出版者

神奈川大学21世紀COEプログラム研究推進会議

雑誌

『日本近世生活絵引』北海道編

巻号頁・発行日

pp.81-110, 2007-12-20

著者

松浦 誠 Matsuura Makoto

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.89-135, 1999-03-15

---

In this review, the history and present situation of insect food in Japan are described focusing on wasp and hornet broods.1. Insect food was reported for the first time in the Edo era and main edible insects in those days were exemplified by the rice grasshoppers and wasp broods. Among these, roasted or baked rice grasshoppers were not only eaten in farming villages where rice was grown but also marketed in big cities as snacks for children. However, insects other than rice grasshopper were taken seemingly only in very special areas. In the Taisho era, Miyake (1919) surveyed edible insects all over Japan using a questionnaire method and thus reported 55 species of edibte insects including 48 identified species (rice grasshoppers, wasps and hornets, cicadas, silkworms, etc.) and 7 unknown ones. Main examples of insects eaten in Japan from the early period of the Showa era up to now include rice grasshoppers, wasps and hornets, silkworms and cicadas. In the days of food poverty during the World War II and immediately thereafter, rice grasshoppers were eaten commonly all over Japan and distributed as a valuable nutritional source both in big cities and farming villages. Until 1950s, boiled and seasoned rice grasshoppers (tsukudani) and dried rice grasshoppers were sold in grocery stores even in big cities such as Tokyo. Today, these products are served mainly in luxury food stores as snacks with drinks in restaurants at local specialties and hotels. However, the rice grasshoppers used in these products are partly imported from China, etc. In the days of food poverty during the World War II and immediately thereafter, silkworm pupae were eaten throughout Japan mainly by silkworm-raising farmers, workers in silk mills and some ordinary families as a fat-rich food, though there is little need for silkworm pupae for edible use today. 2, According to "Shozan Chomon Kishu" written by Shozan Miyoshi (1850) in the Edo era, Vespula. spp. was already eaten in Mino (Gifu Prefecture) and Kiso(Nagano Prefecture). Methods for collecting nets of this insect and cooking it were described in this book. In the Taisho era, various wasp and hornet larvae were eaten in various ways (fresh, boiled, blended with rice, etc.) in 20 prefectures from Hokkaido to Kagoshima. Today, larvae and pupae of insects belonging to the genus Vespa (V. mandarinia, V. simillima, etc.) contained in combs are sold in autumn in grocery stores in mountain villages of Miyazaki, Ishikawa, Aichi, Gifu, Nagano, etc. These wasp and hornet larvae are not only used in domestic dishes but fried or boiled and seasoned with mirin, sugar, soy sauce, etc., and served in restaurants, etc. Vespula flaviceps larva dishes are one of delicacies in the Chubu area including Nagano, Gifu and Aichi both in big cities and farming villages. The most popular one in these areas is rice cooked with wasp and hornet broods which are generally eaten during special events such as the autumn festivals. In addition, there are various dishes with the use of cooked, fried or pickled VI. flaviceps broods. 3. In Nagano and Gifu Prefecture, fresh wasp and hornet larvae and pupae in combs are marketed as a food even now. The average wasp and hornet broods received by Tono Fish / Vegetable Market (Nakatsugawa-shi, Gifu Prefecture) during 19 years (1978 - 1996) amounted to 4.2 t/year. The maximum demand (9.2 t) was established in 1986 while less than 1t of wasp and hornet broods could be obtained in some years. Fresh wasp and hornet broods arrive at the market from September to November attaining the peak usually in October. The highest price was ¥14,983/kg (1978) with the lowest being ¥3,046/kg(1983). 4. Most of wasp and hornet broods were sent to the markets in Gifu and Nagano Prefecture but those produced in other prefectures are supplied from Nishinasuno-cho and Otahara-shi (Tochigi Prefecture). In this area, the wasp and hornet nests were collected by about 500 specialists called “Toriko" involving 50 full-time workers. From September to November, they covered the mountains and field areas not only in their own prefecture Tochigi but in the Tohoku and Kanto areas to collect Vespula spp. nests. The collected nests were bought up by 2 brokers. 