著者
式 正英
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, no.11, pp.448-457, 1952
被引用文献数
1

In this paper, glacial eroded landforms on the northern slopes of Mt. Kita-Hotaka are reported on the basis of the new data from the author's surveys in July and Sept. 1950.<br> 1) The glacier which formed &ldquo;Okiretto Cirque&rdquo; may have been consisted of two cirque glaciers, stream-directions of which were contrary to each other, that is, one to the south, and the other to the north.<br> 2) The author found out two cirques on the northern slope of the Eastern Ridge of Mt. Kita-Hotaka and they stand side by side with the southern part of Okirreto Cirque.<br> 3) One of them has been formed on a terrace-like even landform at 2700m. alt. just below the top of Mt. Kita-Hotaka. Its cirque wall is called &ldquo;Northern Buttress, &rdquo; and the moraine lies east to west in a straight line.<br> 4) The other is in further east, and its cirque bottom is at 2400m. alt.. There is a series of <i>roche moutonn&eacute;</i> over the top part of the valley wall of Hidari-mata Valley, and, among folds of <i>roche moutonn&eacute;</i>, six small traps are scattered one by one. These rock faces are perfectly scoured by glacial erosion, and we can point out many flutings there. Except this place, a series of <i>roche moutonu&eacute;</i> having completely scoured face is reported only from &ldquo;Tengu-bara Cirque&rdquo; in the Japan Alps. The cirque bottom, which is not filled up by taluses developing from cirque walls, shows perfectly reversed slope caused by glacial deepening action that has no report in Japan up to present time, <br> 5) Okirreto, 2700m. alt., is the only lowest part in the Yari-Hotaka main ridge, and a cause of this topography may have been due rather to the presence of even lower landforms before glacial time than to the result of glacial erosion. It is supposed that glacial action in this vicinity were in effect on the even topography having stretched with the altitude of 2400-2700m. before glacial period.<br> 6) We can suppose two glacial periods from the distribution of moraines in the Okirreto Cirque, they, however, may have been equal to substages in one glacial age in Europe or N. America.<br> 7) These glacial features are rather fresh, and the degree of destruction of them is still imperfect, but moraines are stained by limonite on the surface.
著者
山鹿 誠次
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, no.7, pp.231-237, 1950-07-31 (Released:2008-12-24)
参考文献数
7
被引用文献数
1
著者
木内 信藏
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.3, pp.212-233, 1939-03-01 (Released:2008-12-24)
参考文献数
18

This article is based on observations and data collected during my visit to Peking in the autumn of 1938. 1) Peking as the capital of the Han-culture. (Han is the crown name of cultural China) _??_pp. 213-18_??_. Important descriptions: (A) Town wall and the reason why it has been required, on the contrary to Japanese towns which have had no, wall _??_p. 241-_??_. (B) Races which set Peking as their capital were the Manchurians Mongolian, and Turkistan people, but town planning of Peking has been derived of Chow, and has very intimate relation to Chang-an and Loyang, two old capitals of the proper chinese states. 2) The Plan of Peking _??_pp. 218-25_??_ (A) The difference between Peking or Fengtien and Kyôto or Changan as to the situation of imperial palace (Fig. 1, 2, 3) (B) Compari-sion of the length of wall on 5 different maps of Peking _??_p. 220-_??_. (C) Classification of roads _??_p. 222-_??_: (i) Tache (Large street), (ii) Che (Street), (iii) Hoton (Side street, most developed name of mongolian origin), Kow, and etc., (iv) Fang, Wan., Kan, and etc. (these mean engulfed places). (D) Systems of roads (Fig. 9).: (a) Regular Hoton-system, (b) Irregular system composed of roads of (iii) and (iv) types (c) Pseudo radial system in the south castle 3) The Elevation of Peking _??_pp. 225-230_??_ Peking is called the capital of Sophora which, mixed with other trees such as ulms and willows, make a green ocean when, one views from Chingshan at the north end of the Tzu-chin-chemg palace. Important descriptions: (A) Residential houses _??_p. 225-_??_, one house-type, Su-ho-fang is illustrated in Fig. 10. (B) Retail streets _??_p. 226-_??_. After the classification of Japan Commercial and Industrial Congress, varieties of shops in. Wong-pu-ching near the Legation quarter re-sembles to Ginza in Tôkyô, showing a cosmopolitan character compared to Dahshi-lan, the most thriving retail centre in Peking, of which shops are almost typical Chinese (Fig. 12). 4) The increase of population from 1925 to 35, is 24.2% and in the year of 1935 it amounts to 1, 573, 200 of which 1.1 million live in the wall and others are in suburbs. Kyôto and Nagoya, one million cities in Japan are able to be compared to Peking-proper, but they show 30.8% and 41.7, increase respectively in the same period. The comparision of occupational population is described in page 231 (see the table), and it shows that Peking has a very small percentage, of manu-facturing population, i. e. 7.7%. In near future Peking will be enlarged in the suburb for the use of manufacture and residence.
著者
朴 〓玄
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論. Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.10, pp.661-675, 1997-10
参考文献数
19

