著者
浅井 真理子
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.54, no.5, pp.448-449, 2018

私は大学で薬学を学び、企業の研究職を経たのち、現在は臨床心理学の教員をしている。薬学で学んだ知識や研究者としての態度は、専門としているがん医療における心理支援である「サイコオンコロジー」に集約されている。本稿では、 心理職に転向するに至った個人的な経験とサイコオンコロジーの臨床と研究について紹介する。
著者
浅井 禎吾 大島 吉輝
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.2, pp.112-116, 2014 (Released:2016-04-05)
参考文献数
19

天然物探索研究,いわゆる“ものとり”の醍醐味は,ヒトの想像力をはるかに超える新規な構造や薬理活性を持つ化合物を手にするところにある.しかし,今では胸躍るような新規物質との出会いはなかなか期待できず,やっとの思いで単離したものが既知化合物であったということは,天然物研究者なら誰もが経験したであろう.最近,次世代シーケンサーの登場によってゲノム科学が目覚ましく進展した.その結果,これまで多種多様な二次代謝物が見いだされた放線菌や糸状菌にあっても,そこにはいまだに多くの生合成遺伝子が利用されないまま埋もれていることが分かってきた.未利用生合成遺伝子は新規天然物の新たな鉱脈かもしれない.ここ数年,ゲノム情報に基づく手法や転写制御を利用する手法に加え,難培養微生物ゲノムを利用するメタゲノム法など,未利用生合成遺伝子を活用して新規物質を取得する新しいスタイルの天然物研究が急速に進んだ.本稿では,我々が近年力を入れている,エピジェネティック制御による未利用生合成遺伝子の活用と,そこで得られた多様な天然物を紹介したい.
著者
植木 亮介 山東 信介
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
MEDCHEM NEWS (ISSN:24328618)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.2, pp.93-97, 2018-05-01 (Released:2020-04-01)
参考文献数
19

近年、DNA-encoded library(DEL)と呼ばれる手法が新たな創薬基盤技術として注目を集めている。本手法ではDNAがもつ「PCRによる増幅反応が可能」、「ハイスループットな配列解析が可能」という特性を利用し、無数の化合物が混合された状態においてスクリーニングを実行可能である。そのため従来法と比べ、迅速かつ簡便に106以上の多様な化合物の評価を行うことができ、Hit化合物の特定と構造活性相関の取得までのプロセスを効率化できる。本稿では、DELの構築法についてライブラリ構築の際に考慮すべきDNAの特性に触れながら概説する。
著者
杉山 雄一
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.2, pp.113-115, 2016 (Released:2016-02-23)
参考文献数
5
被引用文献数
2

薬学に基盤を置く研究者の強みとして、基礎研究領域(有機化学、生化学、分子細胞生物学、生命物理化学、薬理学、薬物動態学など)に知悉していることがあげられる。リバーストランスレーショナルリサーチ(rTR)においては、研究へのとりかかりとして“臨床上での問題点からスタート”し、“問題点のメカニズムを基礎研究により明らかに”し、最終的には、臨床上にフィードバックされることが必至となる。rTRは基礎研究に強い薬学研究であるからこそ目指すべき取り組み方である。
著者
木村 友美 加藤 大輔 西村 拓矢 James Van Schyndle 宇野 慧 吉田 正貴
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.5, pp.701-710, 2020-05-01 (Released:2020-05-01)
参考文献数
45
被引用文献数
1

