著者
西 圭介
出版者
同志社大学
雑誌
經濟學論叢 (ISSN:03873021)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.3, pp.597-635, 2010-01

研究ノート(Note)現在の自転車の原型は19世紀中の様々な技術開発を通じて、1880年代のイギリスに姿を現した。自転車を生産する工場はまずアメリカで叢生し、世紀転換期にアメリカで供給過剰となった自転車はヨーロッパに流入した。ドイツ自転車工業ではアメリカ製品との価格競争を通じて工場内生産技術・組織が発展したと考えられる。そして普及面においては労働者の一部が自転車を購入したことが確認され、販売方法においても自転車の通信販売や労働者による購買協同組合が発展していく。それらの発展を確認することによって、ドイツにおける大量生産システムと大量消費社会の成立の端緒を認識できるのである。The modern bicycle emerged as the result of several technological innovations in the 1800s and made its first appearance at the Starley Show in England in the 1880s. Many bicycle factories were constructed, first in the USA, then in England, France and Germany. Around the turn of the twentieth century, too many bicycles were being produced in the USA, and producers began to export to Europe, creating price competition in the European bicycle market. This price competition advanced the development of production methods and led to the division of labor in German bicycle production. Also, because of this price competition, not a few German workers became able to afford bicycles. Looking at the development of the production and spread of bicycles in Germany, we will be better able to understand the early stages of German mass production and mass consumption.
著者
成澤 修一 峯松 信明 広瀬 啓吉 藤崎 博也
出版者
一般社団法人情報処理学会
雑誌
情報処理学会論文誌 (ISSN:18827764)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.7, pp.2155-2168, 2002-07-15
被引用文献数
18 4

藤崎らによる音声の基本周波数パターン($F_0$ パターン)生成過程のモデルは,少数のパラメータから実測の $F_0$ パターンにきわめて近いパターンを生成しうることが知られており,音声合成に広く用いられている.一方,実測の $F_0$ パターンからモデルのパラメータを抽出することは解析的には解けない逆問題であり,初期値を与え逐次近似を行う必要がある.この場合,高精度のパラメータを迅速に抽出するには適切な初期値の設定が不可欠であるが,従来はこれを人手によって行っていたため,大量の音声資料の自動的処理は困難であった.本論文では,実測の $F_0$ パターンからパラメータの初期値を自動的に決定し,さらにそれに基づいて高精度のパラメータ抽出を自動的に行う手法を提案する.この手法は,実測された $F_0$ パターンをいたるところで連続かつ微分可能な曲線によって近似するための処理,得られた曲線からアクセント指令とフレーズ指令のパラメータの初期値を決定するための処理,さらにそれらの初期値をもとに逐次近似によりパラメータの最適値を求める処理,の3段階の処理からなる.共通日本語の男性・女性話者各1名の朗読音声を対象とした実験の結果,男性の朗読音声について,以前に提案された手法では,パラメータ抽出の性能として,指令の再現率78%,精度67%であるのに対し,提案手法によればそれぞれ82%,80%であった.また,女性の朗読音声については,従来手法では再現率60%,精度51%であるのに対し,提案手法ではそれぞれ83%,72%であった.この結果から,本手法の有効性が実証された.The model for the generation process of the fundamental frequency contours (F0 contours) of speech by Fujisaki et al. is known to be capable of generating F0 contours quite close to observed natural contours, and is widely used in speech synthesis. The extraction of model parameters from an observed F0 contour, however, is an inverse problem that cannot be solved analytically, and requires an iterative process starting from a set of initial parameter values. In order to guarantee a rapid convergence to an optimum solution, the process requires appropriate initial values. These initial values have usually been given manually, making it difficult to analyze a large amount of speech material. The present paper proposes a method for automatically extracting the parameter values from a given F0 contour. The method consists of three steps: approximation of an observed F0 contour by a curve that is continuous and differentiable everywhere, extraction of initial values for the parameters from the curve, and optimization of the parameters by successive approximation. Analysis of read speech material of common Japanese by a male speaker showed that the recall and precision rates of model command estimation reached respectively 82% and 80% by the proposed method, while the rates obtained by a previous method were 78% and 67%, respectively. The recall and precision rates obtained for a female speaker were respectively 83% and 72% by the proposed method, but were respectively 60% and 51% by the previous method. These results demonstrate the validity of the current approach.
著者
加藤 千枝
出版者
社会情報学会
雑誌
社会情報学会(SSI)学会大会研究発表論文集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2012, pp.247-252, 2012

