著者
森岡康
雑誌
東洋学報 / The Toyo Gakuho
巻号頁・発行日
vol.65, no.1, pp.27-62, 1984-01

In 1637 (the fifteenth year of In-jo 仁祖), after being defeated by Ch'ing China, Korea became a Chinese tributary state. As one of the conditions of surrender, China issued an order that Koreans who wanted to redeem thejr captured relatives, who had been taken away to China as prisoners of war, should transact the trade at Shên-yang 瀋陽, the then capital of Ch'ing China, under the control of both countries concerned by paying the price asked by their Chinese owners. There were two types of redemption of captured Koreans: one in which the expenses for buying prisoners of war were paid by the national treasury, kung-shu 公贖, and another in which the expenses were borne by private persons, ssŭ-shu 私贖.Just after the surrender, to transact the trade of Korean captives with China, the Korean government dispatched government officials to Shên-yang, and private persons who wanted to redeem their captured relatives by themselves accompanied the officials. A huge number of Korean captives were gathered at Shên-yang and a market to transact the trade was organized. The Korean government resorted to every possible means to help the captives by lending money to private redeemers, by buying back poor captives who did not have any relatives to redeem them, and so on. These arrangements, however, eventually failed because of a sharp rise in the price of captives.The trade in prisoners of war in its later stages, which is the main topic of this article, was handled at the Shên-yang kuan-so 瀋陽館所, which was the residential place of the two Korean royal princes and their families who were taken to China as hostages as well as their retinue. The Shên-yang kuan-so also functioned as the Korean embassy in China. The following four characteristics are evident in the war prisoner trade at this stage:1. The Korean side gradually stopped providing money to buy back poor Korean captives due to a reduction in the availability of funds from the national treasury.2. The redeemed Korean captives were not released but retained by the government and put to work as officials and labourers.3. Chinese notables who owned Korean captives forced the Korean government to buy back them.4. The Shên-yang kuan-so forced the Korean government to pay money for run-away prisoners and to compensate them for any money owing on other redemption transactions demanded by the Chinese government.These characteristics clearly reveal the Korean government's change of attitudes towards the captives. At that time due to the sharp rise in the price of captives and the limitations added to the Koreans' entering to Shên-yang, it was almost impossible for them to redeem their captured relatives through due formalities. As a result, they often violated the regulations so as to help their relatives, causing many bad effects on the relations between China and Korea.As it is seen, the redemption of prisoners of war became more and more difficult for the Koreans, and finally in 1644 (the twenty-second year of In-jo), after the southward move of the Chinese capital from Shên-yang to Peking, it was abandoned. The issue of Korean war prisoner trade, nevertheless, had a severely harmful effect on Korean politics, society, and economics at that time and after.
著者
多田 幸雄 タダ ユキオ Yukio TADA
雑誌
岐阜薬科大学紀要 = The annual proceedings of Gifu Pharmaceutical University
巻号頁・発行日
vol.64, pp.46-55, 2015-06-30

I 型アレルギー反応は、肥満細胞に結合しているIgE に抗原が結合することで、細胞内顆粒に貯蔵されている各種ケミカルメディエーターが放出されることにより惹起される。既存の抗アレルギー薬は、メディエーター遊離抑制薬および、ヒスタミンH1 拮抗薬、トロンボキサン阻害薬、ロイコトリエン拮抗薬であった。そこで、I 型アレルギー反応の原因である IgE の作用を特異的に阻害できればアレルギー疾患の根本的な治療に繋がると考え、従来のメカニズムとは異なる新しい抗アレルギー薬の開発を目指した。メチル基転移反応がアレルギー反応に関わっているのではないかという考えに基づき、生体内メチル基供与体であるS-adenosylmethionine はsulfonium 化合物であることと、S-methylmethionine(methylmethionine sulfonium chloride) がモルモットの抗体産生を増強することから、これをシード化合物とした。次いで、sulfonium 化合物の種々の物理化学的性質と抗アレルギー作用および急性毒性との構造活性相関解析による、論理的な分子設計を実施した。その結果、抗アレルギー薬: Suplatast Tosilate として認可されたsulfonium 化合物54b を創製することができた。Type I allergic reactions are caused by various chemical mediators released from mast cell by combining antigens and IgEantibodies. The existing anti-allergic drugs are mediator suppressants, histamine H1 antagonists, thromboxane inhibitors, andleukotriene antagonists. However, drugs that specifically inhibit IgE activity are expected to be efficacious for the treatment of type Iallergic diseases. We sought to develop a new anti-allergy drug that functions outside the conventional mechanism.Methylmethionine sulfonium chloride (S-methylmethionine) was selected as a seed compound, because it reinforces guinea pigantibody production and may affect allergic reactions. We analyzed the structure-activity relationship between physical chemicalproperties and sulfonium compound-induced anti-allergic action or toxicity for rational molecular drug design. Based on these efforts,we identified sulfonium compound 54b, which was launched as Suplatast Tosilate.
著者
松村 博志 早川 眞 蜂巣 浩生 池田 耕一
出版者
社団法人空気調和・衛生工学会
雑誌
学術講演会論文集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.21, no.3, pp.2267-2270, 2009-08-18

A tall complex building including office, hotel and conference room where international conference will be held has been scarcely built. And cold heat source consumption rates in each facility, especially in conference rooms in like thus complex building are not easily available. The authors have collected and analyzed operational data through BEMS (Building Energy Management System) for 2 years after completion. As the results, comparing the ratio of floor areas of facilities, cold heat source consumption rate at office is small. The conference area consumption of cold heat source unit floor area is so large.
著者
李 炳〓
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.7, pp.459-484, 1975
被引用文献数
4

