著者

地田 徹朗

出版者

北海道大学スラブ研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, pp.1-36, 2009

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This article investigates three grandiose canal construction projects in Turkmenistan during the post-war Stalin period and their relationship with the Aral Sea problem. These three projects are the "Karakum Canal," the "Major (Glavnyi) Turkmen Canal" and the "Diversion of Siberian Rivers" projects. In order to illustrate these projects' logical structures and their mutual contrarieties, made by central authorities, republican leaders, scientists in the center and technical experts in the construction field, the author approaches these projects from three points of view: 1. political history (both central and republican), 2. history of science and technology (geography, hydrology and hydraulic engineering) and 3. regional studies (Central Asia, especially Turkmenistan). It is not this article's purpose to "attribute" the Aral Sea problem to the USSR's water policy's negative impacts. Rather, the author tries to "depoliticize" these topics. The go signal for the "Karakum Canal" project was given by a resolution of the Soviet Union's Council of Ministers (CM) on 21 July 1947 (that is, before the beginning of "Stalin's Nature Transformation Plan," which started in 1948), although its initial concept dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century (G. Sazonov's idea). The First Project Document, edited by A. Boltenkov, hydraulic engineer in the Turkmen SSR, was approved on 25 January 1947 at the USSR Gosplan's Scientific-Technical Expert Commission, which described the Karakum canal as contributing to expeditiously expanding the irrigated lands for cotton production in the southeastern Turkmenistan oasis along the Murgab and Tedzhen rivers. This document referred only to the "future prospect" of this canal's elongation to Ashgabat and further. Turkmenistan (not "Turkmen") specialists actively participated in the preliminary work of drafting the document. Turkmen leaders called for the early realization of this "quick-impact" project, but the central Gosplan authorities denounced their requests, accusing them of holding up another construction project of the Tedzhen reservoir, which would eventually be completed in 1950, when the "Great Communist Construction" slogan and the start of the "Major Turkmen Canal" project were announced. As a result, the Karakum Canal project fell back to the second plan, whose beginning the Turkmens had to await until 1954, that is, the next year after Stalin's death. The prototype of the "Major Turkmen Canal" project dates back to 1893, when imperial army officer A. I. Glukhovskoi presented his original plan to route some volume of Amu-Darya's water to the Caspian Sea through the Uzboi riverbed's remnants, although an idea of this kind also existed during Peter the Great's reign. The resolution of the USSR's CM on this project was adopted on 11 September 1950 "without" the Project Document, as part of "Stalin's Nature Transformation Plan" and the "Great Communist Construction" projects (which included the famous "Volga-Don Canal"). The former "Plan," the core concept of the construction of "communism" itself (as well as the "Great Communist Construction") in the post-war period, became the theoretical background of this large-scale canal project, which had to be finished by 1957, and as a result of which 1,300,000 ha of newly irrigated land (mainly around the Amu-Darya delta and southwestern Turkmenistan) and 7 million ha of new pasture land (in the Karakum desert) should have been cultivated by the final stage. Both Moscow-Leningrad based geographers (I. P. Gerasimov, V. A. Obruchev, V. V. Tsinzerling, etc.) and on-site hydraulic engineers (V. S. Eristov, chief engineer of the Construction Administration "Sredazgidrostroi," etc.) enthusiastically supported this project, despite some clashes of viewpoints about the "canal route." The former favored the Western-Uzboi route, but the latter proposed the southbound route, going through the Karakum desert via an artificial