We previously reported that anticholinergic (AC) drug use increases with age in the elderly Japanese population. In this analysis, we investigated attribution for each AC drug type to total AC burden using different elderly age groups. Prescription records (from 09/23/2015 to 12/31/2016) for outpatients using any AC were extracted from pharmacy claims (primary source) and hospital-based databases. AC burden (number of AC drugs and AC score) and AC type were assessed using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale, Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS), and Beers criteria. Age was categorized using three subgroups (65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years). Overall, 125426, 140634, 35628, and 23149 of the pharmacy outpatients received ≥1 AC drug from the ACB scale, ADS, ARS, or Beers criteria, respectively. The number of AC drugs increased with age for the ACB scale and ADS groups; but decreased for the ARS and Beers criteria. Antihypertensives provided the biggest contribution to AC score using the ACB scale and ADS, and antihistamines for the ARS. Proportional attribution to AC score typically increased with age for antihypertensives (ADS highest proportion: 34.6% for ≥85 years) and cardiac agents, but decreased for antihistamines (ARS lowest proportion: 15.3% for ≥85 years), corticosteroids, and antiepileptics. Similar findings were typically observed for the hospital database. In conclusion, antihypertensives were the principal type of AC drugs using the ACB scale and ADS and their attribution to AC score increased with age. Antihistamines were the principal drug type for the ARS.
著者
向井 潤一 丸山 沙季 尾鳥 勝也 久保田 理恵
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.4, pp.591-598, 2020-04-01 (Released:2020-04-01)
参考文献数
23

Few studies have examined the relationship between the use of antidepressants and the onset of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus in Japan. We herein explored the possibility of this relationship using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database (JADER). The present study included 20 individual antidepressants, consisting of 6 subclasses, which have been approved for use in Japan. We used Standardized MedDRA Queries 20000041 to extract patients who developed hyperglycemia/new onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) in JADER between April 2004 and September 2016. We calculated reporting odds ratios (RORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We also calculated odds ratios defined as the ratio of odds of hyperglycemia/NODM to all other adverse drug events (ADEs) by the age cut-off group or sex in the cases of antidepressants. The lower limit of 95%CI of RORs for 13 antidepressants (imipramine, clomipramine, nortriptyline, amitriptyline, amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, sertraline, paroxetine, escitalopram, duloxetine, mirtazapine, and trazodone), which included all subclasses, exceeded 1. Younger age group was associated with hyperglycemia/NODM for 5 antidepressants (imipramine, amitriptyline, maprotiline, duloxetine, and trazodone), and female was associated with the ADEs for trazodone, although these results should be interpreted cautiously. Healthcare personnel need to be aware that the use of antidepressants may lead to hyperglycemia/NODM.
著者
大坪 達弥 辻 琢己 梅山 貴生 首藤 みほ 米須 香那 松本 美菜子 吉田 侑矢 坂野 理絵 友金 幹視 藤田 敦夫 河野 武幸 三上 正
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.137, no.3, pp.363-369, 2017-03-01 (Released:2017-03-01)
参考文献数
7
被引用文献数
2 5

Local venous pain caused by dacarbazine (DTIC) injection is due to its photodegradation product 5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide (Diazo-IC). The production of Diazo-IC can be decreased by protecting the drug from light. Furthermore, the production of Diazo-IC reportedly increases with time; however, there are no studies reporting the association between the injection preparation time and local venous pain caused by the DTIC injection. We evaluated the efficacy of the following: (1) method used to shorten the injection preparation time and (2) method used to change the diluting solution for DTIC. We found that shortening the injection preparation time tended to decrease the local venous pain expression due to DTIC, and Veen F decreased the production of Diazo-IC compared with the normal saline and 5% glucose solution. These results indicate that shortening the injection preparation time may be effective in preventing the local venous pain caused by the DTIC injection; moreover, using Veen F for DTIC may also reduce the pain.
著者
中本 賀寿夫 小畑 友紀雄 平澤 明 金 啓二 金 守良 徳山 尚吾
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.136, no.4, pp.583-589, 2016-04-01 (Released:2016-04-01)
参考文献数
41
被引用文献数
2 2

