著者

松林 翔太 三輪 和久 寺井 仁

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.90.18018, (Released:2019-06-20)

参考文献数

23

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We often encounter various anomalous behaviors of systems, such as machine failures, unexpected behaviors of intelligent agents, and irregular natural phenomena. In order to predict these anomalous behaviors, it is a useful strategy to infer the causal structure of target domains (the inference-based strategy). However, we assume another strategy, the memory-based strategy, to memorize the anomalous behaviors for the predictions. In the present study, we analyzed the features and benefits of the memory-based strategy using the spatial movement prediction task. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that participants who were instructed to apply the memory-based strategy encoded only the anomalous instances, and not the regular instances. Additionally, the inference-based strategy was more effective for identifying the anomalous instances in a low-complexity task, whereas the memory-based strategy was more effective in a high-complexity task. Experiment 3 revealed that it was difficult to spontaneously select an appropriate strategy based on task complexity and to make benefits of the memory-based strategy for a high-complexity task even if the strategy was applied.

著者

外山 美樹 桜井 茂男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.4, pp.329-335, 2001-10-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

6 9 2

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The purpose of this study was to examine positive illusion phenomena among Japanese students. In Study 1, students were asked to rate themselves and the average same-sex student of their university or vocational school, in terms of their personality, optimism about the future, and belief in personal control. Results indicated that participants showed positive illusions in their ratings of agreeableness, conscientiousness, optimism for negative future events, and personal control. However, negative illusions were found in their ratings of extraversion, openness to experience, and appearance. In Study 2, participants were asked to compare themselves with the average same-sex student of their university or vocational school. Results were similar to those of Study 1. Cultural factors appeared to be responsible for those positive and negative illusions.

著者

坂元 章

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.6, pp.392-399, 1991-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

---

Previous studies using Bieri's ‘cognitive complexity’ score had supported ‘vigilance hypothesis’ which assumed that impressions of unfavorable persons were more complex than favorable persons. Thus, Bieri's measure seemed to be invalid because the findings were completely contrary to ‘frequency of interaction hypothesis’, presented in the theoretical framework of ‘cognitive complexity’, which assumed that impressions of familiar persons were more complex than unfamiliar persons, since people could be supposed to have more intimate acquaintance with favorable persons. The purpose of present study was to indicate the invalidity was caused by the research design where familiarity was dependent on favorability and to show that even Bieri's score could support ‘interaction hypothesis’, if one variables could be statistically orthogonized to the other. In each of two surveys reported, about two hundred female undergraduates completed a Rep test where they rated favorable and unfavorable persons on the basis of some dimensions which included favorability and familiarity. The results obtained through various regression analyses supported the above predictions. Moreover, it was revealed that, with favorability controlled, Bieri's score showed almost linear increases as familiarity increased, though the score of extremely unfamiliar persons was rather higher than the score the linear function could predict.

著者

吉本 美穂 高木 敬雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.2, pp.156-162, 2005-06-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

---

This study investigated the individual differences of lightness filling-in on illusory contour figures with regard to the attention to figures; namely, to which information of hierarchical figures, the global information or the local information, subjects tended to allocate their attention. Subjects participated in a preliminary experiment to divide into a global group and a local group. The global group consisted of ten subjects who had a tendency to allocate their attention to the global configuration of hierarchical figures and the local group consisted of ten subjects who had a tendency to allocate their attention to the form of local elements of hierarchical figures. Both groups observed the Kanizsa squares and judged the lightness of the test field. The results showed that the local group significantly filled in greater lightness in the test field than the global group did. It is suggested that how subjects allocate attention to figures is one factor in individual differences of lightness filling-in and that lightness filling-in depends on top-down processing.