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibility of direct and stable international linkages between nonmetropolitan cities in the international urban system between Korea and Japan in terms of banking transactions.<br> The data used in this study were obtained from 24 banks in Korea, and the author analyzed the following four points: 1) the characteristics of locational trend of Korean banks from an international viewpoint; 2) the concentration patterns of international transactions with Japan; 3) the location of branch offices with overseas management functions; and 4) the features of linkages between Korean and Japanese cities.<br> The results are summarized as follows: 1. A cluster analysis of domestic branch office location of Korean banks identified four types: national type, metropolitan type, regional type, and provincial type. Overseas branches of Korean banks have mostly been established by those headquartered in Seoul, and branches of foreign banks are concentrated in Seoul.<br> 2. Korean banks are classified into four types according to the location of overseas management office: one-center type, two-center type, three-center type, and decentralized type. An ANOVA analysis of the concentration of transactions with Japan by each type revealed that the linkages between Seoul and Tokyo are significantly stronger than those between other cities.<br> 3. Lorenz curves of office location show that branches with overseas functions are more concentrated in Seoul and Tokyo, and among the nonmetropolitan cites are relatively more heavily concentrated in Fukuoka, Taegu, and Pusan.<br> 4. Results from the case studies of two Korean banks headquartered in Taegu and Pusan are: 1) both banks have their overseas management offices in their headquarters, in contrast to other local banks which have their overseas management offices in Seoul; and 2) among the nonmetropolitan cities in Japan, both banks have also small-scale transactions with Fukuoka.<br> 5. In conclusion, linkages between nonmetropolitan cities in the international urban system are still weak, but the international business functions of branches in local cities are expected to promote regional economic development and to transform the structure of the international urban system.
著者
松本 豊寿
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.9, pp.473-482, 1960-09-01 (Released:2008-12-24)
参考文献数
6

Yamaguchi and Sumpu which newly became capitals of “Han” in the middle of the 19 th century had peculiar characteristics in their town-area formation. Firstly their castles had been turned into administrative offices and had lost their military significance. “Samurai Yashiki” existed in fact, but “Samurai Machi” had not been set up yet. It was a residental quarter for scattered bureaucratic retainers. “Machiya” had lost their privileged township characteristics. “Machiya” had been abolished and the phenomenon of confining a special trade to a special section had ceased to exist, so that business in general had been diffused all over the town. A new centrall street had taken the place of the old business center, and the core of the town had moved to the centrall street from the castle. In short, this new capital was by no means a castle-town, and the writer of this article calls this new capital “Hanto” and considers this phase the last stage of a feudal castle and the forerunner of a modern city.
著者
曽根 敏雄 高橋 伸幸
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.11, pp.654-663, 1986
被引用文献数
5

Large scale frost-fissure polygons are spread at Hokkai-daira plateau, Daisetu volcanic massif, central Hokkaido. In order to ascertain actual frost cracking in the frost-fissures, the authors measured seasonal changes of the width of frost-fissures, ground temperatures and snow cover from September 1984 to September 1985. Main results obtained are as follows;<br> 1. As snow tends to be almost completely blown away by strong wind, snow cover affects the ground temperature only slightly.<br> 2. The annual ground temperature alternations at 1m-depth ranged at least from +0.0_??_1.2&deg;C to -13.6_??_14.8&deg;C, suggesting the existence of permafrost underneath.<br> 3. Horizontal distance changes between the two stakes across frost-fissures from fall 1984 to winter 1985 indicate that the width of frost-fissures increased in winter by 1cm. And frost cracks, about 1cm wide at the surface, occurred by mid-Februauy on the surface of snow and ice which covered or filled in frost-fissures. Therefore, frost-fissure polygons at this site are most likely active.<br> 4. Considering the present climatic conditions of this area, the cross sections of frostfissure and above-mentioned results, we suggest that the frost-fissure polygons at this area are soil-wedge polygons.
著者
小疇 尚
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.38, no.3, pp.179-199, 1965
被引用文献数
3 5

