著者

松尾 信之介 藤井 宏明 苅山 靖 大山 卞 圭悟

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1106020186, (Released:2011-06-07)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

4

---

Changes in the activity of hip adductor muscles with increased running speed were investigated in 4 male sprinters (personal best for 100 m: 10.58±0.26 s). The subjects were instructed to run at three different speeds (3 4 m/s, 6 8 m/s and 9 m/s). The surface electromyograms (EMGs) of 10 muscles around the hip joint were recorded, and whole-body motions were also filmed with a high-speed video camera (150 fps). Regardless of running velocity, the adductor longus (AL) showed activity concomitant with the rectus femoris when the hip joint was in extension. This suggested that the AL functioned as a hip flexor. On the other hand, the adductor magnus (AM) showed activity when the hip joint was flexed, suggesting that the AM assisted hip extensors such as the gluteus maximus. During high-speed sprinting, the AL was also activated when the hip joint was flexed. Similarly, the AM also showed activity when the hip joint was extended, corresponding to the latter half of the support phase. During the support phase, the AM may serve to stabilize the frontal plane by co-contracting with hip abductors such as the gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae. Furthermore, the AL and AM showed increased activity while the hip was fully flexed and extended. This remarkable muscle activity around the flexion-extension reversal point during high-speed sprinting may stabilize the hip joint so that it resists dislocative force through the unique anatomical features of the hip adductor muscles, i.e. “shunt-” rather than “spurt-type” architectural characteristics.

著者

大島 雄治 藤井 範久

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.1-19, 2017 (Released:2017-06-22)

参考文献数

40

---

The purpose of this study was (1) to quantify the contribution of the adductors and iliopsoas to the hip joint torque, and (2) to clarify the function of the adductors and iliopsoas for terminal support until early recovery in maximal velocity sprinting. Eight male track and field athletes volunteered for the present study, and sprinted 60 m from a standing start position. Ground reaction force to the right leg was measured using a force platform (1000 Hz) placed at the 50-m mark from the start position. Simultaneously, 3-dimensional coordinates of body landmarks were recorded by a motion capture system (250 Hz) with 20 cameras. The right hip joint torque was calculated using inverse dynamics. To estimate the muscle forces of the right lower limb, we created a musculoskeletal model. The contribution of the muscle forces to the right hip joint force was calculated based on both equations of motion for each segment and equations of constraint conditions for adjacent segments connected by a joint. The main results for terminal support until early recovery were: (1) The adductor muscles generated less torque during hip joint flexion. (2) These muscles were involved in forward acceleration of the leg on the same side. (3) The iliopsoas was involved in the forward swing of the thigh on the same side.  Based on these results, it can be concluded that the hip adductors do not function as hip flexors, but as forward accelerators of the leg on the same side, based on the hip joint adductor torque. In contrast, the iliopsoas does not function as a forward accelerators of the leg on the same side, but delivers forward swing to the thigh on the same side for hip joint flexion torque.

著者

井谷 惠子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.429-448, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1

---

In 2002, the Central Education Council published a report entitled “Improvement of children's physical fitness”. The report pointed out that changes in the social environment and lifestyles in recent years had influenced children's physical fitness and movement skills, and that a “comprehensive policy” addressing various aspects was essential for tackling this problem. On the basis of this report, the Ministry of Education and local boards of education are currently undertaking various projects; however, a number of gaps still remain between the findings of the report and what is actually being done to address this issue.   The present paper examines the local political issues that have led to differences between the practices of local educational governments and the recommendations of the report by focusing on practices in the Tokyo Metropolitan area and Osaka Prefecture after publication of the report.   This study revealed that the local governments had been strongly influenced by the results of physical fitness tests in comparison with other districts, counter to the comprehensive policy suggested by the report. This suggests that one of the reasons for the existing gap is the implicit demand for measurable results based on strong promotion of the evaluation system stipulated by the current educational policy. The results also show that most projects to improve children's physical fitness have been undertaken by schools, despite the fact that almost no budget has been allocated for this purpose, thus forcing schools to bear the burden and responsibility alone. Furthermore, it is also evident that competitive sports are frequently used to promote an active lifestyle, even in elementary and junior high schools.   In view of the numerous practices aiming to improve performance through sports club activities and competitive sports events, such as long-distance relays for children and Olympic education, it appears that the government in fact has a hidden agenda to promote sports and to improve athletic performance behind the façade of children's fitness as a “social issue”.