日本の梅雨や秋霖と同じ現象である韓国の長森と秋長森について,悪天示数と悪天候日カレンダーとを考案し調査した結果,次のことが明らかになった.長霖は梅雨の中休みにあたる6月23日頃のsingularityの後始まり,韓国の南部では7月中旬,中部では下旬に明ける.長森前線の南北振動によって長霖の中休み及び長霖明け後の長霖のもどり現象が現われる.盛夏に,高緯度低圧帯の低気圧からのびる寒冷前線によって盛夏の中休み現象が現われる.秋長霖は8月下旬から9月初旬にかけて現われるが,日本の秋霖に比べると期間も短いし,現われ方が年によって非常に不規則である.秋長霖は高緯度から南下する寒冷前線によるものと,東支那海から日本列島の南岸沿いに停滞する停滞前線によるものとが認められる. 6月から10月までの寒帯前線の位置と動きは,北太平洋高気圧の動きと密接な関係がある.
著者
松本 政春
出版者
吉川弘文館
雑誌
日本歴史 (ISSN:03869164)
巻号頁・発行日
no.515, pp.p18-30, 1991-04
著者
福持 昌之
出版者
国立歴史民俗博物館
雑誌
国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.142, pp.211-238[含 英語文要旨], 2008-03

大名行列を象徴する奴振りは、もともと武士の供揃いの規模が大きくなった奴行列である。明暦頃には仮装の風流として祭礼行列にも取り入れられた。その後、独特の所作が芸能としての価値を持ち、歌舞伎舞踊に影響を与え、大名行列でも重宝される。現在は、全国各地の祭礼行列に見られる民俗芸能である。大阪では霊枢車が登場する以前、野辺送りの葬列にこの奴振りがみられた。祭りを賑やかす行列仕立てが、しめやかな葬列にも共通してみられたことは、いかにも不釣合いにみえる。このことは大阪の葬儀業者には、もともと近世に大名行列への人足を供給していた業者があったため、明治になって新しいビジネスとして、大きな葬儀に際して葬列に奴振りを取り入れたのだと理解されてきた。また、奴振りを伴う派手で華美な葬列を好むことこそが、大阪の特異性であるとも言われてきた。しかし、葬列の構成をみると、奴振りは僧列の一部であることが明らかになった。つまり、僧侶の供揃えとして葬列に加わっているのである。僧侶の供揃えに奴行列がつく事例は、近江の湖東地域の寺院に伝わる近世文書にも確認することができる。そこでは、葬列の一部に御導師人足もしくは寺人足と呼ばれる僧列があり、奴行列がみられた。また、大阪のいくつかの神社では、祭礼の際に葬儀業者が中心になって奴振りがおこなわれてきた。大阪の葬儀業者は、もともと大名行列の人足方であったことから、日常から神社仏閣等に出入りし、祭礼の際に棒頭として采配を振るい、奴行列をはじめさまざまな人足を手配した。この棒頭は、大阪天満宮は駕友、御霊神社は熊田屋、難波神社は阿波弥、熊野神社は平久と決っていた。大阪のキタとミナミでは、奴振りの所作が異なったという。大阪の葬列にみる奴振りの、死者へのセレモニーと、清浄なる神事との間を自在に行き来する身体は、葬列を構成する僧列の供揃えであることと、大名行列の人足方という葬儀業者の出自とに裏打ちされた上に成り立っている。
著者
宮嵜 麻子 Asako Miyazaki
出版者
国際コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
国際経営・文化研究 = Cross-cultural business and cultural studies (ISSN:13431412)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, no.1, pp.109-126, 2015-11

Ancient evidences of piracy in the first half of the first century B.C., in general, report the mutual assistance between Mithridates, king of Pontos, the most implacable enemy of Romans and the Cilician pirates. In some phases of conflicts and wars between the king and Romans, this paper finds out two different though interrelated dimensions around piracy as a political issue in this period:・ A Roman imperialistic tactics which exploits the label of the co-operator to the pirates against Mithridates.・ A measure for the Roman elites to gain a political superiority through imperium and the success in the war against Mithridates and pirates.This character of piracy is essentially similar to the situation in the second century B.C. However, the third dimension also appears apparent in the first half of the first century:・ Actions such as pillage, slaughter or kidnapping by pirates supported by Mithridates gave Roman society a severe damage which requested the Senate to take a thorough measure to suppress the pirates. This situation let the Senate permit some Roman commanders imperium extra ordinem――a temporally and spatially huge military power.
著者
宮嵜 麻子 Asako Miyazaki
出版者
国際コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
国際経営・文化研究 = Cross-cultural business and cultural studies (ISSN:13431412)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.2, pp.79-92, 2014-03

Although there are no testimonies which present piracy as crucial menace for Romans, they had increasingly carried out the military actions against pirates by the end of the 2nd. Century B.C. That appears to be explained by two factors:1. An imperialistic tactics: Rome would have presented themselves as a protector of the mediterranean world by the suppression of pirates.2 A measure in the Roman political life: The military success gave Roman elites some political advantages.It would seem that piracy was a political issue for Romans in these two meanings. However, evidences of Roman attack against Cilician pirates in 102-100 B.C. show us that the pirates would have brought Romans into certain critical conditions. The judgment on this supposition requires us an inquiry into the situation in the following century.