著者

Yô K. OKADA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy (ISSN:00214280)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.7, pp.618-623, 1965 (Released:2006-09-12)

被引用文献数

4 4

著者

G. K. Menon

出版者

Yamashina Institute for Ornitology

雑誌

山階鳥類研究所研究報告 (ISSN:00440183)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.1-12, 1984-03-30 (Released:2008-11-10)

参考文献数

69

被引用文献数

5 9

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本論文は,まだあまり注目されていない鳥の皮膚の腺機能について,得られた情報を総合しようと試みたものである。鳥の皮膚において形態的にはっきりした腺は尾腺,外耳管の中の耳道腺及び肛門(総排泄口)の皮膚腺である。これらのうち,尾腺のみがいろいろの方法で研究されてきたが,他の2つの分類と機能は,現時点では不明確である。全分泌腺は類脂質を分泌するが,その構造および機能は尾腺と非常に異っている。そして肛門腺は鳥の皮膚に見られる唯一の粘液分泌腺である。このように鳥の皮膚は,大まかな調査では,他の脊椎動物の皮膚と比べて腺機能が貧弱であるかのように見える。しかし,鳥体の表皮細胞は独特の脂肪生成の可能性を持ち,ケラチン及び類脂質に似た皮脂分泌物を出すのである。くちばしや脚指の皮膜のように特殊化した部分だけでなく,皮膚の無毛の部分における表皮細胞は,皮腺硬蛋白細胞の名の如く,非常に高度な脂肪分泌活動を示す。この表皮類脂質分泌は次の諸点-すなわち,皮膚の水反発性を高めること,皮膚面からの著しい水分消失の防止,有害放射線の遮断,皮膚への色の伝達等-に関係していると思われるので,これを論じた。表皮類脂質分泌の一般的性質と,いろいろな種の鳥の特殊な形態の羽毛の多くが,装飾的な目的に使用される粉末様物質,油性物質を生成しその供給を維持しているという知識を踏まえて,分泌活動の概念について再検討した。一般に認められた腺の概念にそぐわないところもあるが,機能を基準に考えれば,分泌腺を有する表皮と特殊化した羽毛は,皮膚の腺構造単位のものであると見なすことができると提案したいのである。

著者

Shamay S.M. Ng Shirley S.M. Fong Wayne L.S. Chan Ben K.Y. Hung Ricci K.S. Chung Tina H.T. Chim Patrick W.H. Kwong Tai-Wa Liu Mimi M.Y. Tse Raymond C.K. Chung

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.6, pp.1701-1708, 2016 (Released:2016-06-24)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 8

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[Purpose] To investigate the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the sitting-rising test (SRT), the correlations of sitting-rising test scores with measures of strength, balance, community integration and quality of life, as well as the cut-off score which best discriminates people with chronic stroke from healthy older adults were investigated. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects with chronic stroke (n=30) and healthy older adults (n=30) were recruited. The study had a cross-sectional design, and was carried out in a university rehabilitation laboratory. Sitting-rising test performance was scored on two occasions. Other measurements included ankle dorsiflexor and plantarflexor strength, the Fugl-Meyer assessment, the Berg Balance Scale, the timed up and go test, the five times sit-to-stand test, the limits of stability test, and measures of quality of health and community integration. [Results] Sitting-rising test scores demonstrated good to excellent inter-rater and test-retest reliabilities (ICC=0.679 to 0.967). Sitting-rising test scores correlated significantly with ankle strength, but not with other test results. The sitting-rising test showed good sensitivity and specificity. A cut-off score of 7.8 best distinguished healthy older adults from stroke subjects. [Conclusions] The sitting-rising test is a reliable and sensitive test for assessing the quality of sitting and rising movements. Further studies with a larger sample are required to investigate the test’s validity.

著者

Anthony C. Keech Kazuma Oyama Peter S. Sever Minao Tang Sabina A. Murphy Atsushi Hirayama Chen Lu Leslie Tay Prakash C. Deedwania Chung-Wah Siu Armando Lira Pineda Donghoon Choi Min-Ji Charng John Amerena Wan Azman Wan Ahmad Vijay K. Chopra Terje R. Pedersen Robert P. Giugliano Marc S. Sabatine on behalf of the FOURIER Study Group

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-20-1051, (Released:2021-05-12)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