500kg/day of nets are purchased by each broker and the maximum annual yield amounts to 15 t. Through September to November in 1996, the price of these nests was ¥4,500/kg, though the price rangss from ¥7,000 to ¥10,000/kg in 1980s. A Toriko collector can usually collect from 7 to 8 kg/day of wasp nets, while a skilled one can collect 15 kg/day of nets. In an abundant year, a collector can sometimes get even 20 to 30 kg of nests in one day. These Toriho collectors, in this area, originate in the facts that wasp and hornet broods in this area had been used since 1920s in canned product plants established in Nagano Prefecture and that a number of skilled nest collectors came to this area from Nagano for cultivating Nasu Highland during the Taisho era. The characteristic Toriko collectors originating in these persons have been contributing to the provision of wasp nests up to now. 5. Seasoned and canned or bottled wasp products are widely sold today in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture. Canned wasp products are produced by removing Vespula spp. larvae or pupae from nests and boiling them with soy sauce, sugar, artificial seasonings, etc. After a manufacturer had started the business in 1910 in Nagano Prefecture, 7 to 9 t/year of canned products were produced in ten and several places in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture from 1910 to 1930. In 1970s, the annual output amounted to 17 to 20 t only in Nagano Prefecture. Today, these products, each can having 200 g of the contents, are sold at ¥2,500 to ¥3,000. In Otahara-shi (Tochigi Prefecture), an apiarist puts on the market seasoned and bottled VI. flaviceps broods produced in this area at an output of about 1 t/year at the largest. With the decrease in the wasp broods collected in Japan, Vespula spp. broods have been imported from Korea since 1989. Before shipment, these larvae and pupae are taken out from the nests, semi-processed (boiled or seasoned with salt) and then packed in 18 ℓ cans. These imported products in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture. Also, Vespula germanica larvae and pupae have been imported from New Zealand and employed as materials for processing recently. Canned drone honeybee pupae seasoned with soy sauce, sugar and artificial seasonings were marketed by apiarists in Nagano Prefecture in 1960s. At present, apiarists all over Japan participate in manufacturing these products. Recently, semi-processed (boiled with salt) drone honeybee pupae imported from Taiwan and China are also being used. 6. The nutritional value of wasp and hornet broods widely depending on the type, shape, growth conditions, the time of collecting nests, etc. Among all, queen larvae in autumn with the maximum development of the nests are marketed at the highest price, since they are large in size, contain much fat-bodies and have a rich taste, compared with those of the worker wasps.7. Wasp and hornet broods employed in these products are collected in the field. Since of the recent decrease in the nest resource and the elevated price, attempts have been frequently made to collect nests during the early stage followed by raising and put these enlarged nests on the market. In Nagano, Gifu, Aichi Prefecture, etc., it is the fashion now that the men collect nests in June to August immediately after the eclosion of worker wasps and artificially keep the colony in a nest box by feeding with a large amount of fish, chicken, sugar solutions, etc. However, it has never been succeeded so far to make an overwintered-queen wasp to found her nest during the spring.8. Now, the history of wasp and hornet food in China and Thailand is also described. In some areas in these countries, wasp and hornet broods are still much more expensive than beef or pork. Wasp and hornet larvae are eaten as luxury food in ordinary homes and restaurants.9. Fresh Vespula spp. larvae and pupae have been marketed as a food for singing pet birds since the Edo era.10. Lately, insect food including wasp and hornet food are characterized by the reduction in species of edible insects and succession of traditional food not throughout Japan but in restricted areas. Although the wasp and hornet food have been on a serious decline from the nationwide viewpoint, new wasp and hornet dishes for high grade restaurants, etc. which are different from the traditional local specialties have been developed in some areas including Nagano, Gifu, Aichi and Miyazaki Prefecture, thus increasing the need for the wasp and hornet food by those who have never tried to eat them. That is to say, the wasp and hornet food show tendencies toward extremes in their decline and development. In Japan, there is a great variety of wasp and hornet dishes which can never been seen in other countries. Accordingly, it is to be emphasized here that wasp and hornet food are highly characteristic of Japan, compared even with the areas in China, Thailand, etc. where wasp and hornet foods are highly popular.

