著者

粟津潔 編

出版者

学芸書林

巻号頁・発行日

1968

著者

高道 慎之介

出版者

一般社団法人 電気学会

雑誌

電気学会誌 (ISSN:13405551)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.2, pp.93-96, 2021-02-01 (Released:2021-02-01)

参考文献数

9

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1.はじめにボイスチェンジャー(音声変換)とは,音声を人工的に加工・変換する技術である。ボイスチェンジャーという単語から読者の皆さまは何を想起するだろうか。ヘリウムガス,映画「キングコング」,アニメ「名探偵コナン」・「ドラえもん」,それともVTuber(Virtual YouTuber)だろ

著者

池尻 良平 相川 浩昭 池田 めぐみ

出版者

日本教育メディア学会

雑誌

教育メディア研究 (ISSN:13409352)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.27-37, 2022 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

15

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本研究では,教科書とパワーポイントを使って歴史の内容解説をした後,Googleフォームを用いて生徒が生成した問いに対して教師が回答する世界史の授業形式が,歴史の関心と自立的な探究の態度にどの程度効果があるかを測定した。その結果,歴史の関心に含まれると考えられる実践的利用価値と私的獲得価値が事後で有意に増加した一方,興味価値は有意に増加しなかった。また,自立的な探究の態度で重要だと考えられる適応的要請については事前事後で差がなかった。加えて,生成した問いの数による,歴史の関心と自立的な探究の態度への影響も見られなかった。以上より,本授業形式は歴史の関心には部分的な効果がある一方,自立的な探究の態度に対しては不十分だったことが示された。これらの結果を踏まえ,今後の授業形式や教育メディアの活用法を考察した。

著者

中谷 辰爾 野村 俊貴 引地 悠太 田中 信太郎 崔 敏鎬 今村 宰 津江 光洋 富岡 定毅

出版者

一般社団法人 日本航空宇宙学会

雑誌

日本航空宇宙学会論文集 (ISSN:13446460)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.6, pp.151-158, 2013 (Released:2014-06-27)

参考文献数

38

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Experiments on the effects of thermally cracked components of n-dodecane on the ignition and the combustion performance of a scram jet model combustor at Mach 2 were performed. Gaseous components of the thermally cracked n-dodecane at various temperature and 1MPa were measured by a gas chromatograph. Surrogate mixtures including hydrogen, methane, ethane and ethylene were injected into the supersonic air stream in the model combustor, and ignition and combustion behaviors were investigated at total temperatures of 1800 to 2400K. Pressure measurements on the combustor wall and optical observations of combustion using a high speed video camera were conducted. Results indicated that three combustion modes of intensive, transient and weak combustions were observed. Ignition was observed in the boundary layer positioned at the downstream of the cavity, and the flame propagated upward to the cavity. The ignition performance of ethylene was superior to methane and ethane, and their performances were elucidated from the reactivities predicted by a 0-dimensional calculation of chemical reactions for stoichiometric mixtures. An increase in the methane concentration reduced the ignition performance, and an increase in ethylene enhanced the ignition and combustion.

著者

征矢 英昭 岡本 正洋 征矢 茉莉子 島 孟留 陸 彰洙

出版者

日本生物学的精神医学会

雑誌

日本生物学的精神医学会誌 (ISSN:21866619)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.59-63, 2015 (Released:2017-02-16)

参考文献数

21

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慢性的なストレスにより発症するうつ病は気分障害だけでなく認知機能の低下がみられる。慢性的なストレスは成体海馬神経新生(AHN)に抑制的に働くが,この現象はうつ病患者でも確認されることから,うつ病患者における認知機能低下の背景には AHN に関連した海馬機能低下が一つの要因として考えられる。近年,うつ病の治療方法として抗うつ薬のほかに,習慣的な軽い運動もうつ病に対して有効であることが想定されている。近年,乳酸性作業閾値(LT)以下の習慣的な低強度運動はAHN を促進し,さらに AHN 促進因子である脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)やアンドロゲンを海馬で増加させることが明らかとなった。さらに低強度運動が高強度運動に比べ AHN を促進させる背景には,これまで想定されていた因子のほかに,新たに同定された遺伝子として,脂質代謝にかかわる APOE,タンパク質合成にかかわるインスリン様成長因子Ⅱ(IGF-2),インスリン受容体基質 1(IRS1)や炎症性サイトカインである IL1B や腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)が AHN に関与することが明らかとなった。低強度運動にはこれらの AHN 促進因子を高める効果があり,うつ病患者の海馬神経を活性化させることで海馬神経可塑性を高めることが期待できる。低強度運動は抗うつ薬と同様に,うつ病の新たな治療法となるかもしれない。