著者

小嶌 麻木 中村 潤二 長野 明紀

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.827-836, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

25

---

[Objective] Various methodologies have been employed for memory rehabilitation, such as environmental control, improvement of learning methods, compensatory strategy training, or group-based interventions based on the characteristics of the patients. In some cases, however, these approaches have been reported to be inappropriate for patients suffering from marked memory deficit. Therefore, new, more effective approaches for recovery of memory deficit are needed. Several previous studies have reported that physical activity and exercise can affect cognitive function. However, empirical evidence obtained from patients with memory deficit is still insufficient. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of aerobic training on memory ability in a patient with memory deficit. [Methods] The subject was a 48-year-old, right-handed male with memory deficit subsequent to hypoxic encephalopathy. We used an A-B-A single-case experimental design. The word delayed recall task and word fluency task were conducted 10 times in each phase. During the baseline A and washout A-phases, after memorizing 3 words, the subject performed a paper and pencil task for 15 minutes, and thereafter recalled the 3 memorized words and performed the word fluency task. During the B-phase, after memorizing 3 words, the subject pedaled a bicycle ergometer at 50W for 15 minutes, and thereafter performed the recall and word fluency tasks. [Results] Average performance in the delayed recall task was 0±0 words in the baseline A-phase, 2.3±1.1 words in the B-phase, and 0.1±0.3 words in the washout A-phase (F(2,18)=37.098, p<0.0001). That in the word fluency task was 2.7±0.9 words in the baseline A-phase, 2.3±1.3 words in the B-phase, and 3.6±1.3 words in the washout A-phase. [Discussion] These results suggest that aerobic training can lead to recovery of memory deficit. However, although we were able to observe acute effects, comprehensive recovery of cognitive function was not achieved, and the long-term effect was not tested. Further research is needed in this area.

著者

鈴木 康弘 佐藤 三佳子 森松 文毅 高松 薫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.159-169, 2004-03-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

3 9

---

The histidine-containing dipeptide carnosine (p-alanyl-L-histidine) exists widely in the skeletal muscle of vertebrates. The biological role of carnosine has not been well established, but it is believed to act as a cytosolic buffering agent. We prepared an extract of chicken breast meat that is an abundant source of carnosine and its related dipeptide anserine (β-alanyl-1-methyl-L-histidine). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of extract (CBEX^<TM>) supplementation on high-intensity intermittent exercise performance. Eight male subjects performed two experimental trials (CBEX and placebo treatment). Each trial consisted of two intermittent cycle ergometer sprints separated by a 20-min recovery period. Intermittent exercise consisted often 5-s maximal sprints with 25-s of recovery between each sprint. The subjects were given 190 g of experimental soup containing either 40 g of CBEX or no CBEX 30 min before each trial. Anserine and its related amino acid in plasma were detectable 30 min after CBEX supplementation. However, plasma carnosine was not detectable. In the CBEX group, the subjects exhibited high power during the latter half of intermittent exercise compared with the placebo group. These results suggest that pre-exercise CBEX supplementation improves intermittent exercise performance, possibility by restraining the decrease of intracellular pH and thereby delaying the onset of fatigue.

著者

湯 海鵬

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.161-169, 1995-09-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

1

---

A technique is presented for determining the angular momentum of the human body about its mass centre for general three-dimensional movements. The three orthogonal components of the angular momentum X, Y, and Z of 15 body segments composed of a transfer term and a local term were computed. The total angular momentum of the whole body was considered to be composed of the sum of the angular momentum of each body segment. The three-dimensional coordinates for determining the angular momentum were computed by a Direct Linear Transformation Method from film data. For calculated individual angular momentum the relative error is estimated to be within 7.2%. The application of the principle of conservation of angular momentum was discussed for the jumping smash of badminton. A large angular momentum was generated by rotation of the smash arm during the airborne phases. The lower limbs react upon the arm with an equal and opposite angular momentum to keep the angular momentum constant. This kind of counter rotation to the smash arm was useful to keep the body balance and reinforce the hitting arm.