著者

濱田 治良

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.8-14, 1990-04-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

4 4

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In order to clarify the differences between the visual and the auditory memories and the interference effect between them, a paired presentation method was developed. In this method, the subject under the experimental condition memorized two independent sequences of random digits, which were presented simultaneously digit by digit, the digits of the one sequence being presented visually and the digits of the other auditorily. After the presentation, subjects were asked to recall first either the visual or the auditory digit sequence, and then the other sequence. The subject under the control condition, on the other hand, memorized one sequence of random digits which were presented either visually or auditorily, and after recalling them memorized another sequence of random digits presented in the other modality. The results can be summarized as follows. (1) Under the experimental as well as under the control conditions, the recency effect appeared in the auditory memory task, but it did not in the visual memory task. (2) The performance for visual by presented digits under the experimental condition was lower than that under the control condition, whereas the performance for auditorily presented digits under the former was equal to that under the latter. The results presented might suggest that: (1) there are independent visual and auditory memories in the short-term memory; and (2) the memorizing of the auditory materials interferes with the memorizing of the visual one, but the latter does not interfere with the former.

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.40-55, 1950 (Released:2010-07-16)

著者

安達 智子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.223-228, 1998-08-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

8 4

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among job satisfaction, job involvement, and work motivation. Two hundred thirty-nine sales people completed a questionnaire of job satisfaction (pay, interpersonal relationship, work environment, and job content), job involvement, and work motivation. The data were analyzed with covariance structure analysis, and the model, which was constructed beforehand, fitted well with relatively high GFI and AGFI. Results of the analysis showed that job satisfaction, in terms of pay and interpersonal relationship, influenced job content satisfaction, which in turn indirectly influenced work motivation, mediated through job involvement. In addition, the data indicated that satisfaction with customer relationship was strongly related to job content satisfaction in the sample of sales people.

著者

渡邊 寛

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.88.16210, (Released:2017-03-10)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

3

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Recently, with gender equality advancing within society, men are increasingly being expected to undertake other, non-traditional, roles. The aim of this study was to develop the new male roles scale, and examine its reliability and validity. Study 1 showed that the new male roles scale consisted following four factors; Attentiveness to Women, Commitment to Household Responsibility, Consideration for Others, and Emancipation from Emotional Restriction and Toughness. In study 2, four items for each factor were chosen and goodness of fit of this scale was confirmed. Furthermore, the result revealed that this scale had certain validity. Study3 showed that this scale had time stability, except for Commitment to Household Responsibility. However, its internal reliability was confirmed in study 2. These results suggest that this scale has certain reliability and validity. Finally, the relationship between this scale and previous researches was discussed.

著者

岡 隆之介 大島 裕明 楠見 孝

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.90.17236, (Released:2018-12-25)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

---

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of an item set of simile interpretations for metaphor research. We conducted three tasks. In an interpretation generation task, 50 university students generated up to three interpretations for each of 120 simile expressions collected by Nakamoto and Kusumi (2004). In a conventionality rating task, 24 university students rated the conventionality of vehicles based on the most typical interpretation collected in the interpretation generation task. In a metaphor preference rating task, 24 university students rated their metaphor form preference. Our results showed significant positive correlations between topic-vehicle similarity ratings collected in a previous study and the number of interpretations. In addition, linear regression analysis of the metaphor preference rating showed significant positive effects of vehicle conventionality, topic-vehicle similarity, and entropy. These results solidly replicated the results reported in previous studies and confirmed the validity of an item set of simile interpretations. The usefulness of simile interpretations collected in this study for future metaphor studies is discussed.

著者

谷口 高士

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.6, pp.463-470, 1995-02-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

8 21

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The purpose of this research was to construct a scale to measure the “affective value” of musical pieces and examine the relations between the scale and a multiple mood scale (MMS). In this paper, affective value refers to the quality and intensity of affect. First, 209 female junior college students rated 50 adjectives relevant to the affective tone of music on a five-point scale for five pieces of music. Factor analysis yielded five major factors, and 24 items with high loading on these factors were selected to construct the affective value scale of music (AVSM). Second, 226 female students rated both AVSM and MMS for the same five pieces. Factor analysis showed factor validity of AVSM, and Cronbach's coefficient alpha showed a high internal consistency of each sub-scale of AVSM. Principal component analysis and other analyses showed that there were significant relations between sub-scales of AVSM and MMS. Third, 38 female students rated the scales twice, and test-retest reliability was examined. The results suggest the utility of AVSM.

