著者

西郷 甲矢人 日髙 昇平 高橋 康介 布山 美慕

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.70-83, 2021

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<p>The aim of this article is to provide references to cognitive scientists, who are interested in learning category theory and using it in their research. This article consists of the three sections, question-and-answers on category theory, utility of category theory on cognitive science, and tutorial materials. In the question-and-answers on category theory, we answered to questions, with which beginners of category theory may come up. In the utility of category theory on cognitive science, we raised the three items of utility of category theory in building cognitive models. The learning materials share the books, slides, and videos on the web, recommended to start with.</p>

著者

柴田 寛 杉山 磨哉 鈴木 美穂 金 情浩 行場 次朗 小泉 政利

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.301-315, 2006 (Released:2008-11-13)

参考文献数

34

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According to a widely held view, the object-subject-verb word order in Japanese is derived from the subject-object-verb word order by shifting the object to the sentence-initial position. This movement of the object, called scrambling, is hypothesized to leave “a trace” in the original object position (Saito, 1985). With regard to this view, during online sentence processing, a fronted object must be associated with its trace (filler-driven parsing). If a human actually processes scrambled sentences by filler-driven parsing, it is assumed that an object is reactivated and the processing load increases at the trace position. Although many psycholinguistic studies have been conducted in order to investigate the processing of a trace at the trace position, few studies have focused on processing around the trace positions. In the present study, by using a cross-modal lexical priming (CMLP) task that is capable of measuring the processing load and the activation level of an object at arbitrary positions, we investigated the processing around the trace positions in Japanese clause-internal scrambled sentences. In this study, in order to correct the problem encountered in the preceding study (Nakano et al., 2002) using the CMLP task, we did not measure the direct priming effect; however, we measured the indirect priming effect as a method of investigating the activation level of an object. When the data of all the participants were analyzed together, the increases in the processing load and the reactivation of an object around the trace position were not revealed. However, because of the difficulty of the CMLP task, the previous study (Nakano et al., 2002) presented the reactivation of an object at the trace position for participants who responded to lexical decisions quickly and possessed a high working memory capacity. Therefore, the participants in this study were divided into fast and slow groups based on their lexical decision latencies during the task. The results that reflect the filler-driven parsing were revealed only for the fast group. In the fast group, the processing load at the trace position was found to exceed the load at the position preceding and following the trace position. Further analyses of the results showed that the activation level of an object increased only at the trace position.

著者

針生 悦子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.1_99-1_111, 1997-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

43

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Pointing to an object and saying a word is an ambiguous form of reference, because there are an indefinite number of logically possible hypotheses about the meaning of a word. But children are very proficient at learning words. That led us to postulate constraints on the hypotheses that children consider about the meanings of words. In fact, the previous studies have shown that children aged two or over are highly biased word learners (Landau et al., 1988; Merriman & Schuster, 1991). Much of the debate has centered on whether this idea of constraints implies innate and fixed word learning principles, and whether these principles are by nature domain-specific. This paper reviewed the studies concerned with this debate. The previous studies showed that those learning principles emerged in the course of early word learning (Jones et al., 1992), and that children's use of them became more domain-specific with age (Smith et al, 1994). These findings suggest that the principles and the domain-specific use of them may be the consequence of word learning, not innate. But following two facts are notable. First, young children rapidly find the principles in the course of learning first 50 words, although it is difficult for children of this age to examine possible hypotheses systematically. Second, some findings (Haryu, 1996; Smith et al., 1996) suggest that the use of principles in early word learning is not accesible to deliberate control. These facts lead me to assume that infants are born, not with some concrete beliefs about word meanings, but with some constrained mechanism that guides infant's learning the principles about word meanings.