出版者

Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai

巻号頁・発行日

1941

出版者

Ryuginsha

巻号頁・発行日

1939

著者

中野善達, 加藤康昭 共著

出版者

東峰書房

巻号頁・発行日

1967

著者

菊池寛 著

出版者

春陽堂

巻号頁・発行日

1919

著者

山本 五十六

出版者

コロムビア(NHK)

著者

Tom Sims, Bill Zaboly 著

出版者

パシヒック社

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, 1948

著者

島村 一平 Ippei Shimamura

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 = Senri Ethnological Reports (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, pp.431-461, 2009-03-31

著者

辻 佑木生 中山 貴博 坊野 恵子 北村 美月 今福 一郎

出版者

日本神経学会

雑誌

臨床神経学 (ISSN:0009918X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.5, pp.423-428, 2014-05-01 (Released:2014-06-17)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

7 8

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症例1は35歳男性である.6ヵ月前より禿頭予防にフィナステリド1 mg/日を内服していた.頭痛と痙攣発作を発症し,右前頭葉に出血をともなう低吸収域をみとめ,CT venography(CTV)で脳静脈洞血栓症と診断した.症例2は41歳男性である.2年前より禿頭のためフィナステリド1 mg/日,ミノキシジル6 mg/日を内服していた.頭痛を発症し,左頭頂側頭葉に散在する脳梗塞をみとめた.フィナステリド服用中の血栓症発症は,医薬品医療機器総合機構(The Japan Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency; PMDA)へは,当院例を併せて14症例報告があり,脳卒中4例,心筋梗塞6例,その他4例であった.フィナステリドによるエストロゲン上昇の報告があり,血栓症発症への関与が考えられた.

著者

上出 良一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本皮膚科学会

雑誌

日本皮膚科学会雑誌 (ISSN:0021499X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.6, pp.1165-1170, 2010-05-20 (Released:2014-11-28)

被引用文献数

1

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光線過敏症を発現する薬剤は時代と共に変遷する.古くからサルファ剤,フェノチアジン系向精神薬,チアジド系降圧利尿薬,スルフォニル尿素系経口糖尿病薬,グリセオフルビンなどが知られていた.その後,ピロキシカムやアンピロキシカムによるものが多発し,最近ではニューキノロン系抗菌薬によるものが記憶に新しい.ケトプロフェン外用薬による光アレルギー性接触皮膚炎も多発している.ごく最近,血圧降下薬の合剤中のヒドロクロロチアジドによる例が増えており,また,新発売の肺線維症治療薬であるピルフェニドンは半数以上で光線過敏症が生じる.

著者

田中 博之 有山 智博 石井 敏浩

出版者

一般社団法人 日本皮膚アレルギー・接触皮膚炎学会

雑誌

日本皮膚アレルギー・接触皮膚炎学会雑誌 (ISSN:18820123)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.195-201, 2016-07-30 (Released:2016-09-01)

参考文献数

22

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日本における薬剤性光線過敏症の発症状況を把握する目的で,日本の有害事象自発報告データベース(JADER)を用いて薬剤性光線過敏症症例の調査を行った。 JADERに登録された症例のうち,“光線過敏性反応”,“日光皮膚炎”,“光線性皮膚症”および“光線性口唇炎”が報告された症例を対象とし,患者背景,使用薬剤,発症日,転帰を解析した。 総報告件数は293件(男性 : 160件,女性 : 133件)であり,年齢は60歳代が75件,70歳代が83件と高齢者が多かった。被疑薬はロサルタンカリウム・ヒドロクロロチアジドが72件と最も多く,次いでケトプロフェンが25件であった。発症月は4~8月に集中する傾向があった。多くは回復または軽快するが,なんらかの障害が残る症例も確認された。 本調査より,薬剤性光線過敏症の発症状況が明らかとなった。これらの知見は薬剤性光線過敏症の予防や治療の一助となると考えられる。

出版者

明治大学校友会本部

巻号頁・発行日

1935

著者

伊藤 幸郎

出版者

日本生命倫理学会

雑誌

生命倫理 (ISSN:13434063)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.25-31, 2002-09-17 (Released:2017-04-27)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

2

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20世紀末から医学界に流行したEBMは、複雑な現実世界に決定論的因果関係を求める代わりに、着目する集団に見られる諸現象の特性を確率論的な関係として明らかにする。EBMは19世紀に起こった実証主義に端を発する方法論で、帰納論理に基づいているから、その結果はだれでも納得するエビデンスとして示される。EBMは医療の標準化に役立ち、臨床医学の予言が確率的でしかないことをわれわれに自覚させるという点で意義がある。従来の機械論的生物医学とEBMとは科学的医学の車の両輪である。しかし科学は人生の価値や意味に中立的で、確率論的な予測を提供するのみである。EBMは人生にとって価値あることのために利用すべき道具なのだ。