13

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Background:There are concerns that Asian patients respond differently to some medications. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of evolocumab among Asian vs. other subjects in the FOURIER trial, which randomized stable atherosclerosis patients to receive either evolocumab or placebo.Methods and Results:Effects of adding evolocumab vs. placebo to background statin therapy on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reductions, cardiovascular outcomes, and adverse events were compared among 27,564 participants with atherosclerotic disease, according to self-reported Asian (n=2,723) vs. other (n=24,841) races followed for a median of 2.2 years in the FOURIER trial. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, or coronary revascularization. At randomization, Asians had slightly lower LDL-C (median 89 [IQR 78–104] mg/dL vs. 92 [80–109] mg/dL; P<0.001) and were much less likely to be on a high-intensity statin (33.3% vs. 73.3%; P<0.001). Evolocumab lowered LDL-C more in Asians than in others (66% vs. 58%; P<0.001). The effect of evolocumab on the primary endpoint was similar in Asians (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61–1.03) and others (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79–0.93; P interaction=0.55). There was no excess of serious adverse events with evolocumab among Asians over others.Conclusions:Use of evolocumab robustly lowers LDL-C and is equally efficacious in lowering the risk of cardiovascular events and safe in Asians as it is in others.

著者

本山 亜友里 川上 智規 S. K. Weragoda 奥川 光治 芹川 裕加 袋布 昌幹 高松 さおり

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集G(環境) (ISSN:21856648)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.7, pp.III_517-III_523, 2012 (Released:2013-03-15)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1

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スリランカAnuradhapura地区では,飲用,調理用としている井戸水にフッ素が含まれ,住民にフッ素の過剰摂取により生じる斑状歯がみられる.また腎臓病などの健康被害も報告されており,フッ素との関係が疑われている.そこでフッ素汚染実態把握のため2010年~2012年にAnuradhapura地区を含む8地区,計263サンプルを分析した結果,最大で約7mg/lの井戸が存在し3地区で平均値がスリランカの飲料水基準値を超過した.高濃度の井戸付近には,低濃度の井戸が存在する例もあった.この場合濃度に応じ用途を分けることで健康被害を軽減できる.一方近隣に低濃度の井戸が存在しない場合,フッ素濃度低減策を講ずる必要があり,その1つとして鳥骨炭の利用を検討した.鳥骨炭製造に際し最適炭化温度は600℃であった.

著者

K・J・ドーヴァー著 中務哲郎 下田立行訳

出版者

青土社

巻号頁・発行日

2007

著者

"林 和利" ハヤシ K." "Hayashi

雑誌

名古屋女子大学紀要. 人文・社会編 = Journal of Nagoya Women's University. Humanities・social science

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.288-279, 1992-03-05

著者

Haga Kazuko Kruse Andrew C. Asada Hidetsugu Yurugi-Kobayashi Takami Shiroishi Mitsunori Zhang Cheng Weis William I. Okada Tetsuji Kobilka Brian K. Haga Tatsuya Kobayashi Takuya

出版者

Nature Publishing Group

雑誌

Nature (ISSN:00280836)

巻号頁・発行日

2012-01-25

被引用文献数

663

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認知症や心機能の抑制に関係する受容体の立体構造を世界で初めて解明-より効果的で副作用のない治療薬の探索・設計が可能に-. 京都大学プレスリリース.2012-01-26.

著者

Sabir T. NURTAZI Margulan K. IKLASOV Kaoru IMAMURA

出版者

The Japanese Association for Arid Land Studies

雑誌

沙漠研究 (ISSN:09176985)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.199-203, 2017 (Released:2017-05-04)

参考文献数

13

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For thousands of years, the camels were the main working pack animals in the nomadic pastoralist economy of Kazakh ancestors. Later in the 19-20th centuries, with the expansion of the network of dirt roads, camels were successfully used as draft animals, which caused spread of these animals beyond their natural habitat to the southern provinces of Russia.The number of camels in Kazakhstan in 1927, in the Soviet period, has reached its maximum 1.69 million. With the development of mechanized transport, the value of camels as draft animals fell, at the same time the demand for camel specific products, such as milk, meat, wool, leather, was limited. Great damage to agriculture was caused by ill-conceived socio-economic reforms in the 1930s, which led to catastrophic camel population decline. Later, the number of camels slightly increased and stabilized, the level of selection and breeding work and the proportion of purebred animals have increased. Ever since Kazakhstan gained independence the total number of camels has been increasing gradually in the area of their natural habitat, which is associated with high profitability of camel breeding in deserts and semi-deserts of the south-western regions of Kazakhstan. Productive camel breeding allows involving these lands and its people in economically profitable production. Improvement of breed and productive qualities of camel is very important in the country.