著者

松田 剛 神田 崇行 石黒 浩 開 一夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.4, pp.434-444, 2012-12-01 (Released:2014-10-31)

参考文献数

26

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Many types of humanoid robots have been developed recently, and they are mainly designed for social interaction with human beings. The most communicative partners for human beings are other humans. Therefore, to develop successful communicative robots, it is important to know how closely they resemble a human. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate the human likeness of a humanoid robot (Robovie) by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Since activity of the human mirror neuron system (MNS) is thought to reflect the perceived human likeness of observed agents,we compared MNS activity during observations of an action performed by a human and the robot. Seven male and ten female participants were included in the study, and eventually, fourteen of them were analyzed. NIRS probes were placed at the bilateral premotor and primary motor areas, which are components of the MNS. Under observation conditions, stimuli were presented live or on a video monitor; there were four observation conditions, namely, live-human, live-robot, video-human, and video-robot. After the observation conditions, the participants executed the same action performed by the human agent in the observation conditions by themselves (execution condition). We identified the NIRS channels in which significant activation was induced under both the observation and execution conditions, and used this information to determine the possible regions reflecting MNS activity. We found no significant effect of the agent (human/robot) on MNS activity, and this indicated that MNS response in the motorrelated area is relatively analogous irrespective of the agent (human/robot). However,the effect of the mode of presentation (live/video) was found in a few channels. Two channels corresponding to the left ventral premotor cortex were activated more strongly in the live condition than in the video condition, particularly when the agent was the human. In contrast, one channel corresponding to the right primary motor cortex was activated more strongly in the video condition than in the live condition only when the agent was the robot. These findings suggest that live presentation of action is necessary to reveal true brain activity in actual situations.

著者

山田 憲政

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.107-112, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

13

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“Moving pictures on sliding doors” date back to the Edo Era in Japan. These pictures were called moving pictures because they seem to move when they are viewed while moving. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism underlying this illusionary phenomenon. For that purpose, photographs of a “moving picture” on sliding doors were taken using a digital camera, and the characteristic points on each image were digitized and stored in a computer. Then changes in perception of the picture with movement of the viewpoint of the observer were computed by using a coordination transformation technique. The results of calculation revealed that the picture had been painted from a bird's-eye view and that the illusionary motion is seen when the observer views the picture from an oblique angle while moving along the length of the sliding doors. When viewing the picture from an oblique angle while moving, distances from points on the picture to the observer's viewpoint change, and these changes in distances give rise to the illusionary motion of the picture. Thus, the mechanism by which the picture is perceived as moving is motion parallax.

著者

横山 真衣 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.530-540, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-15)

参考文献数

36

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The purpose of this study was to examine the conception of learning and learning behavior for each goal orientation type from the multiple-goals perspective and to clarify the characteristics of each type. Questionnaires were conducted with fourth-year undergraduate students, and responses for 340 students were analyzed. We created four goal orientation types based on goal orientation combinations: <Low-goals>, <High-goals>, <High-Performance-Avoidance-goal>,and <High-Learning-goal> and examined conception of learning and learning behavior of each type. As a result, it was suggested that conception of learning and learning behavior differ depending on goal orientation type. <High-goals> tended to have multiple conceptions of learning, <High-Learning-goals> tended to have Active conception of learning, and <Low-goals type> and <High-Performance-Avoidance-goals> tended to have Passive conception of learning. It has been shown that the perception and learning behavior of <High-goals type> and <High-Leaning-goal type> are similar, we showed that these two types of the conception of learning are different and clarified the characteristics of each type.

著者

阿部 慶賀

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.63-68, 2020-03-01 (Released:2020-03-15)

参考文献数

10

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This study examined the effects of haptic stimuli through visual stimuli in interpersonal behavior. The experiment participants were divided into three groups. The “harsh” group experienced harsh haptic stimuli using a web browser. Similarly,the “sticky” group experienced sticky stimuli. The control group did not experience any visual stimuli. After the experience, the participants were asked to join a public goods game. The experiment results showed that the investment amount of the “sticky” group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. On the other hand, the investment amount of the “harsh” group was less than that of the other two groups. These results thus indicated that the “sticky” group behaved in a cooperative manner, while the “harsh” group behaved in an uncooperative manner. The experiment results thus suggested that haptic experience through visual stimuli can evoke haptic priming.