著者

佐々木 史郎

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.683-763, 1997

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the trade activity of theancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Lower Amur Basin in the 18thand 19th centuries and to reexamine the discourse of their society andculture in classical ethnography. They have usually been described ashunters, fishermen, or collectors of wild plants in much ethnographysince the late 19th century, and the primitiveness of their foraging lifestyle, fishing and hunting techniques, and social structure has often beenunderlined by anthropologists, ethnologists, and historians. Thepolicies of the former Soviet Union to rescue them from the poverty causedby their primitive level of production was based on such discourse ofthe scholars.However, were they really poor? Were their life style, culture, andsociety really primitive? Historical documents written by Japanese explorersand investigators in the 18th and 19th centuries, MogamiTokunai, Mamiya Rinzo, Nakamura Koichiro, and so on, indicate thatthey had a highly sophisticated culture and a complex society. For example,modern ethnologists often underline the fact that the peoples of theLower Amur were ichthyophagi, and that a piece of dried fish occupiedthe same position as a piece of bread in European meals. On the contrary,Japanese investigators said that their staple food was a cup of boiledmillet, usually put in a small bowl of china or lacquer ware. Thoughethnologists often described fish skin coats in detail, most of theirclothes were made of cotton, and their ritual costumes were even madeof silk. It is a fact that millet, cotton, silk, china, and lacquer ware werenot their original products, but Chinese or Japanese ones which theyobtained through trade with Chinese and Japanese. It is also a fact,however, that these things occupied an important position in theircultural complex. It is an injustice for researchers not to properlyevaluate them and not to pay any attention to the trade activity.The trade activity of the ancestors of the peoples of the Lower Amurin the 18th and 19th centuries was called "Santan trade" by Japanese investigatorsof the same centuries. "Santan" was an ethnonym of the peopleof the Lower Amur, which had often been used as a name of theancestors of the indigenous people of this region as a whole. It wasMamiya Rinzo who clarified who the Santan people were. In his investigationin 1809 and 1810 he found out that the Santan lived betweenthe villages of "Uruge" (bIppH, later Russian village "MaxcrMTojm cHA") and "Poru" Mon, later Ul'chi village "LlepxbIti Ap") , thatthey called themselves "Mango" (this is the same self denotation as"Mangguni") , and that their neighbors upstream along the river werecalled "Korudekke" (Goldok) and those downstream were called"Sumerenkuru". The range of habitation, the self denotation "Mango",and the linguistic materials indicate that the Santan people wereancestors of the Tungus-speaking peoples of the Lower Amur today,especially the Ul'chi (Olcha) and a part of the lower Nanai (Goldi) .The Santan trade has long been studied as a theme of historicalstudies of Northern Japan. However, though many facts have beenclarified from the historical point of view, historians have long overlookedan important one namely that it was trade that kept the levels of lifeand culture of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin in the 18thand 19th centuries higher than those described in ethnography. This isbecause the historians could not evaluate the function and role of tradeactivity in the society and culture of the indigenous peoples, becausetheir point of view was usually set not on the side of the indigenoustraders, but on that of authors or editors of literary sources, who wereoften government bureaucrats.This paper is one of my experiments, in which I try to describe thehistorical events of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin such asthe Santan trade from the point of view of those who were described inthe literary sources. The final end of the experiments is a diachronicreview of the society and culture of the peoples of this region, and Iwould like to sweep away such images as "primitive", "uncivilized" or"natural people", created by anthropologists and ethnologists since theend of the 19th century.As a result of an examination of the historical literature of Japaneseinvestigators, regional government archives of the Qing dynasty (the lastdynasty of China) , reports of ethnological researches by Russianethnologists, and my own field data, I can point out the followingcharacteristics of the trade activity of the peoples of the Lower Amurand Sakhalin:1) The main peoples who were enthusiastically engaged in the Santantrade were the Santan and the Sumerenkuru (the ancestors of the AmurNivkh) , and some differences were apparent in their trading styles. Forexample, the Santan people did their business on the main traffic route ofthis region, which went from Lower Sungari to the southern end ofSakhalin through Amur and the western coast of Sakhalin, they played arole of mediator between Japanese and Chinese, and obtained a largeprofit from this business. On the contrary, the Sumerenkuru traders extendedtheir business area to the tributaries of the Lower Amur, the coastof the sea of Okhotsk and the eastern coast of Sakhalin, and played arole of distributor of Chinese and Japanese commodities among thepeoples of these areas.2) Usually the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders did not fix a businessplace but often went round their customers, being engaged in sable hunting.However, the temporary branch office of the Qing dynasty, whichwas constructed at Kiji or Deren and opened every summer, often playedthe role of a periodical market, in which the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders did their business not only with Manchu officials and merchantsbut also with other indigenous traders.3) The trading crew of Santan or Sumerenkuru traders consisted ofseveral persons from a village led by a hala i da (chief of a clan) orgashan da (head of village) nominated by the Qing dynasty.4) The conceptual classification of trade and tribute was recognized bythe Santan and Sumerenkuru peoples.5) Credit sale was the main custom of the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders in the 18th and 19th centuries. They applied it to trade with allcustomers without exception. The business with the Ainu, who, it wassaid, suffered from their debt to the Santan traders, was not a special oneto cheat them of their property.6) The trade activity of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalinswung between trade and tribute (in other words, between economy andpolitics) , influenced by the change of political conditions of this regionand the location of each people.6-1) In the 18th century, when the administrative system of the Qingdynasty was under construction on the Lower Amur and Sakhalin,tribute was superior to trade, because the regional administration of thedynasty was enthusiastically intervening in the social life of the people toestablish the sovereignty of the dynasty among them. After the end ofthe 18th century, however, when the dynasty was losing its politicalpower over the people of this region, the position of trade and tributewas reversed.6-2) The relation between trade and tribute was different among the peopleaccording to their location. I can classify them into three groups.The first is the people who lived on the main route of the trade, comparativelyfar from the regional centers of the countries (China andJapan) , i.e. the Santan and Sumerenkuru (the ancestors of the Ul'chiand Amur Nivkh) . They could take advantage of their location to intensivelyconduct their trading business without administrative intervention.The second group is those who lived on the main route of thetrade, near to the regional center of the countries, i.e. the Korudekke(the ancestors of the Nanai) and the Ainu. Their location was too closeto the center to be free from the governmental power of the countries,though their status was higher than that of the people of the first group.It was more important for them to accomplish various obligations thanto be engaged in free trade. The third group is those who lived far fromboth the main trade route and the regional center of the countries, i.e.the ancestors of the Sakhalin Nivkh, Uilta (Oroks) , Orochi, Negidars,and Evenki hunters. They were providers of fur and consumers ofChinese and Japanese products for the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders.7) The prosperity of the Santan trade from the end of 18th century to themiddle of the 19th century was held by the political and economicbalance between China and Japan on Sakhalin, and the profits of theSantan and Sumerenkuru traders were much dependent on the differencein demand and prices between China and Japan. For example, therewas a great demand for sable fur in China, and the Chinese and Manchupeople paid much for it, while the Japanese were not interested in it at alland sold it to the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders much cheaper than inChina. Therefore, their trade activity was fatally damaged by thedestruction of this balance by the third power, imperial Russia.Though I could not completely carry out the second purpose of thispaper, i.e. a reexamination of the ethnographic discourse of the societyand culture of the people of the Lower Amur basin, I could make a firststep in accomplishing it by clarifying the characteristics of their trade activity.I would like to make further steps in other papers, in which I willexamine such problems as the political background of the Santan trade,the quality and quantity of the profit of the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders, methodological problems of historical studies of the indigenouspeople of this region, and so on.