canal. The latter variant was adopted at last. Turkmen authorities also assisted with this project, but their role was limited to providing indirect supports for constructors. This project ended abruptly on 25 March 1953 at the initiative of L. P. Beria immediately upon Stalin's death. The discussion about the "Diversion of Siberian Rivers" project also began in connection with the above-mentioned "Nature Transformation Plan." This project's antecedent is also very old, going back to Y. Demchenko's idea in 1871, which the Imperial Geographical Society's members laughingly dismissed at that time. The idea came back to life in the 1920s after the Bolshevik Revolution, and M. M. Davydov, hydraulic engineer of the Hydroelectric Power Station Designating Institute "Gidroenergoproekt," published his plan in 1949, which proposed the large-scale diversion and multipurpose use (that is, not only for agricultural development and climatic change, but for river transportation and hydroelectric power generation) of the Obi and Yenisei waters in Western Siberia and Central Asia. Davydov clearly claimed that this canal would "liquidate deserts" in Central Asia. In 1950, the other variant of this project by hydraulic engineer A. A. Shul'ga, showed that this canal increased vapor circulation in the atmosphere by around 12-20%, which created additional water flow in rivers in the respective regions. These plans were not approved at that time, but became the basis of further full-fledged examination from the 1960s onward. Finally, scholars' outlooks on the future Aral Sea problem were examined in the context of grandiose canal construction projects. First of all, the "nature transformists" had reached a consensus that plain water should be used for irrigation as much as possible, rather than being fed uselessly into the saline Aral Sea. Accordingly, hydrologists figured out how many meters the Aral Sea would fall as a result of the construction of two grandiose canals in Turkmenistan. The Karakum Canal up to the Tedzhen oasis would have lowered the Aral Sea by about 2.5 meters, according to the Project Document. Leningrad-based hydrologist B. D. Zaikov estimated that the Aral Sea would have fallen by about 11.7 meters if the Major Turkmen Canal had taken 600 cubic meters per second, although this fall would have been fastest during the first 20 years, slowing considerably thereafter. In sum, about a 14.2 meter drawdown was foreseen during the two canals' planning stages. Knowing well these predictions, some Soviet geographers (B. A. Fedorovich, N. N. Mikhailov, etc.) already had related the canal projects in the Aral Sea basin with the diversion of Siberian water to Central Asia as a prescription for the Aral Sea's shrinkage. It is well-known that the Aral Sea started to scale down after 1960 in conjunction with sluicing water into the Karakum canal, but Central Asian authorities were not frustrated until the Aral Sea problem reached a critical stage, because the diversion of a great amount of Siberian water held great promise for them. Central authorities around Stalin upheld the "Nature Transformation Plan" and the "Great Communist Construction" as an ideologically true national credo, which should have contributed to the post-war rebuilding and communist construction. Turkmenistan's leaders were inclined more to the economically "quick-impact" Karakum Canal project than to the more "ideological" Major Turkmen Canal project, regardless of their acceptance of the latter project itself. Fervently supporting the "Nature Transformation Plan," geographers and on-site hydraulic engineers tried to vindicate their own viewpoints on the Major Turkmen Canal, which could be described as a leadership struggle around this project. Some hydraulic engineers attempted to ride the wind, propounding the grandiose "Diversion of Siberian Rivers" project in the context of the "Nature Transformation Plan." As such, various actors' various motives were intricately intertwined with these grandiose canal construction projects, forming a specific historical stage emblematic of the post-war Stalin period.