大雪火山は,洪積世初期から沖積世にかけて形成された。そのため,各山峰の噴出時代の違い,さらに地形や積雪量の違いによって植物の垂直分布は,場所による差が大きい.一般的にいって森林限界は1,200~1,800mの間にあり,ハイマツ限界は1,650~2,100mで,尾根すじや風上側山腹斜面では低く,積雪の多い谷間や風下側の山腹斜面では高くなる傾向がある.しかし特殊な場合を除けば1,850mである.構造土はハイマツ限界より下方め斜面ではみられないから,ハイマツ限界をもって構造土限界とすることができる. 123カ所の構造土を調査して次の結果を得た. (1) 構造土の約8割はハイマツ限界以上の風上側頂部斜面に発達し,他は凸地,平坦地等にみられる. (2) 構造土は,それが発達する場所の自然条件の違いによって,大きさ,形態が異なり,土壌水分の多いところほど大きく,形も整っている. (3) 植被構造土は,凍結による地表面の収縮の結果生ずる凍結われ目がきっかけとなり,その後は植生部分の拡張と,不可逆的に進行する地表の収縮および不等凍上によっ'て,次の順に変化する.土質多角形土(凍結われ目)&rarr;凍結はげを持つ植被多角形土(凍結溝)&rarr;凍結坊主. (4) 礫質構造土は,上記の凍結われ目に礫が落ち込んで原形ができ,その後は不可逆的に幅を拡げて行くわれ目の中に,不等凍上と不等沈下のため不安定になった地表の礫が徐々に集積して,形を整える.礫は凍結破砕によって基盤から生成され,反復凍結によって地表にもたらされる. (5) 階状土は融凍流土が植生または礫によって阻止されたために生じたものである.前者の揚合が植被階状土,後者の場合が礫質階状土である. (6) 外輪山上には,過去の氷期に形成されたと考えられる化石構造土があるが,現在は崩壊しつつある.
著者
榧根 勇
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.66, no.12, pp.735-750, 1993
被引用文献数
3 1

文部省科学研究費補助金の分科細目の大幅変更を機に,特定地域の自然と人間との関係を研究する地理学の存在理由について,自然地理学の側から考えてみた. 17世紀に西洋で始まった近代科学は,差異の捨象と法則性の追求を主目的とし,個別事例の説明は法則による演繹で可能としてきた.かって自然地理学を構成していた地形学・気候学・水文学などは,このような近代科学の枠組みのなかで,それぞれ独立したディシプリンとしての基礎をかためた.近代科学の目的は,均質で比較的単純な系については達成されたが,人間と直接かかわる自然,すなわち不均質で時間とともに進化する複雑な系については未だしの感がある.自然地理学の存在理由は,たぶん自然の一部である人間がよりよい生を送るために必要な知の提供にある.その目的は地域情報を総合して自然史を編み上げることで達成できると思う.一例として,ヒマラヤ・チベットの隆起が第四紀後期の氷期一間氷期出現の原因になったというHT効果仮説について説明した.現在地球上に展開している人文現象の地域的差異の理解にとっても,地域の自然史は不可欠の情報である.
著者
佐野 洋 中谷 友樹
出版者
学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来
雑誌
地理学評論. Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, no.7, pp.559-577, 2000
参考文献数
47
被引用文献数
2 1

多党化した日本における小選挙区制の選挙バイアスを明らかにするために,1996年衆議院議員総選挙の投票データを用いて選挙バイアスを測定した.その結果,英米の選挙について報告されてきたものよりも大規模な選挙バイアスを確認した.バイアスの構成では,議席定数の不均衡配分よりも死票によるものが大部分を占めている。また,多党制では政党規模が相対的に小さくなり,全選挙区で立候補者を擁立できないため,各政党は効率的な立候補者の擁立を図り,立候補者の有無によるバイアスが,死票を見掛け上少なく抑えている.これらのバイアスを介して,多党化の地域差は,議席定数の不均衡配分の効果と合わさり,「大都市圏」一「非大都市圏」間で1票が議席に与える影響力の格差を拡大している.
著者
村田 喜代治
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.4, pp.219-230, 1958

