts of modern international relations,such as sovereignty, independent and mutual principle of equality and mutual benefit, to protect and maintain its existence as a nation. Such behavior was succeeded by the PRC, such as the five principles for peace. However, the PRC kept a distance with western concepts of international politics, and began to import a series of Marxist theories and concepts it from the Soviet Union. After the Cultural Revolution, the PRC gradually resumed to receive western theories and concepts of international politics. Thus, the PRC basically kept the basso continuo of Chinese diplomacy, such as importance of sovereignty,independent and mutual principle of equality and mutual benefit, but its main theories and concepts were from Marxist studies. After new western studies were gradually imported to China, the basic situation did not change very much. After the 1990s, the so-called rising of China, it needed to interpret and explain its policy to the world more efficiently. At that time, Chinese scholars realized that it was difficult to do so by utilizing Marxism and new western studies. Therefore, many started to explore new ways, and promoted the China model with historical and cultural contexts in China to interpret its own foreign policy. However, the arguments regarding this new model were losing its objective and their bearings.

2022-07-28 23:07:29
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1 0 0 0 OA 緒方貞子著「満州事変と政策の形成過程」

著者: 島田俊彦
出版者: JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
雑誌: 国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.1967, no.34, pp.106-109, 1967-10-10 (Released:2010-09-01)

2022-07-28 22:48:50
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1 0 0 0 OA Oral Intake of Glucosylceramide Improves Relatively Higher Level of Transepidermal Water Loss in Mice and Healthy Human Subjects

著者: Taro Uchiyama Yusuke Nakano Osamu Ueda Hiroshi Mori Masaya Nakashima Akira Noda Chiaki Ishizaki Masako Mizoguchi
出版者: The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
雑誌: Journal of Health Science (ISSN:13449702)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.54, no.5, pp.559-566, 2008 (Released:2008-10-01)
参考文献数: 19
被引用文献数: 63 73

We examined the effect of oral intake of pure glucosylceramide derived from konjac extract on skin barrier function evaluated by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in hairless mice with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-induced skin roughness. The difference of TEWL between SDS-treated site and untreated sites in the pure glucosylceramide-fed group was significantly lower than that in control group on day 14 of ingestion. We investigated interleukin-1α (IL-1α) production in the hairless mouse skin, and it was significantly lower in the glucosylceramide-fed group than that of control animals. This reduced IL-1α production should contribute to improvement of skin barrier function. To investigate the effect of oral intake of glucosylceramide in human, we conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study including 100 healthy subjects whose TEWL in cheek was relatively high. As a result, cheek TEWL was significantly lower in the test product group as compared with the control group in weeks 8 and 12 of ingestion (p=0.023 and p=0.002 respectively).

2022-07-28 22:45:33
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1 0 0 0 OA Double-Blind Study on Effects of Glucosyl Ceramide in Beet Extract on Skin Elasticity and Fibronectin Production in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

著者: Mio Hori Seishi Kishimoto Yu Tezuka Hideo Nishigori Keitaro Nomoto Umenoi Hamada Yoshikazu Yonei
出版者: Japanese Society of Anti-Aging Medicine
雑誌: ANTI-AGING MEDICINE (ISSN:18822762)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.7, no.11, pp.129-142, 2010 (Released:2010-10-22)
参考文献数: 43
被引用文献数: 20 25

Objective: To determine the effect of beet extract on skin elasticity in female volunteers with dry skin and in human dermal fibroblasts.Method: To assess the effects of oral administration of glucosyl ceramide contained in beet extract (beet ceramide), we conducted an 8-week double-blind comparison study with 35 females (mean age: 40.9±4.2 years) with mild subjective symptoms of dry skin and declining keratin moisture levels. The compound was administered as glucosyl ceramide at 0, 0.6, or 1.8 mg/day to 3 groups (n=11, 12, 12, respectively).Results: Scores improved significantly for the following subjective skin symptoms: “concerned about dull skin,” “concerned about spots or freckles,” “sticky, oily skin,” “coarse and desiccated skin,” “not elastic, not glossy,” “concerned about rough skin,” “bags under eyes.” In addition, perspiration levels improved. The skin elasticity test (Cutometer) indicated that the elasticity index (R2 and R7) improved in a dose-dependent manner. However, we were unable to confirm the effects of ceramide on increasing skin moisture as reported in previous studies. In experiments involving human dermal fibroblasts, addition of beet ceramide promoted fibronectin synthesis and mRNA expression but had no effect on fibroblast proliferation or collagen synthesis.Conclusion: Results from clinical trials and experiments suggested that oral ingestion of beet ceramide may stimulate intracellular signals and exert favorable effects on the extracellular matrix, including the induction of fibronectin synthesis. In addition, we confirmed the safety of administering beet ceramide to humans.

2022-07-28 22:45:33
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1 0 0 0 OA 日本の医療用医薬品の薬価の2000-2020の 20年間の変動倍率の分析

著者: 小林俊一
出版者: 学校法人松商学園松本大学
雑誌: 教育総合研究 = Research and Studies in Education (ISSN:24336114)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.4, pp.13-29, 2020-11-30

日本では公的医療保険制度のために国が薬価を定めて、2年ごとに改定している。その薬価改定の特徴を抽出するため、1101種類の医薬品の薬価の過去20年間における10回の改定の変動倍率の分布を調べた。さらに、薬価の価格帯ごとの変動倍率も分析した。その結果、薬価の変動倍率は最近20年間で0.9倍から1.03倍までの間に集中していることがわかった。また、改定ごとの変動倍率の分布は一様ではないこともわかった。薬価の価格帯ごとの変化倍率も、その分布は価格帯ごとに形状が異なることがわかった。