著者

平山 健二郎 Kenjiro Hirayama

雑誌

経済学論究 (ISSN:02868032)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.3, pp.207-225, 2004-12-31

著者

百瀬 宏

出版者

北海道大学スラブ研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.209-249, 1972

著者

菊池 結貴子 江崎 和音 中島 悠 石川 遼子 伊與木 健太 正田 亜八香 音野 瑛俊

出版者

北海道大学 高等教育推進機構 オープンエデュケーションセンター 科学技術コミュニケーション教育研究部門(CoSTEP)

雑誌

科学技術コミュニケーション (ISSN:18818390)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.3-13, 2017-01

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近年,科学者と非科学者がテーブルを囲んで気軽に語り合う「サイエンスカフェ」が日本で広がりつつあり,開催回数・開催場所ともに急激に増加している.それに伴って,サイエンスカフェの形式も多様化してきており,現在では実に様々な形式のサイエンスカフェが開催・報告されている.本稿では,こうしたサイエンスカフェの多様性の一端として,著者らの運営するイベント「BAPcafe」を取り上げ,その運営方法と実施実績を詳述するとともに,実施記録や参加者へのアンケートをもとに,BAP cafeの特徴と効果および今後の課題について考察を行った.BAP cafeではサイエンスカフェの要素の一つである「わかりやすく説明すること」よりも,「専門的な内容について濃密な議論を展開すること」に重点を置いており,サイエンスカフェの新たな一形式として著者らは位置づけている.スピーカーと参加者の間のみならず,参加者同士,スタッフと参加者の間での対話が自然に起こり,議論が盛り上がる点が特徴であり,参加者からは,スピーカーとの距離が近く,“マニアック”な話題を共に楽しみながら深く議論を交わせるといった評価を得ている.専門性の高い内容はサイエンスカフェでは避けられがちであるが,BAP cafeではそれが長所となり,参加 者を獲得して継続的な開催につながっている.

著者

宮武 朗子 鈴木 信子 松井 豊 井上 果子

出版者

横浜国立大学

雑誌

横浜国立大学教育紀要 (ISSN:05135656)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.173-196, 1996-11

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Empirical studies regarding the romantic love among the junior high school students are rare, limited to sex attitude and sexual behaviour and not to the affection nor to the awareness of romantic love. Moreover there is no study of the junior high school teachers' view of romantic love of their students. This report is part of a larger research regarding romantic love of the junior high school students. It presents the initial finding of affection, attitudes, bonding style, desires, reality and wishes of romantic love among the students. The first survey is interview conducted to 6 teachers, focused on their view of the romantic love of their students. Based on the results, the questionnaire for the second survey were prepared. In the second survey, the questionnaire were administered to 699 junior high school students. Results show that the junior high school students are aware enough that generally the romantic love of couples of their age aren't associated with the sex behaviour nor marriage, but in contrast to this awareness, personally, they wish to get married and realize the sexual desire as their longing for the romantic love is intense. Results demonstrate the gap between the general common sense and the personal wishes of the students. Next junior high school teachers view their students romantic love as non lasting, while students wish to live with, get married to and perpetuate the steady relation with the loving partner. This fact is unrecognized by their teachers. Third, the junior high school students romantic love is mostly one-sided. Fourth, as far as romantic love is concerned, boys of this age are less active than girls.

著者

須永 将史

雑誌

ジェンダーをめぐるコミュニケーション齟齬の研究 : 専門的概念の再帰性に着目して

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1-15, 2014-12-15

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「ジェンダー」という概念それ自体に照準し,専門知と日常知の関係をあきらかにするという,これまでの研究方針ににもとづき,各自データの収集・分析をすすめ,研究内容をまとめた.以下の内容はそれぞれ,ひとつの報告書としてまとめられ,現在編集作業をおこなっている.左古研究分担者は,検索語「ジェンダー」で該当する論文を網羅的に収集したコーパスを完成させ,「ジェンダー」概念のフレーム(関連概念との共起関係)がいつどのように変遷したのかを量的に分析し,日本社会学会大会において発表した.鶴田研究分担者は,相互行為のなかで実際に「ジェンダー」に関するふるまいがおきる様子を,医療従事者やトランスジェンダーのひとびとへのインタビュー調査にもとづいて分析し,日本社会学会大会において発表した.林原連携研究者は,保守系論壇誌『諸君!』所収の記事を対象に,反フェミニズム言説がどのように変遷して,近年のバックラッシュ言説が登場したのかを分析し,日本社会学会大会において発表した.江原研究代表者は,①「ジェンダー」概念の導入や否定をめぐるかけひき(鶴田・林原両研究者が質的に分析)を,②「ジェンダー」概念の変遷という文化的背景(左古研究者が量的に分析)に位置づけた.