1. It follows from the very nature of a science that until it has reached a certain stage of development, definition of its character is necessarily impossible. But once this stage of development has been reached not only is it not waste of time to investigate precise chracter; it is waste of time not to do so. (L. Robbins) By the way Prof. E. G. R. Taylor stated once &ldquo;What have they dooe ? This was the question derisively asked by the educated public about the Fellow of Royal Society in the early years of their incorporation. It is asked today, and in the same mocking spirit, about geographers&rdquo;. To answer the above question it will be usefull to show the actual works done by many geographers. At the same time, however, geographers also must attempt methodological examination. Because as mentioned above, in case a science has reached a certain stage of development, its further development and repletion of its contents are to be accomplished by methodological examination but not only by trial and error.<br> 2. The writer's methodological examination is first directed to views stated in &ldquo;American Geography&rdquo;. In this book Prof. P. E. James shows three contributions of geography. (cf. p. 6) The writer has some questions of the foundation of his views. His first and second items assert to apply practically the concepts and principles provided by other systematic sciences, therefore the writer understands that he characterizes geography as the applied branch of other sciences with theory like the applied chemistry as against the theoretical chemistry. Such understanding leads me to the conclusion that the third asserrtion has no substantial meaning because it remains simply as an applied perspective. Then what is the reason why Prof. James venture to express his views without considering the theoretical basis underlying them? To me such a logical confusion seems to arise from some sort of belief that &ldquo;area&rdquo; is a peculiar objective accepted only in the field of geography. To the geographers who have such a belief, so far as their study is concerned with area, it is geography science even if it gets some benefit by the result of other sciences. But there are some questions on area. They are; (1) the concept and treatment of area is not exclusive possession of geography (e. g. as indicated by Prof. R. B. Hall), (2) it is a created intellectual concept (e. g. Prof. D. Whittlesey), (3) it is genetically a product which was brought as the result to avoid inpetous conclusion by environmentalism. So far as these views are admitted, the writer can say on each of them as following; (1) It seems to me that the view intending to characterize the geography only by connection with area has no scientific foundation. So far as the surface of the earth is the stage of human activities, it will be a common field of many sciences, and it is natural that many other sciences have some interest on the approach. Thus it is clear that area is not monopoly of geography.<br> (2) If area is a created intellectual concept then what is its substantial content? As Prof. H. H. McCarty stated economic geography &ldquo;derives its concepts largely from the field of economics, &rdquo; economic geographers, almost always treat economical phenomena by using concepts of economics. Therefore the writer can say that concrete contents of economic area are agglomeration of economic phenomena studied in economics. The fact that systematic and topical approaches are used in economic geography as well as regional approach, means that the contents of area substantially make those approaches indispensable. The systematic approach means, for instance, that economic geography must depend on the economics, consequently it must have stand-point of economics to areal study.<br> (3) So far as the area is a product to avoid the defect of environmentalism, it is not an objective but genetically a means of environmentalistic approach.
著者
淺井 治平
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1, no.6, pp.562-582, 1925-08-01 (Released:2008-12-24)
著者
板倉 勝高 井出 策夫 竹内 淳彦 北村 嘉行
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.8, pp.403-424, 1964-08-01 (Released:2008-12-24)
参考文献数
25
被引用文献数
3

本研究は日本の工業を地域的に把握するために,最大の集中地域である京浜工業地帯の地域構造を明らかにしようとしたものである.そのために,まず工業地帯の領域を合理的に設定したうえで, 30人以上全工場の業種別分布図を基礎にして地帯内の工場分布を分折するとともに,工場間の地域的結合関係,すなわち生産構造を明らかにした. 京浜の工業において占める重化学工業の割合は厳密にみると極めて低く,工業地帯を特色づけるものではない.したがって,重化学を主体としている臨海地域のもつ意義は小さい. 京浜の工業を特色づけるものは自動車,テレビ,カメラなど耐久消費財を中心とする組立工業と,日用消費財を中心とする雑貨工業とであって城南と城東とを核心とした生産組織をそれぞれ形造っている.核心地域における工場は両部門とも,技術的にも特殊化され,また,同一製品の生産量が少ない製品を小単位ずつ,多くの種類にわたって生産している,すなわち「多種,小単位,特殊」生産を特色としており,それらが相互に強い結合関係を有しながら集中しているものであり,これを中心的大都市工業の特質と考えることができる.工業地域の拡大も,核心地域内における生産関係の変化によるものであり,したがって,京浜工業地帯の地域構造も,この核心地域によって規定されている.
著者
大矢 雅彦
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.8, pp.407-425, 1979
被引用文献数
2 2