The author clarified that relation between difficulty in human-relations and e-mail use of girls' high school students. As a result, there were 19 episodes of difficulty in human-relations related to e-mail use and we could classify them in six types. In addition, we found some episodes of maintained relations and the others broken off. In episodes of maintained relations, there were common territories in the real world, but there were no territories in episodes of relations broken off. Moreover, we found personal spaces in the Internet, and some girls had displeasure in being infringed on their personal spaces.
著者
椎谷 紀彦
出版者
一般社団法人日本外科学会
雑誌
日本外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:03014894)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.110, no.1, pp.12-16, 2009-01-01
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
3 8
著者
松山 太士 山田 和政
出版者
The Society of Physical Therapy Science
雑誌
理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, no.3, pp.379-383, 2015
被引用文献数
1

〔目的〕大腿骨近位部骨折者のADL評価と再転倒リスク評価としてのtimed up and go(TUG)テストの有用性を検証した.〔対象〕当院回復期リハビリテーション病棟から自宅退院する大腿骨近位部骨折者40名とした.〔方法〕退院前に TUGテストとfunctional independence measure(FIM)を行い,両者の関連性を分析するとともに退院後3ヵ月間の再転倒の有無を調査した.〔結果〕TUG遂行時間とFIM得点に有意な相関が認められた.再転倒者は7名で,その中にはFIM高得点者も存在したが,TUG遂行時間20秒以下の条件を加えると再転倒者は0名であった.〔結論〕大腿骨近位部骨折者の退院時のADLおよび再転倒リスクを評価する上で,TUGテストは有用といえる. <br>
著者
椋尾 麻子
出版者
慶應義塾大学
雑誌
哲學 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.112, pp.165-186, 2004-03

特集家族とその社会的生活世界の探求研究ノートはじめに社会構築主義(社会問題の構築主義的アプローチ)ポスト構造主義的アプローチローティのネオ・プラグマティズムおわりにThis essay is a study of the "anti-essentialist" approaches as the methodology in the realm of sociology and human sciences, which have become prevalent for recent years. Here, I would like to examine the following three types of "anti-essentialism": 1) the social constructionism which has been developed mainly in a sociology of social problems; 2) the post-structuralism such as the feminism, cultural studies and post-colonial studies; and 3) Richard Rorty's Neo pragmatism. They all have a great deal of studies evolved under the impact of so-called the linguistic turn. It appears, however, they sometimes come into conflicts as their targets and goals are not common to but different from each other. My primary concern is to review comparative studies of these approaches extensively, and thus to explore the potentialities and/or limitations of the "anti-essentialism" in a sociological perspective. Talking about the narratives of the "anti-essentialist" theory, special attention is given to the positionality of the speaker-including analyst/researcher. In this context, it may be recognized as a new method in sociological research distinct from preceding approaches and dislocating them. Such a stance, I presume, rather signifies the thoroughness in theoretical setting of sociological issues.
著者
佐藤 嘉彦 田中 利幸
出版者
横浜国立大学教育学部附属理科教育実習施設
雑誌
横浜国立大学教育学部理科教育実習施設研究報告
巻号頁・発行日
no.6, pp.1-9, 1990-03-25

INOUE and OSATAKE (1988) have recently developed a new tert.-butyl alcohol freeze-drying method for drying biological specimens of scanning electron microscope. Their method has come into wide use recently for drying zoological specimens. The specimens dried acccording to the new method seem to be in no way inferior to the critical-point dried specimens. But there have hardly any accomplishments with regard to the botanical specimens. So, we have intended to compare the botanical specimens dried by the new method with the critical-point dried specimens. And we could take the most exquisite photographs from the specimens produced according to the following procedures: (1) double fixation by 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmium tetroxide, each buffered at pH 7.2-7.4 with 0.1M phosphate buffer. (2) dehydration by tert. -butyl alcohol series (Tab. 1). (3) replacement with pure tert. -butyl alcohol. (4) freeze-drying with tert. -butyl alcohol (INOUE & OSATAKE 1988). The drying method is expected to become greatly available in future for drying the botanical specimens for scanning electron microscopy, although some further improvements are necessary to realized satisfactory and stable results from almost all botanical materials.