著者

ヒルド 麻美

出版者

立命館大学国際言語文化研究所

雑誌

立命館言語文化研究 = 立命館言語文化研究 (ISSN:09157816)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.241-259, 2009-08

著者

伊藤 一美 Kazumi Ito

出版者

学習院大学史学会

雑誌

学習院史学 = Gakushuin historical review (ISSN:02861658)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.25-50, 1972-11-30

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論説(Article)

著者

北海道大学 CoSTEP 北海道大学 化学反応創成研究拠点 (WPI-ICReDD) 北海道大学 広報課 学術国際広報担当 梶井 宏樹 ステッカー コリン ピント ソハイル・キーガン 南波 直樹 リスト ベンジャミン 辻 信弥

出版者

北海道大学 高等教育推進機構 オープンエデュケーションセンター 科学技術コミュニケーション教育研究部門(CoSTEP)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1-2, 2022-03-28

著者

水上 史彦 服部 慶子

出版者

静岡大学学術院教育学領域

雑誌

静岡大学教育学部研究報告. 人文・社会・自然科学篇 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University. Social and natural sciences and liberal arts series (ISSN:18843492)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, pp.187-203, 2019-12

著者

神谷 哲司 加藤 道代

出版者

東北大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東北大学大学院教育学研究科研究年報 = Annual Report Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University (ISSN:13465740)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.63-77, 2021-12-22

著者

岡 美登里

出版者

滋賀医科大学雑誌編集委員会

雑誌

滋賀医科大学雑誌

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.1-8, 2020-11-11

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【目的】日本における「寄り添う看護」の実践内容について文献から明らかにすることを目的とした。

著者

佐野 舞花 関原 真紀 Maika SANO Maki SEKIHARA

出版者

上越教育大学

雑誌

上越教育大学教職大学院研究紀要 = Bulletin of Teaching Profession Graduate School Joetsu University of Education (ISSN:24359637)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.131-141, 2022-02-28

著者

佐野 舞花 関原 真紀 Maika SANO Maki SEKIHARA

出版者

上越教育大学

雑誌

上越教育大学教職大学院研究紀要 = Bulletin of Teaching Profession Graduate School Joetsu University of Education (ISSN:24359637)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.71-80, 2021-02-28

著者

徐 善水

出版者

北海道大学大学院国際広報メディア・観光学院

雑誌

国際広報メディア・観光学ジャーナル

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.39-56, 2017-10-25

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Currently, numerous studies on Japanese prewar media events were merely focused on the perspectives of cultural and media management, rather than its propaganda function. However, propaganda function of Japanese prewar media events is not hard to be observed on the Japanese prewar event phenomena, for instance, the New Eight Views of Japan selection event held in 1927 (Showa 2 year) is a typically representative case. Combined with its historical background, based on the analysis on reports of media events from its host organizations (newspaper offices) at that time, in this paper, the propaganda function of media events during the Japanese prewar period has been confirmed and the study viewpoint in the relationship between media events and political propaganda has been extended to the Japanese prewar period.

著者

Hiroshi Baba Kazumi Matsuoka 馬場 博史 松岡 和美

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

Senri Ethnological Studies = Senri Ethnological Studies (ISSN:03876004)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, pp.29-42, 2019-06-21

著者

馬 雲

出版者

首都大学東京・東京都立大学 日本語・日本語教育研究会

雑誌

日本語研究 (ISSN:03866084)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.71-84, 2014-06-30

著者

萩原 弘子

出版者

公立大学法人大阪府立大学 研究公正インスティテュート(研究推進機構)高等教育推進機構

雑誌

RI : Research Integrity Reports

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.3-32, 2018-03-31

著者

北原 聡

出版者

關西大学經済學會

雑誌

關西大學經済論集 (ISSN:04497554)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.399-420, 2005-12-05

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近代日本の道路は物資や旅客の輸送など民生目的のほか軍事的にも利用された。陸軍は道路の使用および道路状況の改善に強い関心を寄せており、道路整備の主体であった府県や市町村に対して道路を整備するよう働きかけ、いっぽう、多数の兵士や重量のある兵器が通過する陸軍の道路使用は各地で道路の被損を引き起こし、府県や市町村は道路修繕を余儀なくされた。道路行政を管掌する内務省は、1919年に制定された道路法に陸軍の道路使用に伴う地方の負担を軽減する条項を盛り込み、それは一定の効果をあげたものの、こうした状況の根本的な改善にはつながらなかった。

著者

伊藤 源作

出版者

北海道大学農学部演習林

雑誌

北海道大學農學部 演習林研究報告 (ISSN:03676129)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.1-20, 1964-02