著者

石原 尚 若狭 みゆき 吉川 雄一郎 浅田 稔

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.100-113, 2011 (Released:2011-09-07)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

1

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Maternal mind-mindedness is known to be a tendency of caregivers to interpret their socially immature infants as social agents and researchers have indicated this is one of promotion factors of infant social development. In this paper, we focused on such caregiver's tendency in mutual imitation of vowels and modeled infant vowel development to investigate the effect of caregivers on infant development. Computational simulation results in our previous study of caregiver-infant mutual imitation showed what we call auto-mirroring bias of the caregiver has a guiding effect in vowel development. This hypothesized bias is the tendency to interpret infant's utterances as more accurate imitations of the caregiver's precedent utterances and considered to be one of behaviors of the mind-mindedness. To verify this bias, we further examined how adult's interpretation was biased by measuring their imitations of synthesized vowels. The result of this subject experiment indicated the bias was enhanced by the anticipation to be imitated. These results of our studies imply the possibility that the way caregiversimitate their infant based on their interpretation of their infants lets them learn caregiver's way of interpreting others, i.e. sociality.

著者

藤木 大介 関口 道彦 森田 志保 高橋 佳子 倉田 久美子 山崎 晃

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.169-179, 2010 (Released:2010-10-22)

参考文献数

20

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In 2004, Ninio suggested that the process of comprehending noun phrases such as “black shoes” included two steps: comprehending the noun “shoes” and the addition of the attribution “black.” Based on this assumption, Ninio predicted that the developmental process of comprehending noun phrases must progress through a phase in which children understood only the noun. She demonstrated the validity of her assumption through experiments conducted in Hebrew. However, her results were confounded by the word order of the noun phrase in the Hebrew language, in which the noun is the first word and the headword. In this study, we used Japanese phrases to eliminate the artifacts of the above study, because in the Japanese language, the noun is neither the first word in a noun phrase, nor the headword in an adjective phrase. Results indicated that also in Japanese, there is a developmental phase in which children comprehended only the noun in the noun phrases, which confirmed Ninio's assumption. However, there was also a phase in which children comprehended only the noun in the adjective phrases. These results cast doubt on Ninio's suggestion that the process of comprehending the noun phrase includes two steps, or that this two-step process results in a phase in which children comprehend phrases based only on the noun. We think current results relate the idea of noun dominance in children's learning of new words as described by Gentner in 1982, and this dominance influences children's attention by directing it to the noun when comprehending phrases.

著者

賀沢 秀人

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.284-291, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

6

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Deep Learning achieved significant progresses in building intelligent systems. Some state-of-the-art Deep Learning systems are touted as “human parity” or even “super human”. At the same time, it is often criticized for the lack of understanding of internal workings especially when such systems are considered for real world applications. Cognitive Science, on the other hand, is a scientific discipline aiming to understand internal workings of human-like intelligent behaviours. Thus a question arises: Is Deep Learning a subject of Cognitive Science? This article discusses what can be a subject of Cognitive Science and whether Deep Learning qualifies as such. It is also discussed what kind of connections can be established between these two disciplines even if Deep Learning is not be a direct subject of Cognitive Science.

著者

長岡 千賀 小山内 秀和 矢野 裕理 松島 佳苗 加藤 寿宏 吉川 左紀子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.139-155, 2018-06-01 (Released:2018-12-01)

参考文献数

12

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This study aims to investigate the characteristics of effective interaction between a therapist and his/her child client with autism spectrum disorder during a session of occupational therapy. Four sessions were video-recorded and analyzed, including one conducted by a novice therapist and three by expert therapists. Three children with autism spectrum disorder who were able to take part in everyday conversations also participated in this study. In study 1, we coded the therapists’ utterances according to their function in the context through a session. In study 2, we segmented the video-recording of a session based on the goal of child behavior, recorded the therapists’ physical support, and examined not only the temporal relationship between the therapists’ utterances and physical support but also the children’s proactive behavior. The results indicated that the expert therapists appropriately provided attentive utterances and physical support according to the children’s actions. We discuss a new and useful framework for understanding therapist support and children with developmental disabilities.