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the pathological accumulation of fat in the liver in the absence of any other disease related to liver steatosis, which includes a wide spectrum of liver diseases ranging from mild asymptomatic fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Recently, it was reported that NAFLD is characterized by the impaired bioavailability of liver n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). That is, compared with healthy individuals, steatosis and steatohepatitis patients have higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios. Furthermore, per recent research, decreasing the intake of total fats and increasing the intake of n-3 PUFAs may be beneficial in the treatment of NAFLD. In contrast, some reports describe that NASH patients have more metabolic abnormalities than NAFLD patients; however, these are not influenced by dietary fatty acids. Thus, at present, various opinions exist regarding the efficacy of n-3 PUFA in the treatment of NAFLD. In this review, we discuss the considerable interest n-3 PUFA has attracted as a potential treatment for NAFLD.
著者
戸次 加奈江
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.12, pp.1263, 2014

アリール炭化水素受容体(AhR)は,環境汚染物質であるダイオキシン類や多環芳香族炭化水素類の受容体として働く転写因子である.AhRがリガンドと結合して活性化すると核内に移行し,そこでAhR nuclear translocator(ARNT)と結合する.このダイマーは異物応答配列(XRE)と呼ばれる特定の塩基配列に結合することにより,薬物代謝酵素CYP1A1をはじめとする様々な標的遺伝子の発現を誘導する.一方で,このようなAhRの反応経路(古典的経路)以外に,AhRの転写因子としての機能やARNTに依存しない,nongenomic pathwayと呼ばれる毒性経路の存在がMatsumuraによって示された.このAhRの反応経路では,炎症反応にかかわる様々な細胞内誘導される.このため,従来の古典的経路とは異なるnongenomic pathwayを介した新しいAhRの役割が明らかになってきた.さらに興味深いことに,培養細胞を用いた検討から,古典的経路の指標であるCYP1A1の誘導は曝露数時間後に減少してしまうのに対し,nongenomic pathwayに由来するCOX2等の誘導は72時間後でも増加しており,反応性の違いが見られている.したがって,nongenomic pathwayを介したAhRによる初期のシグナルが,持続的なシグナルに変換され,慢性的な炎症反応につながる可能性も示唆されている.<br>なお,本稿は下記の文献に基づいて,その研究成果を紹介するものである.<br>1) Matsumura F., <i>Biochem. Pharmacol</i>., 77, 608-626 (2009).<br>2) Dong B., Matsumura F., <i>Mol. Endocrinol</i>., 23, 549-558 (2009).<br>3) Vogel C. F. A. <i>et al</i>., <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>., 289, 1866-1875 (2014).<br>4) Fujisawa Y. <i>et al</i>., <i>Biol. Chem. Soc</i>., 392, 897-908 (2011).
著者
山口 知宏
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.136, no.2, pp.197-202, 2016-02-01 (Released:2016-02-01)
参考文献数
17
被引用文献数
1

A drug's effectiveness against a disease depends not only on its interaction with receptors but also its pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and extrusion; ADME). ATP binding cassette (ABC) multidrug transporters are important proteins that influence the ADME properties of a drug, especially the ABC transporter subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1). Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of ABCB1 will contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of ADME. Human ABCB1 is expressed in many organelles, and exports various substrates from cells using energy generated by its ATP hydrolase (ATPase) activity. The ATPase activity depends on the concentration of the transport substrates, and the characteristic behavior of the substrate-dependent ATPase activity can be related to the molecular mechanism of ABCB1. Recently, we have revealed the molecular mechanisms of a eukaryotic ABCB1 homolog, CmABCB1, based on structural and functional studies. In this review, I discuss the relationship between key structural features and the behavior of transport substrate-dependent ATPase activity of CmABCB1, including its role in determining the molecular basis of ADME.
著者
北條 康司 橋本 育子 宮本 陽子 川添 禎浩 水谷 民雄
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.120, no.3, pp.311-314, 2000-03-01 (Released:2008-05-30)
参考文献数
21