著者

今田 惠

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.195-204, 1935

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This study was planned with both practical and theoretical interest. From the practical point of view, I wanted to determine the nature of Zimmermann's colour paper, which is usually used for ordinary psychological experiments. When we use them we ought to know the nature of each colour. One way of doing this, is in terms of physical attributes. The other is psychological, that is to know what relations there exist between the sensations aroused by those colours. From the theoretical point of view the question of complementarity of colours and the nature of after-image is of interest.<BR>On the one hand, it is defined that the two colours which becomes colourless when mixed are complementary to each other. On the other hand, it is known that the hue of an after-image of a certain colour is complementary to the original stimulus. I tried to combine these two propositions in this experiment. The usual method of determining complementary colour is by colour-mixing, so this may be said a new approach to this question.<BR>The observer is asked to look at a small colour square (one square centimeter) cut of the Zimmermann set on medium gray back-ground for 20 seconds. The experimenter takes away the colour, and the observer gazes the same spot and carefully notes the hue of the after-image. In front of the observer the whole series of 15 colours are arranged according to the hue and each colour is numbered 1-15 starting with red. At a most suitable time the observer tries to locate the hue of the after-image in the series of sample colours. This was done without difficulty.<BR>The experiment was conducted in a well lighted room on the north side in a diffuse day-light. The observers included in this report are 5 university students.<BR>For the results the reader is advised to see the Tables 1 and 2 in the original Japanese article in this Journal.<BR>After image_??_<BR>Figure 2 in the Japanese section will show diagramatically the complementary relations of the 15 colours used in this experiment.<BR>Some of the other points of interest are as follows;<BR>Occurrence of green, greenish-blue, blue and violet after-images are most frequent, and reds and yellows are very rare.<BR>About the reciprocality of complementary colours of these 15 colours, No. 1(Red) and No.10 (Greenish-Blue), No.5 (Ultramarine Blue) and No.12 (Greenish-Blue), and No.8 (Green) and No.13 (Violet) are most perfect.

著者

寺尾 尚大 髙橋 麻衣子 清河 幸子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17312, (Released:2018-11-15)

参考文献数

21

---

When reading orally, we produce the auditory information of the text through articulatory movements. We investigated the roles of articulatory movements and speech feedback in Japanese text comprehension. Previous studies of Japanese sentence comprehension showed that articulatory movements provide a function to retain word order information and that speech feedback facilitates complementary information processing. We predicted an effect of articulatory movements on verbatim memory and a limited influence of speech feedback on passage comprehension. Twenty-four undergraduates were asked to read 12 Japanese passages with or without articulatory movements and speech feedback. They then performed two types of tasks: verbatim memory and passage comprehension. The results showed that verbatim memory task performance improved with articulatory movements, whereas speech feedback had little effect on either task performance. We concluded that articulatory movements support the memory process and that speech feedback has little contribution to text memory and comprehension among adult readers.

著者

品田 瑞穂

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17339, (Released:2018-11-15)

参考文献数

19

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This study examined how the attitude of an interviewer affected the perceived deceptiveness of interviewees. Forty-four university students (20 males and 24 females) were interviewed, and either told the truth or lied about their experience. They were randomly assigned to the conversation condition or the accusation condition. The interviewer in the conversation condition nodded and made eye contact with the interviewees, whereas the interviewer in the accusation condition did not look at the interviewees and suspected what the interviewees said. Neutral observers watched the videotaped interviews and rated their perceived deceptiveness of the interviewees. The results indicated that accusations by the interviewer increased non-verbal behaviors (e.g., eye blinking) of the interviewees, and the increased eye blinking amplified the perceived deceptiveness of the interviewees.

著者

曺 美庚 釘原 直樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.3, pp.281-287, 2017 (Released:2017-08-25)

参考文献数

34

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心理学研究第88巻第3号掲載の曺 美庚・釘原 直樹著,「文化,性,パーソナリティがタッチ性向に及ぼす影響」論文は,著者より取下げられました。

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.1, pp.117_1, 2018 (Released:2018-05-16)

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心理学研究第88巻第3号掲載の曺 美庚・釘原 直樹著,「文化,性,パーソナリティがタッチ性向に及ぼす影響」論文は,著者より取下げられました。

著者

武藤 世良

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.87.15011, (Released:2016-01-15)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2 6

