著者

野村 亮太

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.207-221, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

14

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We conducted an undergraduate course that incorporates “transaction between questioning by students and answering by teachers (TQA).” The question levels were scored by evaluating whether they were based on the course content and whether the students added their own hypotheses or predictions. Final papers were also scored by considering how the students could formulate a logical, consistent research plan based on the course content. Latent curve analyses revealed that the slope of the cumulative question scores predicted the report scores (B = 1:38 and 1.78, non-standardized solution) in both 2020 (178 students) and 2021 (160 students). By contrast, the ability to think and express high-level questions at the beginning of the course (i.e., intercept) had no predictive power. The results suggest that repeated high-level questioning during class can predict critical thinking at the end of class. Qualitative analyses of students' reflections on the impact of class participation showed that they found questioning effective in that they experienced a more in-depth understanding of the course content. At the same time, asking questions was not always easy for them. Students also recognized that TQA provided exciting opportunities, opening up new ways of thinking about the same content, even when studying independently. The findings of this study are discussed in terms of factors that inhibit questioning during class. Introducing video-streaming lectures would relax time constraints and the psychological burden.

著者

馬田 一郎 伊集院 幸輝 加藤 恒夫 山本 誠一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.163-173, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

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This paper examines the characteristics of face-to-face communication and online communication from the viewpoint of group co-creation. First, we review the previous studies of face-to-face communication and that of online communication to discuss the merits and demerits of each communication style. Then we present observational results of our pilot face-to-face co-creation conversation data that shows the collage nature of such interaction: the ideation process often consisted of step-by-step accumulations of fragmentary pieces of information that were incomplete and vague per se, fully utilizing the abundant nonverbal cues and a shared collaboration environment. These findings are expected to contribute to designing matching strategies of communication styles and the characteristics of collaborative tasks.

著者

白砂 大 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.136-138, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

7

著者

今西 典子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.238-247, 2001-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

35

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In this paper, developments in the theory of generative grammar spanning the last 40 years are traced. Particular attention will be paid to the theoretically important changes that have been made in each of the four decades. The significance that linguistic research based on the Minimalist Program has in relation to cognitive science will be discussed.

著者

Steven Phillips

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.11-24, 2021-03-01 (Released:2021-03-15)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

2

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What can category theory contribute to cognitive science? We argue that the category theory principle of construction via a universal mapping property affords a significant contribution. Such universal constructions explain why, not just how cognition is systematic/compositional, i.e. the “best” one can do in the given context. The significance of this principle is indicated by examples.

著者

市川 淳 藤井 慶輔

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.170-173, 2021-03-01 (Released:2021-03-15)

参考文献数

11

著者

高嶋 由布子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.181-193, 2015-03-01 (Released:2015-09-15)

参考文献数

18

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This paper reports linguistic fieldwork and the setting of a psycholinguistic exper-ment on Japanese Sign Language, the first language of Deaf people. The fieldwork aimed to investigate sign language with some Deaf linguistic consultants. First, we examined the linguistic environment around deaf people, which indicates that the age of acquiring sign language and their bilingual condition should be considered. Sec-ond, we investigated the matter of social status in which hearing researchers are the majority who oppress Deaf people as a minority in society. Third, while setting up a psycholinguistic task to collect linguistic data from several Deaf people, we found issues that need to be solved, such as their bilingual environment and visual modality dependence of their communication, and the linguistic elements of sign language. We found a phenomena that, while looking away, Deaf people say something the addressee cannot understand, but during eye contact with the addressee, almost all signs are comprehensible.

著者

友野 貴之 山本 敦 古山 宣洋 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.386-399, 2020-09-01 (Released:2020-09-15)

参考文献数

79

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This paper reviews the research on how one passes through an aperture between non-human objects or between humans. In particular, we discuss what it has so far elucidated and what should be investigated in the future. The previous studies have focused on aperture passability between non-human physical objects and revealed the relationship between how people actually pass through an aperture and how they perceive themselves in relation to environmental characteristics by looking at how people judge passability of an aperture (often formalized as π-number). Most researchers have attended to the factors associated with an actor passing an aperture and/or non-human objects constituting an aperture, but few have examined how one passes an aperture comprised of humans. This may be because it is difficult to experimentally control underlying factors such as conversations and/or physical/social interactions between humans, symmetry of an aperture due to different shapes of the human body, anisotropic shape of personal space, eye gaze, and/or eye contact. Despite these difficulties, we consider it important to study how people pass an aperture between humans, because, first and foremost, that is what we do in everyday life, and, secondly, the outcome will illuminate how people consider socio-cultural factors, personal space,opportunities of actions (i.e., affordances) by ourselves and others. Possible solutions to the difficulties may include use of virtual reality technologies, computer simulation to control the experimental settings to guarantee reproducibility. There are the pros and cons with these methods to discuss, because, depending on how they are employed, they may possibly spoil the very social and interactive (improvisational) nature of the phenomenon under discussion.