著者

栁田 直美

雑誌

関西学院大学日本語教育センター紀要

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.21-35, 2013-03-05

著者

嘉瀬 達男

出版者

小樽商科大学

雑誌

小樽商科大学人文研究 (ISSN:0482458X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.130, pp.256(1)-218(39), 2015-12-25

著者

山田 真裕 坂本 元来 Masahiro Yamada Genki Sakamoto

雑誌

法と政治 (ISSN:02880709)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.4, pp.163(761)-204(802), 2011-01-20

著者

小野 寛 Hiroshi Ono

出版者

学習院女子短期大学国語国文学会

雑誌

国語国文論集 (ISSN:02896753)

巻号頁・発行日

no.20, pp.20-34, 1991-03-20

著者

森本 郁代 水上 悦雄 柳田 直美 Ikuyo Morimoto Etsuo Mizukami Naomi Yanagida

雑誌

総合政策研究 (ISSN:1341996X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.44, pp.41-52, 2013-10-30

著者

真鍋 祐子

出版者

筑波社会学会

雑誌

年報筑波社会学 (ISSN:09163336)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.11-35, 1992-11

著者

吉川 宏

出版者

北海道大学法学部

雑誌

北大法学論集 (ISSN:03855953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.1-32, 1963-12-15

著者

吉川 宏

出版者

北海道大学法学部

雑誌

北大法学論集 (ISSN:03855953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.66-143, 1963-01

著者

南雲 泰輔 Taisuke Nagumo

雑誌

関学西洋史論集 (ISSN:03860043)

巻号頁・発行日

no.37, pp.37-54, 2014-03-28

著者

彌永 信美

出版者

弘前大学國史研究会

雑誌

弘前大学國史研究 (ISSN:02874318)

巻号頁・発行日

no.104, pp.44-68, 1998-03-30

著者

鳥谷 武史

出版者

金沢大学大学院人間社会環境研究科 = Graduate School of Human and Socio-Enviromental Studies Kanazawa University

雑誌

人間社会環境研究 = Human and socio-environmental studies (ISSN:18815545)

巻号頁・発行日

no.33, pp.57-47, 2017-03-28

---

This paper aims to interpret "Jippi-Benzaiten-Ho" text preserved at the Kongosanmaiin Temple and explain its contents. Jippi-benzaiten is a deva with three snake heads and ten arms, and this text describes the method of the Jippi-benzaiten's ritual. The text is preserved by Kongosanmaiin temple, but is deposited at Koyasan university library. The Kongosanmaiin temple has several texts about Jippi-benzaiten, written from the end of the 15th century to the I 6th century. "Jippi-Benzaiten-Shidai-Kuketsu," introduced by the previous study, is preserved at the Shinnoin temple, and is an example of how "Jippi-Benzaiten-Ho" was transferred from the same text. On the other hand, "Bussetsu-Benzaitennyo-Kyo," which is written about Jippi-benzaiten in narrative form, is considered the scripture that accompanies "Jippi-Benzaiten-Ho". "Jippi-Benzaiten-Ho" describes the methods of the Jippi-benzaiten's ritual sequentially, and it is remarkable that its contents have much in common with the Tenkawa-benzaiten-mandala (the painting depicting Jippi-benzaiten). It is believed that this text was written using the "Kinbusen-Himitsu-Den" as reference.Several paintings of Jippi-benzaiten were created in Nara in the 16th century.The texts about the Jippi-benzaiten were written in Koyasan during the same era. A mountain ascetic called Tozan-ha, had propagated the faith of the benzaiten in Nara, Koyasan, and Tozan-ha-shugen-ja.

著者

秋草 俊一郎

出版者

立命館大学国際言語文化研究所

雑誌

立命館言語文化研究 (ISSN:09157816)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.129-155, 2022-12

著者

許 智香

出版者

立命館大学人文科学研究所

雑誌

立命館大学人文科学研究所紀要 (ISSN:02873303)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, pp.133-174, 2022-12

著者

田中 壮泰

出版者

立命館大学国際言語文化研究所

雑誌

立命館言語文化研究 (ISSN:09157816)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.155-163, 2022-12

著者

今井 康介

出版者

東北大学法学会

雑誌

法学 = HŌGAKU (THE JOURNAL OF LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE) (ISSN:03855082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.2, pp.119-128, 2021-09-30

著者

加戸 陽子

出版者

関西大学人権問題研究室

雑誌

関西大学人権問題研究室紀要 (ISSN:09119507)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, pp.61-82, 2022-03-31

---

書字の問題は限局性学習症以外の神経発達症をともなう子どもにおいても指摘されている。そこで書字技能および各神経発達症における書字のつまずきに関する論文のレビューを行い、書字技能の発達過程と技能の諸側面に関連する認知・運動機能および、つまずきの特徴と背景要因についての研究動向を整理した。自閉スペクトラム症(ASD)では、部分に対する知覚・認知が優勢であるとする報告や、実行機能の状態、ASD症状および不注意症状の程度が文字の大きさや判読性のみならず書字速度や協調運動にも影響をおよぼすことが指摘されており注目された。注意欠如・多動症では、判読性の問題に関する指摘が多く、ワーキングメモリーや不注意症状との関連が示されている。また、発達性読み書き障害では書字困難の背景に視覚認知の問題の影響を指摘する報告が散見され、視覚認知に関するアセスメントによる確認が重要と考えられた。発達性協調運動症では書字のつまずきの背景に運動パターン形成の困難が推測されている。書字のつまずきの背景要因は各神経発達症によって異なり、併存症状がある場合にはこれらの要素が単独もしくは複合的に影響することも推測される。これらの報告は従来から特別支援教育で指摘されている、つまずきの特徴を明確化し、個に適した支援につなげることの重要性を裏付けるものと考えられる。

著者

有馬 斉

出版者

立命館大学生存学研究所

雑誌

立命館生存学研究 (ISSN:24337811)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.21-30, 2020-08

著者

幾浦 裕之

出版者

早稲田大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

早稲田大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 : 別冊 (ISSN:13402218)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.1-13, 2017-09-30