著者

伊藤 昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.77-87, 1999-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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Recently, mindreading ability is the topic of intensive investigations, fired by the “Theory of Mind” research by Premack & Woodruff. Few researchers, however, tried to define “mindreading” algorithmically. We mindread other people everyday, and think we know what mindreading really is—e.g. to reproduce in ourselves the “thought” existing in other's mind. Unfortunately, this definition cannot be applied for machine systems. Even for human beings or animals we cannot examine the thought in other's mind directly, and there is no method to verify the coincidence. We propose a definition of “mindreading” independent of the inner representation (thought) of mindreaders and mindreads. Next, Multi-player Prisoner's Dilemma Game (MPD) is proposed as a task where mindreading is expected to be effective for the survival of the players. Computer simulation shows “(by our definition) mindreading programs” are actually acquired through evolution in the MPD society. Lastly the validity of our definition of mindreading, the implication of our definition, and condition for the emergence of mindreading are discussed.

著者

賀沢 秀人

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.284-291, 2021

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<p>Deep Learning achieved significant progresses in building intelligent systems. Some state-of-the-art Deep Learning systems are touted as "human parity" or even "super human". At the same time, it is often criticized for the lack of understanding of internal workings especially when such systems are considered for real world applications. Cognitive Science, on the other hand, is a scientific discipline aiming to understand internal workings of human-like intelligent behaviours. Thus a question arises: Is Deep Learning a subject of Cognitive Science? This article discusses what can be a subject of Cognitive Science and whether Deep Learning qualifies as such. It is also discussed what kind of connections can be established between these two disciplines even if Deep Learning is not be a direct subject of Cognitive Science.</p>

著者

樋田 浩一 上野 佳奈子 嶋田 総太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.493-497, 2013-12-01 (Released:2014-12-24)

参考文献数

13

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このたびは日本認知科学会大会発表賞を頂き,誠にありがとうございます.ご選考いただきました先生方および認知科学会関係者の皆様に深く感謝致します.今回の受賞を励みに,今後も研究活動に邁進してまいりたいと思います. 本研究は,2011 年度に明治大学理工学部建築学科に提出した卒業論文の内容を発展させたものです.没入型の多チャンネル音場再現システムの開発に伴い,必要性能である演奏時の遅延の許容範囲を検討しました.大変魅力的なテーマであり,この先,博士後期課程を通じて,多感覚統合プロセスの解明やよりリアルな聴覚情報を呈示するシステム開発の為の知見を深めたいと考えております. 最後に,本研究をまとめるにあたり,指導教官である上野佳奈子先生,嶋田総太郎先生には多大なご助力とご助言を頂きました.この場をお借りして厚く御礼申し上げます.

著者

大森 隆司 下斗米 貴之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.223-235, 2000-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

4

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The acceleration phenomenon of infant word acquisition can not be explained by simple neural learning mechanism of brain. To explain it, we have to assume some prior knowledge or structure in brain that is specific for language. However, the assumption is not plausible from evolutional view. It is natural to assume that the mechanism also exist in animal brain and is used for different purpose originally, and it is re-used for language in evolutional process. To examine possibility of the idea, we apply memory model PATON for the simulation of infant primary word acquisition process, and propose a model of its acceleration process. From the result, we discuss on how language is specific for human by examining the back grounding brain mechanism that enable the rapid word acquisition.