著者

Bh. V. Ramana Murty K. R. Biswas

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.160-165, 1968 (Released:2008-05-27)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

2 4

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Experiments on artificial stimulation of clouds using warm cloud seeding technique have been conducted, on randomized basis, from ground for 4 monsoon periods at Jaipur, 6 monsoon periods at Agra and 9 monsoon periods at Delhi, in North India. The seedings were also conducted from aircraft, during one monsoon period at Delhi. Orographic clouds have been seeded for two summer seasons at Munnar in South India.Results have been evaluated on the basis of rainfall amounts obtainedd from raingauges in the respective target and control sectors in each region. Evaluation has also been done on the basis of data obtained by high power microwave radar in the case of a few series of trials conducted at Delhi.A net increase in precipitation was suggested in each area as a result of seeing. The percentage increase in rainfall as a result of ground-based seeding varied from 18.6 to 58.5 according to the area. Statistical evaluation indicated that the results obtained could be significant.

著者

Shinya Goto Darren K. McGuire Shinichi Goto

出版者

Japan Atherosclerosis Society

雑誌

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (ISSN:13403478)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.RV17062, (Released:2021-10-02)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

8

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Advances in High-performance computing (HPC) technology have reached the capacity to inform cardiovascular (CV) science in the realm of both inductive and constructive approaches. Clinical trials allow for the comparison of the effect of an intervention without the need to understand the mechanism. This is a typical example of an inductive approach. In the HPC field, training an artificial intelligence (AI) model, constructed by neural networks, to predict future CV events with the use of large scale multi-dimensional datasets is the counterpart that may rely on as well as inform understanding of mechanistic underpinnings for optimization. However, in contrast to clinical trials, AI can calculate event risk at the individual level and has the potential to inform and refine the application of personalized medicine.Despite this clear strength, results from AI analyses may identify otherwise unidentified/unexpected (i.e. non-intuitive) relationships between multi-dimensional data and clinical outcomes that may further unravel potential mechanistic pathways and identify potential therapeutic targets, therebycontributing to the parsing of observational associations from causal links. The constructive approach will remain critical to overcome limitations of existing knowledge and anchored biases to actualize a more sophisticated understanding of the complex pathobiology of CV diseases.HPC technology has the potential to underpin this constructive approach in CV basic and clinical science. In general, even complex biological phenomena can be reduced to combinations of simple biological/chemical/physical laws. In the deductive approach, the focus/intent is to explain complex CV diseases by combinations of simple principles.

著者

MIN Kyeong-Seok TSUBOKI Kazuhisa YOSHIOKA Mayumi K. MORODA Yukie KANADA Sachie

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2021-017, (Released:2020-12-04)

被引用文献数

3

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A stationary line-shaped precipitation system (SLPS), which is one type of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), is a typical heavy-rain-producing weather system formed during warm seasons in Japan. Although the Kinki district, western Japan, is known as a frequent occurrence region for SLPSs, their formation mechanisms in the region have not been sufficiently clarified yet because of their complex formation processes. This study investigated a SLPS event that occurred on 1 September 2015, using observational data and high-resolution numerical experiments. We also carried out numerical sensitivity experiments with regard to the orography and initial time.  The observational data showed that the relative humidity at lower levels was high during the SLPS event. The southwesterly was dominant at middle levels over the Kinki district during the formation of the SLPS. The formation of the SLPS was associated with neither a mesoscale low-pressure system nor a synoptic-scale cold front, demonstrating that these were not necessary conditions for the formation of the SLPS.  In the numerical experiments, we found that the SLPS was formed in a low-level convergence zone of the westerly with the warm and moist south-southwesterly from the Kii Channel. New convective cells formed over the north of Awaji Island and are propagated northeastward by the middle-level southwesterly. This cell formation process was repeated and resulted in the formation of the SLPS. The sensitivity experiments for the orography around the occurrence area of the SLPS indicated that the orography was not a significant factor for the formation of the SLPS in this event. The orography can modify the location of the SLPS.