著者

鈴木 悠介 永井 聖剛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.409-415, 2020-09-01 (Released:2020-09-15)

参考文献数

32

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Previous studies have shown perceptual processing cross-modal correspondences between spatial high/low positions and auditory high/low pitches. Several studies also found that auditory pitch influences spatially defined motor responses, suggesting that perceptual and motoric information regarding spatial and auditory high/low stimuli are shared. However, it remains unclear whether spatial position influences auditorily defined motor responses. We addressed this question by examining vocal responses to high/low pitches. In our experiment, sixteen participants vocalized a meaningless sound (/a/) at high/low pitch in response to spatially high/low stimuli under compatible and incompatible conditions. Results showed that the onset of vocalization was shorter under the compatible condition than the incompatible conditions. Together with previous studies, the current results suggest that information regarding spatial high/low position and auditory high/low pitch are bidirectionally and consistently shared across perceptual and motor systems.

著者

田中 優子 犬塚 美輪 藤本 和則

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2022.003, (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

123

---

Pervasive misinformation is a primary social issue in the digital age. A common method for resolving this issue is making corrections to mitigate false beliefs due to misinformation. However, the influence of misinformation is often predominant, thereby resulting in correction having a limited effect on alleviating people's false memory and reasoning. This psychological phenomenon is known as the continued influence effect of misinformation. Rapidly evolving research has accumulated into a sizable literature explaining the psychological processes that cause this effect. This article seeks to clarify the psychological processes for exploring ways to harness the negative impact of misinformation on our minds. Specifically, we review cognitive models and factors related to the continued influence effect, as well as a potential side effect of correction. Moreover, we summarize practical recommendations for interventions based on psychological characteristics. Finally, we discuss future directions in psychology and how emerging interdisciplinary research contributes to controlling the harmful impact of misinformation on our society.

著者

金井 明人 小玉 愛実

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.444-458, 2010 (Released:2011-03-08)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1

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Even from the same film material, change of the way to edit film makes it possible to emphasize the story and other characteristics than the story in the film. That consequently changes effects on the viewer. Editing film designs not only the film itself but also the cognitive relation between the film and the viewer. This study used the scene of The Passion of Joan of Arc by Carl Th. Dreyer that Joan cuts her hair, and edited 16 kinds of films. 10 of them were used to conduct a questionnaire survey and look at the designs. Especially in the dialectic editing emphasizing the story by adopting 4 kinds of montage theories (metric montage, rhythmic montage, tonal montage, and overtonal montage) by Eisenstein, the editing separating them off, and the editing combining both of them, we discuss the differences in the processes of designing rhythm of film in the cognitive relation with the viewer. Particularly in the film emphasizing irrational cutting aspects, viewer's viewpoints frequently changed, which indicated the move of viewpoints to other things like editing than the story, and in the film emphasizing the dialectic aspects, it was indicated that they tended to be absorbed in the story.

著者

田中 彰吾

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.140-151, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-09-01)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

---

In this paper, we explicate the ambiguous role of the body in projection science by focusing on the experiments on bodily illusions. First, we trace back to the original experiment of rubber hand illusion, in which the participants feel illusory touch on the synchronously stroked fake hand as well as the sense of ownership on it. From a phenomenological perspective, we clarify that the rubber hand is incorporated into the inner space of one’s own body, and subjectively experienced as located “here” during the illusion. Based on this clarification, we give a new account to the full-body illusion experiments. In the past research, they have been considered as a sort of out-of-body illusion in which one’s sense of self-location is transferred outside the physical body toward the virtual body. However, this does not describe the actual experience of the illusion. What the participants experience in fact is the sense of self-location that tacitly extends from the physical body to the virtual body. After reconsidering these bodily illusions, it is suggested that the spatiality of one’s own body is not the product of projection but the source to be projected onto the spatiality of objects.

著者

村山 司 藤井 有希 勝俣 浩 荒井 一利 祖一 誠

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.358-365, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

6

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Dolphins are known to exhibit highly developed social interactions, and numerous high advanced social behaviors have been observed in their school. We conducted a variety of tasks to understand the cognitive abilities of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Symmetry, a cognitive ability that is only present in a few nonhuman animals, was tested in a male beluga ten years ago (1997). At that time, however, it was found that the subject performed poorly. Here we report the results of our observations which set about to determine whether cognitive mechanisms, such as symmetry, could be altered or developed over a relatively long period of time (i.e. 10 years). We used the same beluga that was used for the symmetry tests conducted 10 years previously. Using the same procedures employed in the first test, the subject was observed to exhibit symmetry. Since the subject has been engaged in a variety of cognitive tasks other than tests of symmetry over the past 10 years, it is proposed that these experiences have positively influenced the development of symmetry in this animal.

著者

西村 義樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.3, pp.3_28-3_37, 1996-08-31 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

51

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Among the central features of a major strand of cognitive linguistics (R. W. Langacker's cognitive grammar) is its symbolic view of grammar (syntax in particular): grammar can be adequately characterized as a system composed of form-meaning pairings (rather than a purely formal component organized independently of semantic factors). By way of illustrating how the symbolic view can give us insights into cross-linguistic variation, cognitive accounts are provided of two areas of grammar where English and Japanese exhibit marked contrasts. It is suggested that apparently arbitrary ways some grammatical units (e.g. grammatical relations and constructions) behave begin to make perfect semantic sense if (1) construal (as opposed to conceptual content) is held to form an essential part of an expression's semantic value, (2) proper attention is given to the ubiquity in language of categories built around experientially grounded prototypes (rather than classical categories defined by sets of necessary and sufficient conditions), and (3) a usage-based model of linguistic structure (in contrast to the traditional reductionist view of grammar as an algorithmic device) is adopted.