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This study examined the action tendencies of respect-related emotions in Japanese university students. Participants (n = 405) randomly received a questionnaire about one of six respect-related emotions: (a) keiai (respect mingled with mild love); (b) shinsui (idolatry, worship, and adoration); (c) ifu (awe mingled with fear); (d) kanshin (admiration); (e) kyotan (wonder); and (f) sonkei (respect proper) and were asked to recall a situation they felt the emotion. Next, they rated how much they felt like doing the respect-related (intrapersonal or interpersonal) actions in the situation. Statistical analysis revealed several action tendencies of respect-related emotions, however, the degree of each differed between the prototypical episodes of the emotions (a)–(e). The action tendency pattern of sonkei was most similar to that of keiai, therefore keiai could be considered as the prototypical feeling of sonkei in university students. Furthermore, almost all the respect-related emotions tended to strongly motivate willingness for self-correction and improvement. These findings suggest that respect-related emotions play an important role in self-improvement and building good relationships with superiors, at least in late adolescence.

著者

伊川 美保 楠見 孝

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17034, (Released:2018-08-10)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

4

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of numeracy on risk and benefit perceptions of food. Previous studies have shown that people tend to rely on affect feelings when appraising risk and benefit. These studies have also shown that people manifest an inverse relationship between perceived risk and benefit. However, there have not been so many studies about the roles of numeracy and critical thinking on balanced perceptions of risk and benefit. Therefore, the present study used two online surveys to clarify their roles. Results showed that people with higher numeracy had better comprehension of food risk/benefit information. Results also showed that perceived risk and benefit had a positive correlation for people with higher numeracy after information had been provided. These results were similar between Study 1 on coffee (N = 461) and Study 2 on red and processed meat (N = 496). The results suggest that people with higher numeracy have balanced perceptions of food risk/benefit, relying more on numerical information than on affect.

著者

深谷 達史

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.266-275, 2014

被引用文献数

2

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Prior studies have investigated whether the expectation that one will explain learned materials after learning (explanation expectancy) promotes text comprehension. Such researches, however, have had inconsistent results. In Study 1, we examined whether an elaborative explanation orientation, which refers to the belief that it is important to elaborate and organize a passage when explaining, moderated the effect of explanation expectancy. The results showed neither a moderation effect nor an effect of explanation expectancy. This suggests that the effect size of explanation expectancy was not large, so that a single experimental research with limited sample size could not reliably find a positive effect. In Study 2, a meta-analysis was conducted to infer more accurately the influence of explanation expectancy on text comprehension. Based on a sample of 7 reports (<i>n</i> = 289), the results showed that the effect size <i>g</i> for explanation expectancy was 0.51 (95%<i>CI</i> = (0.10, 0.91)). This finding demonstrates that the inconsistent results of previous research could be caused by small sample sizes, and explanation expectancy improves text comprehension.

著者

勝谷 紀子 岡 隆 坂本 真士

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17311, (Released:2018-07-14)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

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This study examined the lay theory characteristics of “modern-type” depression using a text mining method. A total of 225 undergraduate students filled in a questionnaire. They answered questions about the characteristics and causes of as well as reasons for “modern-type” depression using free-form text entry. Then, they answered questions about their sources of information on “modern-type” depression. The results showed that participants mainly described that “modern-type” depression is common among young people and that people with “moderntype” depression lack awareness of the illness. Also, participants indicated that they obtained knowledge about “modern-type” depression from different information sources such as television and the internet.

著者

勝又 結菜

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.313-322, 2015 (Released:2015-10-25)

参考文献数

70

被引用文献数

5 8

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This study investigated the effects of self-anger on rumination and mental health (depression and anxiety). In study 1, a scale to measure self-anger was developed by the review of previous studies and survey interviews. Exploratory factor analysis identified one factor of self-anger. The reliability and validity of the scale were confirmed by internal consistency measures and correlations with other anger-related scales. In study 2, which used the self-anger scale developed in study 1, undergraduate and graduate students completed a set of scales to measure self-anger, rumination, depression, anxiety, and five-factor personality traits. The results of mediation analysis indicated that self-anger effects depression and anxiety directly or through mediating rumination excluding the effect of sex and neuroticism. Finally, the possibility that self-anger management leads to the reduction of rumination and improvement of mental health was discussed.