著者

内山 治樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19061, (Released:2019-11-15)

参考文献数

45

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify guidelines for cooperation within an entity known as a “team” that transcend the individual, based on the theory that universal validity criteria and norms that are inherent in them play an important role in team victory. For this purpose, procedures were taken to outline team values and then formulate guidelines that are universally valid by extracting value criteria and normative principles from the analysis. The study results were as follows. 1) It was suggested that criteria allowing distinction between acceptable and nonacceptable actions performed by the team are essential for collaboration among individual athletes, and that conversely, a convergence of various values occurs among athletes. 2) The success or failure of collaborative acts should be based on 2 criteria: “whether or not team performance can be improved,” and “whether or not individual athletes can be satisfied.” In addition, it was clarified that teams and individuals acted in a binary manner, allowing the team to inspire individual athletes, while at the same time individual athletes inspired the team. 3) Finally, it was concluded that team victory is supported and ordered by 2 criteria with a normative principle that “personal assets accumulated through standard value judgments of ‘whether or not personal talents are utilized’ do not reside with the individual as a right of nonaggression, but must be used for the team as a whole in accordance with its needs.” It is anticipated that the present findings will not only help to solve practical problems in team sports, but will also contribute to the debate over athletic capability, which plays an important role in establishing team performance.

著者

柴山 一仁 貴嶋 孝太 森丘 保典 櫻井 健一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18120, (Released:2019-07-05)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

2

---

The present study aimed to define the phases of the 110m hurdle race and to clarify the relationship between the race pattern and performance of elite hurdlers. Seventy-six male hurdlers (groups: G1, 12.94–13.38 s, n = 24; G2, 13.40–13.68 s, n = 26; G3, 13.70–14.16 s, n = 26) participating in official competitions were videotaped using high-speed video cameras panning from start to finish (239.76 or 299.70 Hz). The landing step after hurdling was defined as the first step, and the take-off step was defined as the fourth step. The timing of each step and each interval (from touchdown on the landing step to the next landing step) were calculated. Intervals were divided into the acceleration phase (G1: from 1st to 2nd, G2 and G3: 1st), maximum velocity phase (G1: from 3rd to 5th, G2 and G3: from 2nd to 5th) and deceleration phase (G1, G2 and G3: from 6th to 9th). The results obtained were as follows: 1) Faster hurdlers sprinted with a shorter time and a larger mean interval velocity in all phases; 2) G1 had longer acceleration segments and larger acceleration from the acceleration phase to maximum velocity phase than G2 and G3 because of the larger increase in the frequency of the second step; however, deceleration from the maximum velocity phase to the deceleration phase showed no significant difference according to performance; and 3) the pattern of change in the mean interva3l velocity during the race was similar between G2 and G3. These results indicate that athletes in G2 need to improve their race pattern to achieve a larger acceleration in the 2nd interval by sprinting with a larger increase in the frequency of the second step. Improvement of the race pattern is less important for G3. Additionally, G2 and G3 need to improve their sprinting velocity to obtain a higher frequency at the fourth step.

著者

竹﨑 一真

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19025, (Released:2019-11-08)

参考文献数

50

---

In postwar Japan, the United States (US) could be viewed as Japan’s “significant other.” The US had a considerable cultural impact on Japan and was responsible for alterations in postwar Japanese identity. Of particular importance was the influence of the US on the popular view of body form. The postwar restructuring of Japan’s national identity included the adoption of new views of the body as a result of US influence. This study investigated the culture of male beauty/body (bodybuilding) that emerged in Japan during the postwar period of occupation, and revealed how “male beauty” consciousness was generated in relation to nationalism by focusing on (1) the social context in which “male beauty/body culture” emerged and (2) the changes in conceptions of masculinity and body consciousness. This analysis yielded the following results: (1) Bodybuilding emerged in the social context of the occupation/reconstruction period and from a masculine crisis of male feminization in Japan. It was developed by the Japan Bodybuilding Association (JBA) as part of a movement to create “new Japanese men”. (2) However, bodybuilding was criticized as being feminine, linked to homosexuality, and leading to a useless “Hercules-type” body. (3) In response to this criticism, the JBA shifted its aim from the acquisition of a burly, Herculean build to one of a healthy and functional (“Hermes-type”) body that represented harmony between the body and the spirit. The aim of this shift was to gain legitimacy for bodybuilding as a masculine act. In addition to these aims in trying to help create “new Japanese men”, the JBA also intended to legitimize male bodybuilding culture within a national context, seeking to popularize and expand its activity by criticizing the American “Hercules-type” body while promoting the “Hermes-type” body preferred in Japan. In this way, discourse concerning the legitimacy of male beauty/body (bodybuilding) culture developed in conjunction with nationalism, and created an important forum for consideration of the ideal Japanese male body form.