バングラディシュ政府は,日本政府に対しブラマプトラ-ジャムナ川での架橋援助を要請してきた.しかし,この川は河道変遷・河岸変遷が著しく,巨大であるため,河道固定は不可能である.そこで,筆者はあらかじめ選ばれたバハドラバッド,ガバルガオン,シラジガンジおよびナガルバリ(アリチャ)の4地点のうち,いずれの地点が最も安定していて架橋に適するかを応用地形学的立場から調査することを要請された.<br> 筆者は, (1) 河岸線および流心の変化を調査するとともに, (2) ブラマプトラ-ジャムナ川沿岸地形分類図(1/5万), (3) ブラマプトラ-ジャムナ川,ガンジス平野地形分類図(1/100万)を作成した. (1) の結果,ナガルバリはガンジス川の背水の影響を受けて河岸,州および流心の位置の変化が最大であること,また,バハドラバッドも変化が大きいこと,これに比べてガバルガオン,シラジガンジの変化が少ないことがわかった. (2) の結果,バハドラバッド,ガバルガオンは形成開始以来180年しか経過していない扇状地上に位置し,将来河道変遷がおこりうること,シラジガンジ以南は自然堤防地帯河川の特色をもつこと,シラジガンジには地盤の隆起運動によって形成されたと見られる180年以上経過した古い沖積平野による狭さく部があって,河道が一定しており,この狭さく部は今後も存続しうると考えられることなどがわかった. (3) の結果,バハドラバッド,ガバルガオン付近には断層線,線状構造があるが,シラジガンジにはないことがわかった。上記の諸点にもとづいて,筆者はシラジガンジを4架橋候補地点中では最適であると判断した.
著者
林 正巳 實 清隆
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.2, pp.97-101, 1979-02-01 (Released:2008-12-24)

Most of Japanese municipalities, which were incorporated first in 1899, have experienced annexation or consolidation. However, there are municipalities which have not been annexed by adjacent large municipalities. This symposium was intended to focus on the problems of such non-annexed small corporate units. In order to handle the problems, we must pay attention not only to their geographical location, but also totheir administrative, financial and historical background. This symposium was carried on by two chairmen, four commentators, and ten speakers. Chariman: Osamu NISHIKAWA (Univ. of Tokyo) and Yoshio WATANABE (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.), Commentators: Shoichi YOKOYAMA (Univ. of Ehime), Hideo TSUKADA (Univ. of Nara), Yasuo MASAI (Univ. of Tsukuba), and Naoki YOSHIZU (Univ. of Nagoya). We got the following ten reports. 1. FUKUHARA, H.: Case Study of Waki-cho Bordering Hiroshima and Yamaguchi Prefecture. 2. HIGAKI M.: Case Study of Yoshitomi-cho Adjacent to Nakotsu City, Ohita Prefecture. 3. SAEKI, I.: Case Study of Fuchu-machi Adjacent to Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture. 4. IDO, S.: Historical Approaches to Several Non-annexed Muras in Shiga Prefecture. 5. SAKAGUCHI, K. MIZUYAMA, T. and KOTANI, M.: Case Study of Iwataki-cho, Kyoto Prefecture. 6. YOKOTA, T.: Case Study of Kasugai-cho, Yamaguchi Prefecture. 7. CHIBA, T.: Minami-kawahara-mura, Saitama Prefecture. 8. OHISHI, T.: Demographical Approach to the Distribution of Non-annexed Municipalities. 9. OGURI, H.: On the Changes in Communities with the Consolidation of Local Government. 10. MIIDA, K.: Case Study of Some Non-annexed Small Corporate Units. Discussions were focused on the following points. 1. Merits and demerits of the non-annexed municipalities 2. Management and control of the budget of the municipalities 3. Community sentiment and non-annexed municipalities 4. Moderate scale of local government 5. Connection with other local governments in terms of consolidation.
著者
三木 理史
出版者
学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.65, no.7, pp.548-568, 1992
被引用文献数
1