While copper(II) gluconate (CuGL) is generally used as a nutrient supplement for infant foods and as an oral deodorant, little information is available regarding a toxic effect of CuGL on mammals. In this article, we examined in vivo induction of toxicity and change of level of glutathione and ascorbic acid, major biological antioxidants, lipid peroxide and copper (Cu) in liver and kidney 4 h after single intraperitoneal administration of CuGL at 0.05 and 0.10 mmol/kg to mice. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activity, an indicator of hepatotoxicity, significantly increased compared to control in proportion to doses of CuGL. Hepatic level of glutathione measured as nonprotein sulfhydryl was not proportional to CuGL doses, but enhanced after dosing of 0.05 mmol/kg and lowered by 0.10 mmol/kg. Like SGPT activity, serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentration, an indicator of nephrotoxicity, significantly increased in proportion to doses of CuGL. Renal glutathione level was not different from control after dosing of 0.05 mmol/kg and lowered by 0.10 mmol/kg. In both organs, relative organ weight and lipid peroxide level were not affected by the treatment with CuGL; ascorbic acid level was elevated after dosing of 0.05 mmol/kg and was not different from control after treatment with 0.10 mmol/kg; like SGPT activity and SUN concentration, Cu level significantly increased in proportion to doses of CuGL. These results suggest that in the liver and kidney after the treatment with CuGL Cu accumulated may induce toxicity, leading to level changes of glutathione and ascorbic acid and to no induction of oxidative damage.
著者
植沢 芳広
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.4, pp.499-505, 2020-04-01 (Released:2020-04-01)
参考文献数
22
被引用文献数
4

Toxicity testing is critical for new drug and chemical development process. A clinical study, experimental animal models, and in vitro study are performed to evaluate the safety of a new drug. The limitations of these methods include extensive time for toxicity testing, an ethical problem, and high costs of experimentation. Therefore computational methods are considered useful for estimating chemical toxicity. In silico toxicity prediction is one of the toxicity assessments that uses computational methods to predict and stimulate the toxicity of chemicals. In silico study aims to contribute to effective development of new drug and chemical design. In this study, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models will be used to predict toxicities based on chemical structural parameters. Because toxicities are complicated physiological phenomena, a similar toxicity expression might cause a different pathway. Also, since many drugs with unknown mechanisms of actions are available, the application of artificial intelligence (AI)—which uses sophisticated algorithms— is increasingly used to predict toxicities. Recently, the QSAR model was applied to determine complex relations between chemical structures and toxicities. However, accuracy of QSAR for toxicity prediction remains an important issue. International competitions funded by public institutions can address this issue. Two important toxicity challenges were organized in the past decade; this article presents issues of toxicity based on these challenges.
著者
田邊 思帆里 広瀬 明彦 Maurice Whelan 山田 隆志
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.4, pp.485-489, 2020-04-01 (Released:2020-04-01)
参考文献数
8
被引用文献数
2

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has initiated the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) Development Program in which the concept of AOP is applied to evaluate the safety of molecules such as chemicals. This program aims to assist regulatory needs and construct a knowledge base by accumulating AOP case studies. AOP consists of a molecular initiating event (MIE) as the initiating event of the pathway; key events (KEs) as the events themselves, such as cellular-molecular interactions; and adverse outcome (AO), such as signaling transduction-induced toxicity, as adverse events. KEs are extracted as important events at various levels, such as the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, individual, and species levels; measurement of KEs and key event relationships (KERs), including mechanisms, plausibility, species differences, and empirical support information, are gathered. The development status of the AOP relating to histone deacetylase inhibition-induced testicular toxicity, currently being reviewed by the OECD, has been introduced. The AOP describing malignancies by Wnt ligand stimulation and Wnt signaling activation using gene expression network analysis-based mechanisms in molecular pathway elucidation has been suggested.
著者
赤堀 有美 山下 京介 石田 和也 齋藤 文代 中井 誠
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.4, pp.491-498, 2020-04-01 (Released:2020-04-01)
参考文献数
19
被引用文献数
1

