著者

新原 将義 茂呂 雄二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.4, pp.468-484, 2014-12-01 (Released:2015-06-09)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1

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Traditional study of music education perceives instructor’s teaching narrowly as how instructor teach knowledge that is previous in advance adequately, so instructor’s ac-tive and improvised encouragement had never been deal properly. This paper pointed out that and describes the scene of teaching of orchestra which was leaded by profes-sional conductor, and consider about instructor’s encouragement in practice of playing music, which is characterized as highly artistic. Result of analysis reveals 3 forms of encouragement by conductor. First is “scaffolding”, which makes clear the differences between good way to resolve the problem and action what was really done. Second is “re-configuration of resource”, which controls significance of score and indicate other player as resource. And Third is “actualization of tacit knowledge”, which actualizes the knowledge that is impossible to generalize in concrete scene of practice and music. Finally, this paper pointed out that every teaching of this study has “possibility to de-velopment” which makes possible for conductor to develop the teaching, and researcher need to consider these instruction as intermixed process, not as each independent pro-cesses.

著者

野村 亮太 岡田 猛

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.226-244, 2014

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How do expert storytelling artists captivate audiences with a single performance? In<br/> study 1, we observed the eyeblink responses of expertized 7 of 20 audience members<br/> (10 male and 10 female, aged 16 to 67 years; <i>M </i>=40<i>.</i>6, <i>SD </i>=16<i>.</i>4) at the performance<br/> of two professional story-telling Rakugo artists. With using a surrogate data method,<br/>the statistically significant synchronization of eyeblinks among audience members was<br/> detected when performers changed scenes and characters and immediately after the<br/> performer delivered words essential to the understanding of the story. In study 2, we<br/> conducted a laboratory experiment with 32 (19 male and 13 female) participants aged<br/> 20 to 34 years (<i>M </i>=22<i>.</i>56, <i>SD </i>=2<i>.</i>85) to examine whether the expertise of the story-<br/>teller affected the frequency and intensity of synchronization of eyeblinks by recording<br/> each participant's eyeblinks. The synchronization of eyeblinks was also detected in this<br/> study that each participant viewed videotapes alone, which eliminated potential au-<br/>dience interaction. The participants who were assigned to the watching a videotaped<br/> performance of an expert storyteller displayed frequent synchronized eyeblinks and had<br/> a higher score of transportation into the narrative world of Rakugo compared to those<br/> were assigned to watch a videotaped performance of a novice. These results imply<br/> that expert performers gain a listener's unintentional process of attention as well as<br/> somatic-emotional responses, evidenced by synchronized eyeblinks.

著者

長谷川 敦士 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.417-430, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

16

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In this paper we addressed the problem how social interactions, especially P2P (Peer to Peer) communication, set trends. We made a multiagent-based model to investigate the issue. The agents are computer programs that act autonomously and behave individually. In this artificial society, the agents demand goods that they want to consume as well as they can produce and consume goods. They try to barter their goods with one of the other agents that is selected randomly. They make their own evaluation of each good based not on global information in the market but on local information shared with their trading partners: They assume the goods, which their trading partners demand, to be popular. They can also demand the goods that they think very popular by themselves and exchange their evaluation of the popularity when they trade with other agents. We pointed out that, in this situation, agents' evaluation of the popularity can be concentrated on some good one after another, which can explain a mechanism of the concentration of popularity.

著者

市川 伸一 南風原 朝和 杉澤 武俊 瀬尾 美紀子 清河 幸子 犬塚 美輪 村山 航 植阪 友理 小林 寛子 篠ヶ谷 圭太

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.333-347, 2009 (Released:2010-09-10)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

8

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COMPASS is an assessment test based on the cognitive model of mathematical problem solving. This test diagnoses components of mathematical ability which are required in the process of understanding and solving mathematical problems. The tasks were selected through the case studies of cognitive counseling, in which researchers individually interview and teach learners who feel difficulty in particular learning behavior. The purpose of COMPASS is to provide diagnostic information for improving learning process and methods of class lessons. Features of COMPASS include: The time limitations are set for each task to measure the target component accurately; questionnaires are incorporated to diagnose orientation toward learning behavior. The present paper aims to introduce the concept and the tasks of COMPASS to show how cognitive science contributes to school education through the development of assessment tests.