巻号頁・発行日

1945

著者

市川 類

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.IDS-A_1-9, 2022-05-01 (Released:2022-05-01)

参考文献数

32

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AI technology brings major transformation to the human society, while it may conflict with the values (ethics) of the human society, depending on how it is used. With this background, a number of “AI principles” have been developed as a code to AI ethics by major countries and institutions.Intelligent dialogue systems (IDSs), as a part of AI technologies, will play an important role as an interface of "human-machine (AI system)" in the future, and therefore, developers and users of IDSs need to be aware and manage the risk of ethical aspects of IDSs, including those related to "human-machine" relationship.The purpose of this paper is to clarify the possible ethical risks (including legal risks) of IDSs through analysis of AI regulation in Europe, which leads the discussion on AI ethics in the world, with its reference of its social acceptance and cultural background regarding “human-machine” relationship.For that purpose, this paper first shows the direction of future technological development of the IDSs, and then identifies the characteristics of AI principles of Europe, which may be affected by its cultural background related to the "human-machine" relationship. Then, through analysis of the recently proposed European AI Act with considering future technological development of IDSs and its characteristics, this paper clarifies the possible ethical risks for the future development and practical application of IDSs are not only those related to shared human rights such as fairness/non-discrimination and privacy but also those related to the cultural differences on the view of “human-machine” relationship.