著者

一ノ宮美成 グループ・K21著

出版者

宝島社

巻号頁・発行日

2013

著者

Imanishi Tadashi Itoh Takeshi Suzuki Yutaka O'Donovan Claire Fukuchi Satoshi Koyanagi Kanako O. Barrero Roberto A. Tamura Takuro Yamaguchi-Kabata Yumi Tanino Motohiko Yura Kei Miyazaki Satoru Ikeo Kazuho Homma Keiichi Kasprzyk Arek Nishikawa Tetsuo Hirakawa Mika Thierry-Mieg Jean Thierry-Mieg Danielle Ashurst Jennifer Jia Libin Nakao Mitsuteru Thomas Michael A. Mulder Nicola Karavidopoulou Youla Jin Lihua Kim Sangsoo Yasuda Tomohiro Lenhard Boris Eveno Eric Suzuki Yoshiyuki Yamasaki Chisato Takeda Jun-ichi Gough Craig Hilton Phillip Fujii Yasuyuki Sakai Hiroaki Tanaka Susumu Amid Clara Bellgard Matthew Bonaldo Maria de Fatima Bono Hidemasa Bromberg Susan K. Brookes Anthony J. Bruford Elspeth Carninci Piero Chelala Claude Couillault Christine Souza Sandro J. de Debily Marie-Anne Devignes Marie-Dominique Dubchak Inna Endo Toshinori Estreicher Anne Eyras Eduardo Fukami-Kobayashi Kaoru R. Gopinath Gopal Graudens Esther Hahn Yoonsoo Han Michael Han Ze-Guang Hanada Kousuke Hanaoka Hideki Harada Erimi Hashimoto Katsuyuki Hinz Ursula Hirai Momoki Hishiki Teruyoshi Hopkinson Ian Imbeaud Sandrine Inoko Hidetoshi Kanapin Alexander Kaneko Yayoi Kasukawa Takeya Kelso Janet Kersey Paul Kikuno Reiko Kimura Kouichi Korn Bernhard Kuryshev Vladimir Makalowska Izabela Makino Takashi Mano Shuhei Mariage-Samson Regine Mashima Jun Matsuda Hideo Mewes Hans-Werner Minoshima Shinsei Nagai Keiichi Nagasaki Hideki Nagata Naoki Nigam Rajni Ogasawara Osamu Ohara Osamu Ohtsubo Masafumi Okada Norihiro Okido Toshihisa Oota Satoshi Ota Motonori Ota Toshio Otsuki Tetsuji Piatier-Tonneau Dominique Poustka Annemarie Ren Shuang-Xi Saitou Naruya Sakai Katsunaga Sakamoto Shigetaka Sakate Ryuichi Schupp Ingo Servant Florence Sherry Stephen Shiba Rie Shimizu Nobuyoshi Shimoyama Mary Simpson Andrew J. Soares Bento Steward Charles Suwa Makiko Suzuki Mami Takahashi Aiko Tamiya Gen Tanaka Hiroshi Taylor Todd Terwilliger Joseph D. Unneberg Per Veeramachaneni Vamsi Watanabe Shinya Wilming Laurens Yasuda Norikazu Yoo Hyang-Sook Stodolsky Marvin Makalowski Wojciech Go Mitiko Nakai Kenta Takagi Toshihisa Kanehisa Minoru Sakaki Yoshiyuki Quackenbush John Okazaki Yasushi Hayashizaki Yoshihide Hide Winston Chakraborty Ranajit Nishikawa Ken Sugawara Hideaki Tateno Yoshio Chen Zhu Oishi Michio Tonellato Peter Apweiler Rolf Okubo Kousaku Wagner Lukas Wiemann Stefan Strausberg Robert L. Isogai Takao Auffray Charles Nomura Nobuo Gojobori Takashi Sugano Sumio

出版者

Public Library of Science

雑誌

PLoS Biology (ISSN:15449173)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.6, pp.856-875, 2004-06