著者

水野 忠文 猪飼 道夫 丹羽 昇 浅見 高明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.204, 1965-06-10 (Released:2016-12-31)

被引用文献数

1

著者

岡部 祐介 友添 秀則 春日 芳美

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.129-142, 2012

被引用文献数

2

---

<i>Konjo</i> is the willpower necessary to endure suffering, and for making an effort, having become a word in daily use in society, as well as in sports. The purpose of this study was to clarify the opportunity and the factors responsible for the transformation of <i>konjo</i> in Japanese society in the 1960s. Our study focused on three points: 1) Clarifying how the meaning of the word <i>konjo</i> changed in the 1960s, from its dictionary definition and usage in newspaper articles. 2) Clarifying the situation in which <i>konjo</i> became popular through the Tokyo Olympic Games, and its spread to the sports community and to society. 3) Considering the factors responsible for the transformation of <i>konjo</i>, and to propose a hypothesis that could account for it.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;Our conclusions were as follows: 1) The meaning of <i>konjo</i> evolved from a negative context of &ldquo;a fundamental character and mindset with which a person is born&rdquo; to a positive context of &ldquo;a strong, resilient character that cannot be suppressed&rdquo; and &ldquo;a strong motivation to accomplish an aim&rdquo; at the beginning of the 1960s. 2) <i>Konjo</i> was considered to the spiritual keynote for athletes at the Tokyo Olympic Games. Hirobumi Daimatsu's &ldquo;<i>konjo</i> theory&rdquo; had the persuasive reason by winning &ldquo;Oriental Witches&rdquo; championship at the Tokyo Olympics. In view of these factors, we considered that <i>konjo</i> was interpreted as a popularized moral virtue by society, and impacted on both education and popular culture. 3) We considered that the concept of <i>konjo</i> became transformed and was used to promote competitiveness in sports at the Tokyo Olympics as part of the strategy for &ldquo;character building&rdquo;. It also played a role in bolstering human resources that played a key role in economic development during the 1960s, and thus was of strategic value. The considerations listed above show that the Tokyo Olympic Games played an important role in the transformation of the concept of <i>konjo</i> in the 1960s.<br>

著者

尾縣 貢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.Report, pp.R11_1-R11_18, 2015 (Released:2015-07-15)

著者

上地 広昭 森丘 保典 尾山 健太

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.455-469, 2012 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study sought to develop an instrument for assessment of motivation for exercise, the Exercise Orientation Scale, and use it to examine the relationship between exercise orientation and use of a behavioral change technique in an exercise setting. In Study 1 designed to develop the scale, we employed 204 elementary school students, 310 junior high school students, and 252 university students. Factor analysis of the 18-item Exercise Orientation Scale revealed a six-factor structure comprising (1) relatedness orientation, (2) discipline orientation, (3) fulfillment orientation, (4) practice orientation, (5) reward orientation, and (6) superiority orientation. The scale was found to have reliability and validity. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine differences in exercise orientation by sex and developmental stage. The scores for fulfillment orientation, reward orientation, and relatedness orientation differed significantly between boys and girls: boys had significantly higher fulfillment and reward orientation scores, while girls had significantly higher relatedness orientation scores. Almost all orientation scores for elementary school students were significantly higher than those for the older groups. In Study 2, the participants were 195 university students. Covariance structure analysis revealed that content-related motivation (i.e. the practice, discipline, and fulfillment orientation factors) in particular predicted the use of a behavioral change technique to promote exercise participation. Moreover, fulfillment orientation was directly related to the duration of exercise participation. The results of these studies suggest that content-related motivation promotes exercise participation via the use of a behavioral change technique.