著者

小松 孝徳 鈴木 健太郎 植田 一博 開 一夫 岡 夏樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.121-138, 2003-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

3

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The effects of the speaker's adjustment of the teaching strategy and the use of paralanguage information of speech to acquire its meaning were clarified by means of experiment: In the experiments, two subjects played a game of Pong: one of the subjects (operator) could not understand linguistically what the other one (teacher) was saying. The results of these experiments revealed the following. First, the teacher's high-pitched voice drew attention of the operator's current action. Second, the process of meaning acquisition can be regarded as reinforcement learning based on a multi-reward system (i.e., a positive reward for correct actions and a negative reward for incorrect actions, given in the form of the teacher's high-pitched voice). Finally, mutual adaptation between the subjects was observed, that is, the subjects learned to respond appropriately to each other's behavior. It is concluded that the above three phenomena are important to the process of meaning acquisition and can be viewed as the basic requirements to enable the acquisition of meaning of unknown speech, and to construct an adaptive sound interface, which can provide a natural interaction enviromnet for its user.

著者

丸山 慎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.471-493, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

1

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The present study illustrates a role that the bodily gesture plays in the production of musical artistry. I especially focused on its expressive (i.e. rhetorical) function, which enables musicians to effectively realize and communicate their musical interpretations. From interviews with musicians ranging in level from student to professional, and from observations of conductor′s gestures videotaped in orchestra rehearsals, I report three cases showing how essential the sense of bodily movement contributes to finding the appropriate expression of music. In case 1, an interview with a pianist⁄conductor, Ryusuke Numajiri, I demonstrate examples of gesture embedded in music composition that constrains hand shape in the context of piano playing. According to Numajiri, such a habit very likely reflects each composer′s motor capacity or preference of finger patterning, which makes a pianist′s hands and fingers form “composer-specific” motion patterns. In case 2, through observations of videotaped data on expressive gestures shown by two conductors, Myong-Whun Chung and Tetsuro Ban, I compare features of their gestures when they conduct the same piece. Results showed that, at the same point of the piece, both conductors represented nuances of the sound with very similar gestures, suggesting that the character of the musical sound has an intrinsic tendency to arouse a specific (similar) type of bodily gesture. In case 3, I introduce examples of bodily movements executed by a conductor, Uriel Segal, which produced an intended musical atmosphere. My main finding was that he clearly demonstrated that conductor′s gestures, including beating motions all embody musical requirements that lead the orchestra in the proper direction. Further, I observed that his conducting also displayed a sense of being still, “how to stop moving the body” at some points in the music as well as a sense of being in motion at other times. Discussion of all the findings suggests that there is an intrinsic link between musical expression and bodily sense, which I believe offers insight into the origins of music and experience of musical artistry.

著者

谷貝 祐介 古山 宣洋 三嶋 博之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.4, pp.431-432, 2020-12-01 (Released:2020-12-15)

著者

嵯峨崎 天音 石井 辰典 渡邊 克巳

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.85-99, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

37

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State authenticity is the subjective sense of being one’s true self in a particular situation (Lenton, Bruder, et al., 2013). Previous studies suggested that the current mood influenced state authenticity because the judgment of state authenticity was made heuristically via available information (i.e., mood). However, the results were not clear. We examined whether the mood manipulation with short movies would affect state authenticity. The results partially supported the hypotheses; participants in a positive mood reported a higher degree of true self and less self-alienation than those in a neutral mood. However, the negative mood had no consistent effect on state authenticity. These results suggest that the effect of mood on state authenticity is limited or more complex than previously thought and point to the necessity for further investigations.

著者

鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.4, pp.467-468, 2009 (Released:2010-09-10)

著者

日髙 昇平 高橋 康介

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.25-38, 2021

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<p>Visual perception, receiving a two-dimensional (2D) visual input, often constructs the three-dimensional (3D) perceptual image. Although there are generally multiple structures in the external world that give an equivalent two-dimensional retinal image, the perceptual process naturally and easily infers only one 3D structure as the solution. However, the following problems are not obvious at all: what kind of structure can be obtained as a 3D perceptual image from certain 2D information, and why do we get a three-dimensional perceptual image instead of a two-dimensional one. In the present study, we investigate this problem by untangling the Necker Cube phenomenon, and propose a novel theory of three-dimensional visual perception from the viewpoint of the efficiency of information coding. Among the possible structures that can yield the 2D retinal image of the Necker Cube, the structure of the typical three-dimensional perceptual image of the Necker Cube maximizes the symmetry (in group theory). This maximization of symmetry is characterized by the pairs of adjoint functors (in category theory). Therefore, according to this proposed theory, "the Necker Cube" in the three-dimensional space is perceived as the most efficient encoding of the two-dimensional retinal image.</p>