被引用文献数

3 226

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The human genome sequence defines our inherent biological potential; the realization of the biology encoded therein requires knowledge of the function of each gene. Currently, our knowledge in this area is still limited. Several lines of investigation have been used to elucidate the structure and function of the genes in the human genome. Even so, geneprediction remains a difficult task, as the varieties of transcripts of a gene may vary to a great extent. We thus performed an exhaustive integrative characterization of 41,118 full-length cDNAs that capture the gene transcripts as complete functional cassettes, providing an unequivocal report of structural and functional diversity at the gene level.Our international collaboration has validated 21,037 human gene candidates by analysis of high-quality full-length cDNA clones through curation using unified criteria. This led to the identification of 5,155 new gene candidates. It also manifested the most reliable way to control the quality of the cDNA clones. We have developed a human gene database, called the H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB; http://www.h-invitational.jp/). It provides the following:integrative annotation of human genes, description of gene structures, details of novel alternative splicing isoforms, non-protein-coding RNAs, functional domains, subcellular localizations, metabolic pathways, predictions of protein three-dimensional structure, mapping of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identification of polymorphic microsatellite repeats within human genes, and comparative results with mouse full-length cDNAs. The H-InvDB analysis has shown that up to 4% of the human genome sequence (National Center for Biotechnology Information build 34 assembly) may contain misassembled or missing regions. We found that 6.5% of the human gene candidates(1,377 loci) did not have a good protein-coding open reading frame, of which 296 loci are strong candidates for nonprotein-coding RNA genes. In addition, among 72,027 uniquely mapped SNPs and insertions/deletions localized within human genes, 13,215 nonsynonymous SNPs, 315 nonsense SNPs, and 452 indels occurred in coding regions. Together with 25 polymorphic microsatellite repeats present in coding regions, they may alter protein structure, causingphenotypic effects or resulting in disease. The H-InvDB platform represents a substantial contribution to resources needed for the exploration of human biology and pathology.

著者

Daniel J. CAPON Naoki KANEKO Takayuki YOSHIMORI Takashi SHIMADA Florian M. WURM Peter K. HWANG Xiaohe TONG Staci A. ADAMS Graham SIMMONS Taka-Aki SATO Koichi TANAKA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.9, pp.603-616, 2011-11-11 (Released:2011-11-11)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

7 7

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There is a significant need for antibodies that can bind targets with greater affinity. Here we describe a novel strategy employing chemical semisynthesis to produce symmetroadhesins: antibody-like molecules having nonprotein hinge regions that are more flexible and extendible and are capable of two-handed binding. Native chemical ligation was carried out under mild, non-denaturing conditions to join a ligand binding domain (Aβ peptide) to an IgG1 Fc dimer via discrete oxyethylene oligomers of various lengths. Two-handed Aβ–Fc fusion proteins were obtained in quantitative yield and shown by surface plasmon resonance to bind an anti-Aβ antibody with a KD at least two orders of magnitude greater than the cognate Aβ peptide. MALDI-TOF MS analysis confirmed the protein/nonprotein/protein structure of the two-handed molecules, demonstrating its power to characterize complex protein-nonprotein hybrids by virtue of desorption/ionization mediated by peptide sequences contained therein. We anticipate many applications for symmetroadhesins that combine the target specificity of antibodies with the novel physical, chemical and biological properties of nonprotein hinges.(Contributed by Koichi TANAKA, M.J.A.)

著者

D.A. Hodgson P. Convey E. Verleyen W. Vyverman S.J. McInnes C.J. Sands R. Fernandez-Carazo A. Wilmotte A. De Wever K. Peeters I. Tavernier A. Willems

出版者

国立極地研究所

雑誌

Polar science (ISSN:18739652)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.197-214, 2010-08

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南極大陸の高緯度内陸部に位置するDufek Massifの湖沼と、そこに見られる生物を調査した。ここには二つのドライバレーがあり、地球上最南端の生物生息地となっている。優占する生物はラン藻で、その多様性は観察されてきた南極湖沼のどこよりも低い。緑藻、ケルコゾア類、バクテリアは存在するが、珪藻は風で飛ばされてきたと思われる一枚の殻が見つかっただけであった。コケ類を欠き、地衣類は一種類のみが見つかった。三種類のクマムシ、ワムシを含む後生動物は見いだされたが、節足動物と線虫は見つからなかった。これらの単純な動植物群集は、この地域のきわめて厳しい環境のために、低緯度南極に通常存在する要素のほとんどを欠く。

著者

Takao Sugiura Naoko Ito Katsumasa Goto Hisashi Naito Toshitada Yoshioka Scott K. Powers

出版者

PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN

雑誌

The Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN:18806546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.6, pp.393-399, 2006 (Released:2006-12-28)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

34 37

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We tested the hypothesis that estrogen administration would retard immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in adult male rats. The rats were injected for 24 days with either estrogen (40 μg/kg−1, β-estradiol 3-benzoate in olive oil vehicle), or vehicle alone. At day 14 of estrogen treatment, the hindlimb muscles of one leg were immobilized in plantar flexion position by the use of a plaster cast. Following 10 days of immobilzation, the atrophic and the contralateral soleus muscles were both removed and analyzed to determine the level of muscle atrophy along with the measurement of the protein levels of Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD), heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), and selected proteases. Compared to placebo animals, estrogen treatment significantly reduced (–35%) muscle atrophy. Further, estrogen significantly abridged the expression of the calcium-activated protease, calpain, in the atrophied hindlimb muscle. In contrast, estrogen treatment did not alter the protein levels of HSP72 in the immobilized soleus muscle. These results support the postulate that estrogen attenuates the rate of disuse muscle atrophy, partly because of reductions in immobilization-induced calcium-activated protease levels.