著者

岡野 憲一 九鬼 靖太 秋山 央 谷川 聡

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.355-366, 2018-06-10 (Released:2018-06-20)

参考文献数

32

---

This study focused on volleyball spike jump performance. We classified players based on different types of jumping ability and tested the effects of strength training and plyometrics for each type of ability. Players who excelled in their ability to acquire greater impulse (countermovement jump or CMJ type) showed no significant changes in spike jump height with strength training (improvement in maximum muscle strength), but demonstrated a significant improvement in jump height after plyometrics. In contrast, players with outstanding execution of ballistic movement (rebound jump or RJ type) showed a significant improvement in their spike jump height with strength training (an improvement in maximum muscle strength), but a significant loss of jump height after plyometrics. This reveals that the same training program results in players jumping lower or higher, depending on the jump type. When formulating training to improve the jump height of volleyball players, these results suggest that the type of training must be selected based on the individual player’s jumping ability.

著者

横山 泰行

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.111-122, 1982-09-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

---

To investigate the somatotype in the male and female physical education majors, the Sheldon's Trunk Index and Heath-Carter's Anthropometric Methods were applied to 25 male and 24 female college students. Comparisons of the trunk index and anthropometric methods of assessing physique types were made in the rating scores of the somatotype components. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The means of the three somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy) as assessed by the trunk index and anthropometric techniques for the male subjects were 2.8-4.9-2.9 and 2.4-5.0-3.1. 2) The means of the three somatotype components as assessed by the two methods for the female subjects were 3.6-4.7-2.5 and 4.5-4.5-2.0. 3) The differences between the means for the endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic components as assessed by the two methods in the male subjects were not significant by application of the t ratio. 4) The difference between the endomorphic means as assessed by the two methods was significant at the 0.01 level in the female subjects. The higher mean was obtained by the anthropometric method. The mesomorphic and ectomorphic means were not significant between the two methods. 5) The correlations between the trunk index and anthropometric methods for the three somatotype components at two sexes were significant beyond the 0.05 level or the 0.01 level. 6) The endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy correlation coefficients between the two methods were 0.514, 0.446, 0.891 in the male subjects and 0.622, 0.554, 0.817 in the female subjects. 7) The distributions of the male physical education majors into Primary Endomorph, Mesomorph, Ectomorph, Endomesomorphy and Mid-type on the basis of the trunk index and anthropometric assessments were 0-16-1-0-8 and 0-14-1-1-9. The distributions of the female physical edncation majors were 3-10-0-1-10 and 4-5-0-5-10.

著者

田中 美吏 柄木田 健太 村山 孝之 田中 ゆふ 五藤 佳奈

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17120, (Released:2018-04-16)

参考文献数

54

---

Motor behavior couples with several types of environmental information perceived by actors. The phenomenon by which perceptions are distorted by the psychological state of an actor, including motivation, desire, and anxiety, is known as dynamic perception, and many athletes experience this under the psychological pressure of competition. The effects of pressure on the perception of target size before (pre-performance judgement) and after (post-performance judgement) a dart-throwing task and the relationship between size perception and performance outcome in the task were investigated experimentally. Healthy novice female university students (N=20) participated in the experiment. Pressure manipulations included performance contingent competitive cash rewards and comparative others. The results indicated that psychological and physiological stress responses were successfully induced, as indexed by significant increases in state anxiety and heart rate under pressure. Moreover, there were no significant differences in pre- and post-performance size perception between pressure and nonpressure conditions in all participants. However, participants with reduced throwing accuracy under pressure, as compared with non-pressure, perceived the target to be smaller under pressure in post-performance judgement. It is possible that attentional change including conscious processing and distraction, as well as kinematic changes, led to a decrement of motor skills performance that might have caused perceptual distortion under pressure. Exploratory multiple regression analysis to identify factors leading to perceptual distortions of target size under pressure indicated that participants reporting larger trait anxiety judged the target to be smaller in only preperformance judgement.

著者

山岡 誠一 蜂須賀 弘久 桝岡 義明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.4, pp.203-212,4, 1967-03-25 (Released:2016-12-31)

---

As compared with the physical fitness between children and adults from point of view of energy metabolism, the results are as follows. In the case of sprint, oxygen requirement of adults is more than that of children because adults are faster in speed than children. But in the case of giving the same load to children and adults at bicycle work, there is no difference in oxygen requirement between them. Moreover, in the exercise in proportion to each physique (body weight), oxygen requirement of children is less than that of adults, and comparing oxygen requirement per body weight, we don't see the difference.