著者

西阪 仰

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.2_50-2_61, 1996-05-31 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

13

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Many sociologists have attempted to explain what changes in our social life have been caused by new artifacts (e.g., the print, the telephone, radio, television, the computer and so on) and also what socio-cultural conditions made possible the appearance in the world of those artifacts which have so drastically changed our social life. On the other hand, such sociological explanations have taken for granted, and presupposed, the fact that those artifacts are there as such in the natural way. This paper treats this fact rather as a social phenomenon to be investigated in its own right. In the analysis of audio-visually recorded fragments of a word processor instruction session, an attempt is made to demonstrate how the natural way of being of artifacts is accomplished jointly by the instructor and the instructee in, through and as the spatio-temporal arrangement of their bodily movements, vocal or unvocal, and to show that the naturalness of artifacts being there as such is an interactional achievement in the normative order. Some consequences for conceptualizing the so-called man-machine interaction are suggested.

著者

大森 晃 土井 晃一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.4, pp.292-302, 2000-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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In a requirements capturing meeting, the chair plays an important role. The chair presides the meeting and captures requirements. Roughly speaking, the process of requirements capture has two steps. In the first step, the chair extracts the clients' ideas as many as possible. In the second step, the chair integrates these ideas and captures requirements. The first step is indispensable in order to capture requirements through the second step.In such a requirements capturing meeting, it is empirically known that the chair presides the meeting chiming in moderately in order to extract the clients' ideas. However, the relationship between chiming-in and the number of ideas is not known. We conducted an experiment to examine it.The participants in the experiment were sixteen students (S1,..., S16) and one teacher (T), and each set of subjects consisted of two students (Si, Sj) and the teacher (T). We had eight subject-sets. Before the experiment, the two students in each subject-set were supposed to decide the theme they would talk about; and, to have thought about the contents of their talk. In the experiment, they were supposed to talk about the theme to the teacher. For the half of eight subject-sets (called “Many Group”), the teacher chimed in as many as possible in a natural way. For the other half (called “Few Group”), the teacher chimed in only when the utterance terminated. The conversation was recorded with a tape-recorder, and transcribed to count the number of ideas.The number of ideas had a statistical tendency to be larger in the Many Group than in the Few Group. In addition, the ideas from the Many Group had a stastistical tendency to be more well-formed than those from the Few Group.Our experimental finding is that the chair in a requirements capturing meeting should chime in moderately to get more ideas, and more well-formed ideas.

著者

西阪 仰

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.65-77, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

3

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In the Conversation Analytic tradition, one has noted and discussed the substantial contribution of hearers' conduct to the constitution of each utterance in conversation, in ways very sensitive to some prominent sequential positions in interaction such as a possible completion point of an utterance. In this article, I focus on the spatial distribution of orientations which all the participants in interaction show in and through their bodily arrangement. The spatial distribution of participants' orientations constitutes, and is incorporated into, a distinct and describable activity. One should note, however, that the organization of a distinct activity with a distinct distribution of orientations is still embedded in the sequential order of interaction. I show that various context-free, general resources are available in interaction for participants to organize the current, on-going activity sequentially and jointly in and through the actual development of interaction.

著者

右田 正夫 森山 徹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.3, pp.207-220, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