著者

Jadson J. S. Oliveira Tiara S. Cabral Ruby Vargas-Isla José F. B. Silva Doriane P. Rodrigues Nelson Menolli Jr. Mariana P. Drewinski Noemia K. Ishikawa

出版者

The Mycological Society of Japan

雑誌

Mycoscience (ISSN:13403540)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.6, pp.254-266, 2022-09-20 (Released:2022-11-20)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

1

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In the search for new strains of edible mushrooms in the Brazilian Amazon Forest, we found Lentinula specimens different from Lentinula raphanica. These were described morphologically and evaluated phylogenetically within the Lentinula clade. The mating system was determined, and interbreeding compatibility with L. raphanica was verified. The basidiomata have a cinnamon or deep orange to fulvous brown, moist to dry pileus, occasionally with whitish scales; crowded whitish cream lamellae; and an eccentric to lateral stipe. The typical, predominant basidiospores are 4.4-7.2 µm in length. Endogenous, elongate (7.8-14 µm) basidiospores were also found in some specimens. The long spores seem rare and occasional, but nonetheless a novelty for the group. Basidia are homogeneous in size, cheilocystidia are pyriform or bulboid, and caulocystidia are long and spheropedunculate. The hyphae of the pileipellis are pigment-encrusted. The characteristics match those of Agaricus ixodes originally described from Guyana, currently a synonym of Lentinula boryana. In the phylogenetic trees, such taxon appears distinct from L. boryana and sister to L. raphanica with strong support. This unique lineage was confirmed to be reproductively isolated from sympatric L. raphanica strains. Lentinula ixodes comb. nov. is the second species of the genus reported in the Amazon Forest.

著者

compiled and edited by K.B. Pradhan

出版者

Putali Devi Prakashan

巻号頁・発行日

2020

著者

井上 紗奈 KABURU Stefano S. K. NEWTON-FISHER Nicholas E.

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 Supplement 第28回日本霊長類学会大会

巻号頁・発行日

pp.9, 2012 (Released:2013-11-01)

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野生チンパンジーにおいて、同群の成熟個体を殺すことはまれである。特に、在位中のアルファオスが群れのメンバーによって殺される、という事例はこれまで報告されたことがない。本研究では、タンザニア・マハレ山塊国立公園のMグループでおきた殺害行動の概要と、死後の死体へのメンバーの反応について報告する。事件は、2011年10月2日におきた。アルファのPM(23歳)は在位4年目で健康なオスであった。事件は、PMと第二位のオス(PR)の喧嘩からPRが他のオスに助けを求めたことを発端とし、オス2個体を中心としたPMへの攻撃が始まった。攻撃は断続的に約2時間つづき、PMは死亡した。発表者はPMの死後直後に到着し、群れが現場から移動するまでの間、群れの観察をおこなった。到着時、PMの死体は水のない川岸すぐ脇の川底にあった。川岸15m程度頭上の木の枝に、攻撃時にPM擁護にまわったオスが座っていた。10m以内の藪にはPMを攻撃したオス数個体がいたが、数分でその場を離れた。その後、死体より3m以内の川岸にて、攻撃に加わっていないワカモノオスが枝を振り回して走り抜けるディスプレイをおこなった。直後に、数個体のメスが反対の川岸より15m~10m距離を横断した。そのうち1個体が向きを変えて死体の方へ接近したが、ワカモノオスのディスプレイにより離れた。つづいて来た子ども連れのメスが、死体に最接近した。顔に触れそうな距離で臭いを嗅ぎ、1m距離でしばし座った後、その場を離れた。一緒に来た子どもは、2m距離まで近づいたもののそれ以上は接近せず、少し離れた所から枝を振ったり、立ち上がってのぞきこむような行動をとった。事件は突発的におこったものだが、結果として現役アルファオスの死をもたらした。死後の死体への反応は、いずれも、通常ならアルファオスに対して絶対にとらない行動である。激しいけんかをしたと