著者

青山 征彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.314-315, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)

著者

石井 成郎 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.4, pp.469-485, 2003

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We investigated, through a cognitive psychological experiment and its protocol analysis, experts' and novices' interactive process between the mental operation by which participants considered their ideas and the external operations by which they actually produced physical objects in creative activity. In our experiment, the participants were required to build toy robots with creative features with LEGO Mindstorms. The experimental results showed that the experts could create work that fulfilled both high originality and practicality simultaneously. Moreover, the following four points were confirmed as characteristics of the experts' creative process: (1) the experts globally considered their initial ideas, (2) the experts predicted and considered their ideas by focusing on various aspects of important viewpoints, (3) the experts reconstructed their ideas more actively, and (4) the experts reconstructed their ideas by considering comprehensively the relationship among the elements constructing their plans.

著者

竹村 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.4_17-4_34, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

23

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This article presents a new model of contingent decision making in which utility theories (including nonlinear utility theories such as the rank-dependent utility theory) are often violated. In this model, called “Mental Ruler” theory, it is assumed that people construct a mental ruler to evaluate options for judgment and decision. A mental ruler is assumed to have two endpoints(reference points) like an ordinal physical ruler. It is assumed that a mental ruler is constructed on the support for a subjectively framed situation which is dependent on the focused situation. Contrary to the most of the utility theories and prospect theory, evaluation function is inverse S-shaped function, which is concave below and convex above a certain point between the endpoints of the support for the mental ruler. Firstly, In this article, a critique of the previous theories is presented, and secondly, the qualitative model of the mental ruler is proposed. Thirdly, a set-theoretic foundation and the mathematical representation of the model is presented. Lastly, experimental findings on contingent decision making are interpreted by the mental ruler theory, and the theoretical implication of the model is discussed.

著者

安西 祐一郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.314-321, 2019-09-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

参考文献数

24

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Cognitive research essentially requires the introduction of models, and methodologies for empirically verifying those models. This is principally because this academic field intrinsically involves the issue of how to understand entities that are unobservable, or difficult to observe. Particularly for higher-order cognitive processes, many different factors must be related, and thus understanding those processes are virtually not possible without introducing models whose complexities match the complexity caused by those factors. This article argues, while summarizing previous efforts of forerunners in exploring cognitive research, that explorations of new methodologies that combine adequate models and advanced technologies for instrumentation and analysis will be required for making breakthroughs in higher-level cognitive research. The article also points out that important long-term actions for such breakthroughs must include the rescue of the current education from the large gap between humanities/social sciences and natural sciences/engineering, and the strong promotion of governmental policies for supporting the creation of new academic fields. Science takes a long time. Herbert A. Simon

著者

大住 倫弘 信迫 悟志 嶋田 総太郎 森岡 周

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.30-39, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-09-01)

参考文献数

31

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Severe pain/pain-related fear prevent improvement of motor function, hence rehabilitation for pain is one of most important matter in clinical practice. Recent studies revealed that pain perception was modulated with multi-modality (e.g. visual information, auditory information). Seeing own body which projected on the mirror or virtual space reportedly attenuate pain perception, such attenuate effect was called “Visually induced analgesia”. Additionally, seeing size/color manipulated own body reportedly attenuated pain perception much further. However, we reported seeing rubber hand which appearance was manipulated to elicit participants negative emotion. We conducted such rubber hand illusion paradigm using “injured rubber hand” to evoke unpleasantness associated with pain, a “hairy rubber hand” to evoke unpleasantness associated with embarrassment, and a “twisted rubber hand” to evoke unpleasantness associated with deviation from the concept of normality. The pain threshold was lower under the “injured rubber hand” condition than with the other condition. Such modulation of pain perception could not be adequately interpreted as cross-modal shaping pain. Therefore, we thought again about “cross-modal shaping pain” in the perspective from projection science, hence then proposed new pain rehabilitation model in the review article. We particularly focused on the process of back-projection which has potential to improve pain-related negative emotion and distorted body image. The proposed rehabilitation model would be an opportunity for future interdisciplinary approaches.