Because the liver is the primary target organ for chemicals and pharmaceuticals, evaluation of these substances' liver toxicity is of critical importance. New evaluation methods without animal testing (i.e., in vitro and/or in silico) are eagerly anticipated, both for animal welfare and for decreasing cost. Also, the importance of mechanistic interpretation of the output derived from non-animal testing has been increasing. Accordingly, we investigated the potential for evaluating liver toxicity by applying the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) from gene expression (GEx) data. A case study targeting hepatocellular fatty degeneration (HFD) is reported and discussed. We first identified the events detectable in an in vitro system by comparing the GEx data from the rat primary hepatocyte (in vitro) and rat liver (in vivo) treated with a chemical with the ability to induce HFD as one of the phenotypes in a 28-day repeated-dose toxicity test. Then, the scores based on GSEA were calculated after establishing the gene sets for each event leading to HFD. As a result, the mechanistic information leading to HFD was obtained from the score calculated based on the GSEA and the usefulness of the transcriptome-driven evaluation using AOP was demonstrated.
著者
望月 眞弓
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.140, no.4, pp.543-554, 2020-04-01 (Released:2020-04-01)
参考文献数
36

I have been exploring methods for education and research on drug information for 43 years. There are various approaches to drug informatics research, which include collecting, evaluating, and analyzing information to solve drug related problems, sometimes producing new information from experiments and clinical research. All are based on information science. Drug informatics is information science from the viewpoint of pharmaceuticals. In addition to basic pharmacology, knowledge and skills such as epidemiology, data science, computer science, mathematical statistics, and communication studies are indispensable for the development of drug informatics.
著者
見坂 武彦
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.1, pp.64, 2015

種々の動物を宿主として自然界に広く分布するA型インフルエンザウイルスは,赤血球凝集素(HA)とノイラミニダーゼ(NA)の亜型によって分類される.通常,宿主動物に固有の亜型があるが,水きん類ではその全てが存在する.トリインフルエンザウイルス(AIVs)は,変異により他の動物にも感染することがあり,その際,ゲノムとして保有する8つの分節RNAの一部が異種動物ウイルスのものと交雑し,抗原性が変化する.このため,AIVsは新型インフルエンザの出現に深く関与してきた.<br>なお,本稿は下記の文献に基づいて,その研究成果を紹介するものである.<br>1) Olsen B. <i>et al</i>., <i>Science</i>, 312, 384-388 (2006).<br>2) Miller G. D. <i>et al</i>., <i>Antarct.</i> <i>Sci</i>., 20, 455-461 (2008).<br>3) Hurt A. C. <i>et al</i>., <i>mBio</i>, 5, e01098-14 (2014).<br>4) Webster R. G. <i>et al</i>., <i>Microbiol. Rev</i>., 56, 152-179 (1992).
著者
永野 大輔
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.9, pp.925, 2017 (Released:2017-09-01)
参考文献数
3

抗体医薬品は,今日のがん化学療法においてキードラッグの1つとなっている.抗CD20抗体のリツキシマブの承認以降,全世界で50種類以上の抗体医薬品が承認されており,多くの抗体医薬品が開発されている.抗体医薬品の作用機序には,抗体依存性細胞傷害(ADCC)と補体依存性細胞傷害(CDC)がある.ADCCは抗体が標的細胞や病原体に結合することにより,natural killer(NK)細胞やマクロファージが抗体のFc部位を認識して標的細胞を傷害する作用である.CDCは,補体が活性化して標的細胞を傷害する作用である.N-結合型糖鎖は多くの抗体医薬品が有している糖鎖修飾体であり,ADCCやCDCに影響を与える.さらにFab部位に結合しているN-結合型糖鎖は,抗悪性腫瘍薬のセツキシマブにおいて,アナフィラキシーを引き起こす原因の1つとして報告されている.抗体医薬品の薬理作用と副作用防止の観点より,N-結合型糖鎖修飾体の血中濃度モニタリングは重要と考えらえる.今回,リツキシマブの血中濃度モニタリング対象として,糖鎖修飾体の経時的変化を調査した報告を紹介する.なお,本稿は下記の文献に基づいて,その研究成果を紹介するものである.1) Chung C. H. et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 358, 1109-1117(2008).2) Otani Y. et al., PLoS One, 12, e0169588 (2017).3) Shields R.H. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277, 26733-26740(2002).