2

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Animal individuals should have rationality in the sense that they can behave adaptively to their environments, executing various tasks concerning reproduction and⁄or survival. Such rationality as exhibited by animals is called “ratiomorph”, when it may not be attributed to their conscious thinking. A ratiomorph is considered to have been implemented by means of certain physiological mechanisms, which have been subjected to various selection pressures for animal cognitive capacities. In the present study, we conducted computer simulations on models of ratiomorphic mechanisms and a simple stimulus-response (SR) rule; a modal behavior pattern of the pill bug called “Turn Alternation” (TA) response is modeled as an example of ratiomorphic behavior. In the TA behavior, a pill bug turns to left and right alternately. It has been suggested that one of the simplest and the most plausible explanations of the TA response is the Bilaterally Asymmetrical Leg Movements (BALM). We constructed computer models to reproduce the pill bug's behavior by formulating the BALM mechanism as logical formulas and transforming them into dynamical systems. Our models can be recognized as expressions of ratiomorphic property of the pill bug in terms that “rationality”, expressed as logical formulas, is implemented in the forms of dynamical systems, and produced more diverse behaviors than the model based on the SR rule. From the results of our computer simulations, it is suggested that an animal with ratiomorphic mechanism may carry flexibility and cognitive aspects in its behavior.

著者

松本 斉子 平井 葉子 徃住 彰文

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.385-400, 2003-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1

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As an unprecedented phenomenon that might characterize new relations between people and domestic artifacts, a craze for a toy doll was analyzed in middle-aged people. The makers of the doll, which is modeled on a virtual character, have sold more than 700 thousand over the last three years in Japan alone, and the age distribution of buyers indicates a modal age of 51-60 year old. In this paper, 51 fan letters and 271 Web postings spontaneously sent to the toy maker were analyzed in terms of communicative functions and affective-cognitive contents. The results indicate that (a) the doll owners believe that the doll facilitates their interaction with family members and with friends, and (b) the doll owners attribute positive feelings in terms of both mental and physical states to the doll. The effects of affective attachment are discussed in terms of human emotion model.

著者

齋木 潤

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.81-82, 2004 (Released:2007-04-13)

著者

中野 美香

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.398-408, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

4

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Although much has been discussed about argumentation in various academic fields, prior attempts to develop teaching method for argumentative skills have been inconclusive. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of how inexperienced students acquire argumentative skills in a community of practice, and to provide an instructional approach regarding characteristics of learners obtained by the experiments. 20 freshmen participated a four-week debate training and a series of tests. After the session, most of the 18 subordinate argumentative skills which were set for analytic schema were improved, compared with the pretest. However, skills such as “Reasonableness of grounds” “Numbering” “Labeling” were revealed difficult to learn without formal instructions. Further analysis of patterning arguments clarifies underperformance of some particular types of the participants. By discussing these results, the prospects of argumentative education for Japanese students are explored.

著者

植田 一博 遠藤 正樹 鈴木 宏昭 堤 江美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.260-273, 2002-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

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When they use daily electronic appliances to achieve their goals, users need to decompose their goals to a set of subtasks in a specific way. A previous study revealed that users who have extreme difficulties in using such appliances fail to decompose the task, or that their decompositions are different from the one that designers assume. Based on this view, we propose a new method to help users understand “task decomposition” by providing all operating functions in a tree structure. We conducted three experiments. In the first and second experiments, we built support panels corresponding to the operating panels of two different copiers, which visualize all operating functions of respective copiers to facilitate users' understanding task decomposition. We compared the copying performance of subjects who used the support panels with that of those who did not. Both the support panels were found to be useful for technologically inept users. We then built an interface by integrating the operating panel into the support panel, both of which were provided in the first experiment: We conducted an experiment similar to both of the previous ones and evaluated its effectiveness. The result showed that this interface facilitated users' task decomposition. We conclude that the supporting method we proposed is effective for technophobic users' understanding task decomposition.

著者

松井 哲也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.561-564, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

3

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After reading the commentary paper, the author became convinced that the model of others was unnecessary. This paper will discuss the unnecessary and dangerous nature of the model of others through a reply to the commentary paper.

著者

山田 歩 芳澤 希 鮫島 和行 野場 重都 舛田 晋 鰐川 彰 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.437-446, 2015-09-01 (Released:2016-03-01)

参考文献数

30

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Consumers often express different preferences for beverages in sensory test settingscompared with those in real-life settings. This study investigates the effects of tastingcontext on consumer tasting and evaluation of beverages. Three groups of respondentsparticipated in a blind taste test of a consumer beverage in different settings and thenevaluated the pleasantness of the beverage. Those who tasted in a real-life settingtended to report greater pleasantness for the sample than those who tasted in a testsetting where they were asked to rate multiple sensory characteristics of the sample.Those who tasted in a test setting in which they were not asked to rate these char-acteristics tended to give the sampled beverage moderate ratings that ranked betweenthose given by the other two groups. Several potential explanations for the effects oftasting context are discussed.

