著者
有吉 眞理子 大谷 淳二 白川 昌宏
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.135, no.1, pp.3-9, 2015-01-01 (Released:2015-01-01)
参考文献数
17

DNA methylation is one of the major epigenetic marks in the mammalian genome to define chromatin higher-order structure, and plays essential roles in various developmental processes. In the mammalian genome, DNA methylation mainly occurs at the 5th position of cytosine bases in a palindromic 5′-CG-3′dinucleotide sequence. Methyl CpG binding domain (MBD) proteins recognize symmetrically methylated CpG sites (5mCG/5mCG) through a conserved MBD, and recruit transcriptional repressors or chromatin modifiers. One of the MBD proteins, MBD4, uniquely contains a C-terminal glycosylation domain together with an N-terminal MBD, and functions as a mismatch DNA repair enzyme specific for T/G or U/G mismatch bases generated by spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine. The base excision activity of MBD4 is also implicated in active DNA demethylation initiated by the conversion of 5-methylcytosine to thymine by deaminases. Unlike other MBD proteins, MBD4 recognizes not only 5mCG/5mCG but also T/G mismatched sites generated by spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine (5mCG/TG). In addition, our biochemical data demonstrate that MBD also binds to intermediates in DNA demethylation pathways, such as 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine (hmC), 5-carboxyl-cytosine and 5-hydroxy-uracil. The crystal structures of MBDMBD4 in complex with 5mCG/TG, 5mCG/5mCG or 5mCG/hmCG provide new structural insights into the versatility of base recognition by MBD4. A DNA interface of MBD4 has flexible structural features, in which an extensive hydration water network supports the versatile base specificity of MBD4. The versatile base recognition by MBDMBD4 implies multi-functional roles of MBD4 in the regulation of dynamic DNA methylation patterns.
著者
今井 由美子
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.4, pp.295-299, 2014 (Released:2016-06-01)
参考文献数
16

インフルエンザウイルスは,弱毒型の季節性インフルエンザウイルスであっても,高齢者,乳幼児,妊婦,あるいは糖尿病,喘息,免疫不全などの合併症のあるヒトが感染すると,重症化して死に至ることがある.一方,強毒型のH5N1鳥インフルエンザウイルスはヒトに感染すると高率に呼吸不全や多臓器不全などの致死的病態を引き起こす.さらに昨年,中国でH7N9鳥インフルエンザウイルスのヒトでの感染が見つかった.WHOによると,2013年8月12日時点で135例の感染者が報告され,うち44例が死亡したと報告している.いったんインフルエンザがヒトにおいて重症化すると,オセルタミビルなどの抗インフルエンザ薬はもはや無効となり,集中治療室(ICU)において人工呼吸をはじめとした救命治療が必要となるが,今までのところ重症化したインフルエンザに対して有効な治療法はない.現在,抗インフルエンザ薬として使用されているのは,ノイラミニダーゼ阻害薬(オセルタミビル,ザナミビル等)であるが,これはウイルスタンパク質を標的としているので,最近は耐性を持つウイルスが出現している.またノイラミニダーゼ阻害薬は,感染から48時間以内に投与すると効果があるものの,それを過ぎて投与した場合には,効果がないことが報告されている.一方,現状のワクチンは流行する可能性のある亜型ウイルスを予測して個々に生産する方式である.すべての亜型ウイルスを幅広く防御することを目的としたユニバーサルワクチンの開発が進められているが,これはいまだ実用化には至っていない.ところで,ウイルスは宿主の細胞内小器官を利用して増殖する.ウイルスが侵入した宿主細胞ではウイルスとの相互作用から様々なシグナル伝達系が動き出し,ウイルス・宿主の相互作用が感染症の病態形成の鍵を握る.そこで,従来のウイルスタンパク質を標的とした抗インフルエンザ薬に加えて,ウイルス・宿主の相互作用の観点から宿主を標的にした新しい抗インフルエンザ薬の開発が必要であると考えられる.近年,インフルエンザウイルスと宿主の相互作用に関して,プロテオーム,トランスクリプトーム,あるいはRNA干渉(RNAi)法を用いたデイスラプトーム等のゲノムワイドな解析が行われている.しかしながら,DNA,RNA,タンパク質,その先で機能する生体内化合物,特に脂溶性化合物に関しては,ウイルス感染症における動態,ウイルスの増殖における役割は不明である.今回筆者は,脂肪酸代謝物のライブラリーを用いたスクリーニングと質量分析法による脂肪酸代謝物のリピドミクス解析を通して,多価不飽和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids:PUFA)由来の代謝物プロテクチンD1(Protectin D1:PD1)がインフルエンザウイルスの増殖を抑えることを見いだした.PD1は,これまで抗炎症作用を有する脂肪酸代謝物として知られていた.今回筆者は,PD1が従来の抗インフルエンザ薬とメカニズムを異にし,ウイルスRNAの核外輸送を抑制することによって作用することを見つけた.
著者
緒方 潤 河村 麻衣子 袴塚 高志 花尻(木倉) 瑠理
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.12, pp.1501-1508, 2020-12-01 (Released:2020-12-01)
参考文献数
18
被引用文献数
3