従来,国家的統制政策の所産と考えられてきた昭和初期から第二次世界大戦中の交通事業者の統合問題を,大手私鉄資本による地域交通体系の再編成という視点から再考して,その空間構造を検討した.事例は三重県における近鉄資本による事業者統合に求めた.<br> その結果,大正期まで基本的に国鉄駅起点の路線形態をとり国鉄線中心の交通体系下にあった局地鉄道線は,大手私鉄資本下に統合されてゆくなかで,大手私鉄幹線中心の交通体系に再編成されてゆく過程を跡づけることができた.そうした地域交通体系の再編成構想の実施にあたっては,戦時交通統制という国家政策の利用が不可欠であった.
著者
谷岡 武雄 山田 安彦
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.27, no.7, pp.275-286, 1954

We have investigated the distribution of the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-type pattern in the paddy fields, with an intention of examining historically exploitation and reclamation in the eastern Harima Plain, southern part of Hyogo Prefecture. And also this treatise is aimed at the reconstruction of the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system as a system of agricultural village planning in ancient times. In this region, a vast area is occupied by the hills of Miocene Series and the uplands of the Plio-Pleistocene Series, the alluvial plain is relatively narrow. Consequently, the development of the exploitation in the plain is not very old and the process was rather slow. In this plain, the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-type system is not universal and is discontinuous, as seen in Fig. 1-3.<br> The &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system was a system established in 652 to divide the cultivated land in a mesh of 6-cho squares, (a 6-cho square is equal to about 650 metres square in area.) These squares were called &ldquo;Sato&rdquo;. A &ldquo;Sato&rdquo;, in turn, was divide dinto 36 equal parts, a part being 1-cho square, this was called a &ldquo;Tsu.bo&rdquo;. The allotments of the paddy fields based on the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system in Kato -gun (county) have a direction of N 43&deg;E (Fig. 3) along the lengthwise lines. But, in many other areas, the lengthwise lines of the allotments of the paddy fields run about N 18&deg;E or N 22&deg;E, and resemble those in the Shikama-gun (Himeji district), In Taka-gun which is situated along the upper stream of the Kakogawa, the lengthwise lines of the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo; pattern run nearly N-S, or approximately N 6&deg;W; the latter is similar to those of the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo; pattern in Tajima and Tamba areas (northern part of Hyogo Prefecture).<br> In the eastern Harima plain, the distribution of the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-type pattern is limited to the valleys which have had no recent inundation or to the older deltas. In the valley plains, the older settlements have been located at the foot of the uplands. But, the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo; pattern is not found in mountainous districts, hilly lands, uplands flood plains and the newer deltas.<br> On the delta of the Kakogawa, the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo; -system exists in the areas more than 2 kilometers inland from the coast line. But, on the delta of the Akashigawa, it is found also in the areas near the coast line.<br> We have tried to reconstruct the site of the &ldquo;Joel&rdquo;-system, the ancient administrative system, in Kako-gun (Fig. 2.) and Akashi-gun (Fig. 3.), basing the reconstruction on the lots, place names, cadastral maps and ancient documents. In these two counties, the east-west line of &ldquo;Sato&rdquo; of the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo; pattern which divided the cultivated lands into 6-cho squares was called the &ldquo;Bo&rdquo;, and the north-south line was called the &ldquo;Jo&rdquo;, the former counting from the southern border line to the northern, the latter counting from the western border line to the eastern. This system, in this province, was called the &ldquo;Jobo&rdquo;, but in other provinces, was called the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;.<br> In these areas, the cadastral number in the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system makes a continuous series, that is, from the south-eastern corner to the south-western corner, next, from the west to the east and so on, thus to arrive at the north-eastern corner.
著者
谷岡 武雄 平野 健二 芦田 忠司 田中 欣治 井上 淳
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.4, pp.191-205, 1958