著者

犬塚 美輪 松室 美紀 櫃割 仁平 今泉 拓 二宮 由樹 白砂 大

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.567-572, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

1

著者

小坂 健太 辻 菜々実

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.573-574, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

著者

太田 信夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.3, pp.3_3-3_11, 1995-08-31 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

21

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The paper explains implicit memory research to those not knowledgeable about implicit memory. First, I define implicit and explicit memory. Second, I describe phenomena of implicit memory known as priming. Different kinds of priming are discussed in the context of a multiple memory systems account of implicit memory. Third, I compare the strengths and the weaknesses of the memory systems approach and the processing approach to explain implicit memory. The need for a comprehensive theory of memory is discussed. Last, I discuss three important issues for future research: the role of consciousness in implicit and explicit retrieval, comparisons among memory systems and cognitive processing approaches, and procedual memory as a point of contact of body and mind.

著者

埴田 健司 村田 光二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.307-317, 2013-09-01 (Released:2014-12-05)

参考文献数

26

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In general, people tend to associate men with work-related concepts and women with home-related concepts. In this study, we examined whether these beliefs about sex-roles that people had implicitly and also explicitly were influenced by remembering exemplars of homemakers (i.e., traditional women) or career women (i.e., nontradi-tional women). Participants were asked to remember as many exemplars of traditional or nontraditional women as they could and write down their names. Following this manipulation, they completed the paper-and-pencil IAT measuring their implicit asso-ciations between gender and concepts related to work and home. They then completed a measure of explicit belief about sex-roles. The results showed that participants who remembered exemplars of nontraditional women revealed weaker implicit male-work and female-home associations than participants who remembered exemplars of tradi-tional women. On the other hand, the explicit belief about sex-roles was not influenced by the type of the remembered women exemplars. These results suggested that the belief that people have implicitly about sex-roles might depend on the type of women exemplars activated in situation. Finally, we discussed possible processes of the change in implicit belief about sex-roles.

著者

福島 邦彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.14-23, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

20

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Deep convolutional neural networks (deep CNN) show a large power for robust recognition of visual patterns. The neocognitron, which was first proposed by Fukushima (1979), is recognized as the origin of deep CNNs. Its architecture was suggested by neurophysiological findings on the visual systems of mammals. It acquires the ability to recognize visual patterns robustly through learning. Although the neocognitron has a long history, improvements of the network are still continuing. For example, learning rule AiS (add-if-silent) for intermediate layers, learning rule mWTA (margined WTA) for the deepest layer, pattern classification by IntVec (interpolating-vector), a method for reducing the computational cost of IntVec without sacrificing the recognition rate, and so on. This paper discusses the recent neocognitron, focusing on differences from the conventional deep CNN. Some other functions of the visual system can also be realized by networks extended from the neocognitron, for example, recognition of partly occluded patterns.

著者

寺井 仁 三輪 和久 柴田 恭志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.146-163, 2012 (Released:2014-07-22)

参考文献数

16

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When a system gives outputs that you do not predict,you regard those as unexpected events and try to identify the causes affecting those events. In this study,we try to understand how people identify the causes affecting unexpected events by using a card magic called the three card monte as an experimental material.In our experiments,the participants were required to find out the tricks by watching a video in which a magician plays the magic.We focused on two cluesrelated tocause identification.The first is distinctiveness of events; and the second is availability of feedback information.The results of the experimentsshowed that the distinctiveness of events affected the performance of cause identification,whereas the availability of feedback information did not. The processanalyses revealed that even if feedback information was not directly given,the participants could perform reasoning for cause identification based on hypothetical information not observed.