In Japan, mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine and Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (M. speciosa, “Kratom”) were controlled as Designated Substances under the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Act from March 2016. In this study, the origins of 16 Kratom products obtained from the illegal drug market in Japan were investigated by DNA analyses and LC-MS analyses. When the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed using the restriction enzyme XmaI (as reported by Sukrong et al. to be able to distinguish M. speciosa), the same DNA fragment patterns were obtained from all 16 products. On the other hand, as a result of the identification of the plant species of each product by nucleotide sequence analyses, the sequences of M. speciosa were detected in only 14 products. Despite the facts that mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine were detected also in the other two products by the LC-MS analyses, M. speciosa DNAs were not amplified from these products by the PCR. Moreover, the DNA amplicons of the other psychotropic plant (Mesembryanthemum sp., e.g. “Kanna”) were detected. This plant PCR amplicon has the restriction site for the XmaI at the same position of the M. speciosa PCR amplicon and it is difficult to distinguish “Kratom” and “Kanna” by the conventional PCR-RFLP. When the restriction enzyme XhoI was used simultaneously with the Xmal, the specific DNA fragment was only observed from the M. speciosa amplicon and it was possible to distinguish both species using this improved PCR-RFLP method. This method is useful to identify the origin of Kratom products distributed in the illegal drug market.
著者
田頭 秀章 福永 浩司
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.132, no.2, pp.167-172, 2012-02-01 (Released:2012-02-01)
参考文献数
32
被引用文献数
2 6

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are known to reduce post-myocardial infarction (MI)-induced morbidity and mortality. However, the molecular mechanism underlying SSRI-induced cardioprotection remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) stimulation with fluvoxamine on myocardial hypertrophy and cardioprotection. Male ICR mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the cardiac aortic arch. To confirm the cardioprotective role of Sig-1R stimulation by fluvoxamine, we treated mice with fluvoxamine (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) orally once a day for 4 weeks after onset of aortic banding. Interestingly, in untreated mice, Sig-1R expression in the left ventricle (LV) markedly decreased over 4 weeks with increased hypertrophy. By contrast, fluvoxamine administration significantly attenuated TAC-induced myocardial hypertrophy concomitant with recovery of Sig-1R expression in LV. Fluvoxamine also attenuated hypertrophy-induced impaired LV fractional shortening. The fluvoxamine cardioprotective effect was nullified by treatment with a Sig-1R antagonist, NE-100 (1 mg/kg). Importantly, another SSRI with very low affinity for Sig-1R, paroxetine, did not exhibit antihypertrophic effects in TAC mice and in cultured cardiomyocyte treated with angiotensin II. Fluvoxamine treatment significantly restored TAC-induced impaired Akt and eNOS phosphorylation in LV. Our findings suggest that fluvoxamine protects heart against TAC-induced cardiac dysfunction via upregulation of Sig-1R and stimulation of Sig-1R-mediated Akt-eNOS signaling in mice. This is the first report of a potential role of Sig-1R stimulation by fluvoxamine in preventing cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial injury in TAC mice.
著者
池田 義人
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.11, pp.1329-1334, 2020-11-01 (Released:2020-11-01)
参考文献数
28

Biliary lipids primarily consist of bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Bile salts have potent detergent properties and deleterious effects on the cell membrane and are cytotoxic to hepatocytes. We have previously reported that phosphatidylcholine (PC), the predominant bile phospholipid, protects hepatocytes from the cytotoxicity of bile salts, whereas cholesterol reverses the cytoprotective effects of PC against bile salts. ABCB4, a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family, secretes biliary phospholipids, especially PC, from the hepatocytes into the bile. Using Abcb4 knockout mice and HEK293 cells that stably expressed ABCB4, we examined the effects of taurine- or glycine-conjugated cholate, ursodeoxycholate, and hyodeoxycholate on the ABCB4-mediated efflux of PC. We observed that the biliary secretion of PC in wild-type mice significantly increased following infusion of all the tested bile salts, especially taurohyodeoxycholate. On the other hand, the biliary secretion of PC in Abcb4 knockout mice was not affected by the bile salt infusions. The results also demonstrated that the efflux of PC from ABCB4-expressing HEK293 cells was significantly stimulated by taurohyodeoxycholate, which has a strong potential to form mixed micelles with PC. Furthermore, the results of our study emphasized the possibility that the specific interactions of bile salts with ABCB4 are necessary for the release of PC molecules from the binding pocket of ABCB4 into the aqueous environment. Further understanding of this mechanism will aid in the development of novel therapeutic agents for cholestatic liver diseases.
著者
F. W. FOONG
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.10, pp.1009-1011, 2014 (Released:2016-09-30)
参考文献数
1
被引用文献数
1

前回は科学的思考および概念を表現するために,Qualitative,Quantitative,Specific,Objectiveが重要であることを概説した.そこで今回より2回にわたり,科学英語を「書く」際に必要とされる文法の基本を習得することの重要性に焦点を当てて解説する.