One of the oldest cadastral maps (drawn in 751 A. D.) kept by Shosoin, is that of the Minuma manor in Omi province of the Todai-ji temple. It shows the &ldquo;Joni&rdquo;-system which was the land system of ancient Japan. As result of our research on the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system of Inukami county in Omi, it was proved that the area in the map corresponds to the domain of the modern village, Binmanji, in the east of Hikone City. We made a general and intensive survey by means of reading air photographs, land measurements, soil analysis, studying old documents and archeological excavation of the domain of the manor. The results are as follows:<br> 1) The Minuma manor belonging to the Todai-ji temple occupied the Inukami river's fan in the middle of the lake Biwa plain about the middle of the 8 th century. Inspite of fierce overflows at heavy rains, it was neccessary first of all to built a reservior and an irrigation canal for the management of paddy fields, because the ordinary quantity of water supplied by the river was insufficient and the soils of this fan was osmotic.<br> 2) Below the soils now under cultivation, there spreads the stratum of the anciently cultivated soils and it is probably the same stratum as the one containing the remains which are supposed to be belong to 8th century.<br> 3) Judging from the roads the reservoir, some parts of land division and the black coloured soils found by excavation, we think that the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system was put in operation over this area to the same direction as the other parts of Inukami county.<br> 4) The land division in most parts of lands now under cultivation is very much different from the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system in Inukami county, and it is adapted to the land form.<br> 5) It is better to consider that the Todai-ji manor has occupied this area based on the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system. But there are some differences between the old lands of the manor and the present ones. The reasons would probably be due to the overflows or changes of various human geographical conditions.<br> 6) The history of the settlements of this area began in Nara era, at the establishment of this manor.<br> 7) The houses which occupied the hilly land consisting of the old aluvial strata, remained for considerably long period. And the houses which were situated on the flood plain of the river seem to have been lost by overflows and lateral erosion of the Inukami.<br> 8) The site of the present village seems to correspond to Shibahara (brush fields) on the map, and the village has the character of a &ldquo;Monzen-Machi&rdquo; of the Binman-ji temple which was built up in Heian era. Probably the movements of the residents from hilly land to the present site were done gradually over the long period before Meiji revolution.<br> 9) Considering the land from, the land system and the result of the archeological excavation, we conclude that contents of the map was not so different from facts.<br> 10) And so we can say that the Todai-ji manor in this area was established not through the acquirement of already cultivated lands, but through the clearing of lands which were hard to cultivate. In this, we recognize the peculiar character of the Todai-ji manor in Nara era, and this character was common the other manors of this temple.
著者
山下 博樹
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.64, no.4, pp.280-295, 1991-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)
参考文献数
21
被引用文献数
2

The cities of Hachioji and Machida, located in the western suburb of Tokyo, have developed with the expansion of the Tokyo metropolitan area. But the two cities have different histories. Hachioji city was a stage town (shuhubamachi) in the late feudal period, and developed into a central city in the Tama area after the Meiji Restoration. Machida does not have such a long history; it deve-loped as an urban area only after the opening of the national railways' Yokohama Line and the private Odakyu Line in the late. The author analyzed the processes of change in the central business district (CBD) structure of the two cities, using such indicators as the change in functional accu-mulation, location of multi-storied buildings, and change in floor use for each function, with the comparison being made between 1981 and 1987. The following are a few results in the differences of changes of CBDs in the two cities. 1) The differences in the function of CBDs in the two cities can be explained by differences in the process of accumulation. Hachioji has experienced a shift of the core of its CBD from Koshu-kaido highway to Hachioji station, and its CBD has been differentiated functionally. But in Machida, because the CBD developedd near the station of the Odakyu Line, various functions already existed there. The survey also shows a reductive tendency in the area which serves some functions of the CBD (Figs. 1-3, Tables 1-4). 2) The differences in shape between the two CBDs can also be observed from a survey of the locations of multi-storied buildings. In Hachioji, the density of those buildings which were located on the three main streets stretching away from the station in 1981 has increased since 1981, and there is now a cluster of them in front of the station. In Machida, the number of multi-storied buildings which could be seen in the core of the CBD has increased in area surrounding it. The difference in the process of forming the CBD in the two cities reflects the differences in building use in the two CBDs (Fig. 4, Table 5). 3) The cluster analysis for changes in floor use reveals the degree of the functional areal differ-entiation in each of the CBDs. In Hachioji, three kinds of clusters can be recognized separately: offices, personal services, and parking and vacant lots. In Machida, the cluster which changed to office use is dominant. The comparison between present and previous functions of each floor in the buildings of the two CBDs shows the difference in the CBD development processes (Fig. 5). Those differences can be explained by both the historical background and the CBD development processes. Hachioji experienced functional areal differentiation in the shift of its CBD core. But Machida developed into a satellite city after the railroads opened in the Meiji period. As a result, the functions in the CBD have accumulated differently.