著者

星野 映

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18055, (Released:2019-05-10)

参考文献数

67

---

From 1940 to 1944, Paris was occupied by the German army. The “Vichy” government began to reform sports activities for French citizens, and under the new Vichy policy, many sports saw an expansion of popularity. The expansion of judo in France during this period was particularly dramatic. This article examines how judo was practiced in German-occupied Paris, and how it acquired the status of a sport in France, with reference to the activities of the Jiu-Jitsu Club de France and its historical context in Paris at that time. In occupied Paris, the Jiu-Jitsu Club and its judoka, especially Paul Bonét-Maury, president of the club, and Mikinosuke Kawaishi, who provided technical guidance, promoted judo as a sport. In the first half of the Occupation, the club held low-key public demonstrations. Also, practitioners in clubs were trained on the basis of teaching methods devised by Kawaishi, which included aspects such as the color belt system, and the establishment of expensive membership fees despite the Occupation situation. As a result, many intellectual professionals and industrial capitalists with economic resources played a principal role as judoka. Furthermore, by encouraging students to open new clubs, the number of judoka practicing Kawaishi judo increased. These factors remained characteristic of French judo after the Second World War. In the latter half of the Occupation Period, the Jiu-Jitsu Club de France joined the French Wrestling Federation, so that judo became better known publicly, and in late May 1943, the First French Judo Championship was held. The Championship was held continuously in subsequent years, and received recognition of being “worthy to be aligned with other sports”. The German army was not directly involved with judo in Paris, but the fact that the Jiu-Jitsu Club de France expanded its activities while adapting to the circumstances of the Occupation encouraged the official recognition of judo in Paris.

著者

遠藤 保子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.3, pp.443-448, 2000

著者

遠藤 保子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.163-174, 2005

---

This paper examines the state of research on dance in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Dance is an essential part of daily life for people in Africa. African dance is one of the original forms of dance, and together with music, has often been used in place of written forms of language as a means of communication. The rhythms and movements of African dance have had a major influence on developments in dance and music worldwide. The fundamental nature of African dance is what has led me to focus my research in this area, in order to trace the roots of modern forms of Western dance. Ethiopia : Scientific research into Ethiopian dance began in 1964 when two Hungarian folklorists sent by the Hungarian Government traveled throughout Ethiopia collecting data on folk dances and folk music. Gyorgy Martin and Balint Sarosi studied different Ethiopian dances by comparing them with other dances. Tibor Vadasy continued their work by carrying out comparative studies on the dances of different tribes and peoples in regions such as Gojjam, Gondar, and Gurage. Furthermore, one of the primary reasons for building the National Theatre, formally known as the Haile Selassie I Theatre and completed in 1955 based on 18^<th> century French theatre designs, was the preservation and promotion of Ethiopian folk dance and folk music. Kenya : T.O. Ranger's book, "Dance and Society in Eastern Africa 1890-1970 : The Beni Ngoma", is an excellent example of the use of aspects of dance history to grasp the reality of the colonial experiences of a particular region. Ranger covers nearly 100 years of East African history, using data concerning the origin, development, and diffusion of popular dance culture in urban and rural Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Another book, "Folk Music of Kenya" by George Senoga-Zake, has introduced Kenyan music and dance to a wide audience. The national dance troupe, Bomas of Kenya, was originally established by the government in 1971 for the cultural entertainment of tourists visiting Kenya. Through Bomas, different aspects of Kenyan culture are displayed, including lifestyles, crafts, music, and dancing. The Bomas Harambee Dancers are the only resident dance company in Kenya and perform daily in a spectacular circular theatre. Tanzania : According to Herbert F. Makoye (1998 : 95-97), serious research on dance in Tanzania started in 1964 following the establishment of the National Dance Troupe under the auspices of the Ministry of National Culture and Youth. The National Dance Troupe was disbanded in 1980, after which the Bagamoyo College of Arts was established in 1981, with dance as a central focus of the college's training program. Another institution to have embarked on dance research is the University of Dar Es Salaam. The first comprehensive research on Tanzanian dance was a 1972 M.A. thesis by Godwin Zilaoneka Kaduma entitled, "The Description of Five Tanzanian Dances". In Japan, from the 1970s onwards, researchers of music and dance, such as Kenichi Tsukada and Yasuko Endo, began to focus on the meaning of dance and music in Africa.