1 0 0 0 OA [OTHERS]

出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
藥學雜誌 (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1893, no.132, pp.193-240, 1893-02-26 (Released:2018-08-31)
被引用文献数
1
著者
濡木 理
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.54, no.2, pp.123-127, 2018 (Released:2018-02-01)
参考文献数
6

2012年,細菌の獲得免疫機構に働くCRISPR-Casタンパク質が,ガイドRNA(crRNA, tracrRNA)を用いて真核細胞や個体のゲノムを配列特異的に切断し,細胞本来の修復機構を利用して,遺伝子のノックアウトやノックインを行うゲノム編集技術が開発された.しかしながら, CRISPR-Casには,1.分子量が大きくウイルスベクターに載せることが困難,2.CRISPR-Casは標的配列の下流にある2~7塩基からなるPAM配列を厳密に認識しており,Casをゲノム編集に用いる適用制限となっている,3.非特異的切断によるOff targetの問題など,現時点では医療応用に用いることは事実上不可能である.我々は,5生物種由来の大小様々なCas9について,ガイドRNA,標的DNAの4者複合体の結晶構造を1.7-2.5Åの高分解能で発表し,ガイドRNA依存的なDNA切断機構やPAM配列の認識機構を明らかにした.また,立体構造に基づいて,PAM配列認識特異性を変えることに成功し,ゲノム編集ツールとしての適用範囲を拡張することに成功した.
著者
齊藤 将之 前田 徹 市原 利彦 岩尾 岳洋 鈴木 匡
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.10, pp.1269-1274, 2020-10-01 (Released:2020-10-01)
参考文献数
19
被引用文献数
1

We previously reported that tolvaptan may influence warfarin pharmacodynamics in vivo; however, the mechanism responsible for this influence was not clear. In this study, we investigated the drug-drug interactions between warfarin and tolvaptan by measuring warfarin blood concentrations in 18 patients who received warfarin therapy and in 24 who received warfarin+tolvaptan therapy. The free warfarin concentrations significantly increased in patients who were also receiving oral tolvaptan (p=0.04). In vitro albumin-binding experiments showed that the free warfarin concentrations significantly increased with the addition of tolvaptan, in a dose-dependent manner, through albumin-binding substitution (approximately 2.5 times). Both clinical and in vitro data showed that tolvaptan increased the unbound warfarin serum concentration. The prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) tended to increase within 2 weeks when tolvaptan was added at clinically used doses (p=0.14). Special attention is warranted in cases with a serum tolvaptan concentration of ≥125 ng/mL (≥7.5 mg/d) for at least 2 weeks following oral tolvaptan administration.
著者
山本 緑 石井 祐次
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.11, pp.1397-1403, 2020-11-01 (Released:2020-11-01)
参考文献数
25
被引用文献数
3

Pharmacological cognitive enhancement (PCE) usually refers to the use of medical substances by healthy individuals to improve mental performance. Given that certain substances have been frequently used for years, the long-term effectiveness and safety are essential to know but particularly difficult and costly to determine. Although PCE is a widespread and frequent phenomenon among university students in other countries, PCE prevalence in Japan has not been elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of and the attitude toward PCE among Japanese undergraduates over 3 years (2017-2019). Almost no student had ever used prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement. When asked, “Would you like to use drugs to enhance your cognitive performance?” 68.6-72.0% of the students answered, “No,” 25.4-26.7% answered, “I couldn't say,” and 2.5-4.8% answered, “Yes.” These answers were associated with sex (2017-2018) and stress sensitivity (2019) but not with drinking, smoking, or stress of academic performance. Half of the students had used energy drinks for neural enhancement prior to an examination, which is similar to Western usage. The users of soft enhancers, such as energy drinks, are more likely to use other drugs. Given that caffeine can be a gateway for cognitive enhancement, future education addressing PCE among students should emphasize the side effects of prescription drugs as well as health risks of caffeine products.
著者
渡部 一宏
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.10, pp.934-936, 2015 (Released:2018-08-26)
参考文献数
9

ある週末の金曜日18時半,聖路加国際病院薬剤部製剤室の薬剤師である私は仕事も終わり,築地の立ち飲み屋で一杯引っ掛けてから帰ろうと思いながら,製剤業務の後片付けをしていた.そのとき,1本の電話が鳴った.渡部:はい,薬剤部製剤室担当渡部です.中村医師:あっ,渡部くん.中村です.業務時間外で悪いのだけど,先ほど入院してきた新患の乳がんの方,すごい大きな皮膚潰瘍で臭いがかなりすごいよ.いつものメトロニダゾールゲル500gをこれから創って欲しいんだけど,大丈夫?渡部:はい,もちろんです.これから製剤を調製して,病棟に持っていきますね.このようなことが,幾度あっただろうか.中村医師とは,その当時聖路加国際病院ブレストセンター長で現在,昭和大学医学部乳腺外科教授(日本乳癌学会理事長)である我が国を代表とする乳腺外科スーパードクターの中村清吾先生である.聖路加国際病院は,キリスト教精神の下に全人的ケアの実現をポリシーに掲げ,かつ日野原重明名誉院長の明確なビジョンと燃えるようなパッション,そして常に青年を思わせる行動力のもと「チーム医療の実現」を目指してきた病院で,中でも中村先生がリーダーシップをとられたブレストセンターは,多職種によるチーム医療活動が院内でも特に盛んであった.著者は,聖路加国際病院に入職してまもなく,乳がん診療とそのチーム医療活動に感銘と興味を持ち,また患者さんから慕われる中村先生の臨床医の姿に敬服し,当初からこのチームに薬剤師として関わらせていただいた.チームに関わり始めて私は初めて,がん性皮膚潰瘍に苦しむ乳がん患者さんを目の当たりにした.患部は,目を伏せたくなるような耐え難い症状で,また患部からの酷い臭いが外来診察室や病棟全体に広がり,その辛さは言葉では言い表せないものである(図1).「がん性皮膚潰瘍臭に苦しむ乳がん患者さんの悩みを何とかしたい」これこそが,がん性皮膚潰瘍臭のケアに立ち向かう,一人の薬剤師のリサーチクエスチョンの原点であった.
著者
馬来 秀行 白石 朗 三木 晶子 佐藤 宏樹 小西 ゆかり 浅井 康平 舟橋 健一 臼井 順信 澤田 康文
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.137, no.8, pp.1041-1049, 2017-08-01 (Released:2017-08-01)
参考文献数
4
被引用文献数
2 4

In our previous research, there was no collaboration between care workers and pharmacists, for the most part. As a result, it was discovered that in some cases, problems concerning medication of nursing home residents had not been resolved. To solve this issue, we brought together care workers and pharmacists for a workshop we conducted. We assigned 12 care workers with at least two years of experience and 12 pharmacists to four mixed groups and guided them in the management of in-home long-term medical care and conducted small group discussions (SGD) using the KJ method. In the pre-survey before the workshop, all 12 care workers replied “yes” to having experienced “concerns over medication” and nine (75%) replied “no” to having experienced “discussions (consultations) with pharmacists regarding the medication of residents”. As a result of the SGD, “information sharing among professionals” was revealed as a problem common to all groups. Furthermore, common countermeasures for this issue included communication notes and holding collaborative meetings. In the post-survey after the workshop, 67% of the participants replied that their thoughts concerning countermeasures were “coherent”, and everyone replied that their “awareness was increased”. In a follow-up survey after the workshop, 82% of the participants replied that they were using some form of what they had learned and discovered in the workshop in their actual work.
著者
玉木 啓文 佐藤 宏樹 堀 里子 澤田 康文
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.138, no.10, pp.1305-1312, 2018-10-01 (Released:2018-10-01)
参考文献数
17
被引用文献数
1 1

Similar-appearing press-through package (PTP) sheets (also known as blister packs) that contain different medicines may result in incorrect medication due to confusion errors. To evaluate the significance of this problem and to identify the factors that may lead to such errors, we conducted a questionnaire survey for pharmacists. Three hundred and eighty-two pairs of PTP sheets with similar appearance were included in the questionnaire. Factors related to color (sheet color at the front of the sheet 90.9%, color of tablet/capsule 57.1%, print color at the front of the sheet 45.9%) were most frequently selected as influencing the perceived similarity of the reported pairs, followed by tablet/capsule shape (46.2%), sheet size (32.4%), and mark and character positioning on sheets (6.8%). In the pairs of similar PTP sheets, pairs manufactured by the same pharmaceutical company accounted for 15%. The frequency of confusion errors or near-errors due to similar appearance of PTP sheets was highest at the time of collecting PTP sheets from the medicine shelf and returning the sheets to the medicine shelf, followed by the time of inspection of prepared medicines and medication instructions. The questionnaire results also indicate that patients themselves can confuse similar PTP sheets and take the wrong medicine. Further quantitative studies are needed to clarify the key factors that cause confusion errors due to similar appearance and to identify potential remedial measures.