著者

高橋 健夫 長谷川 悦示 刈谷 三郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.29-37, 1994-05-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

12 10

---

The present study is on a method of the evaluation of physical education classes by students. Some efficient instruments for the summative evaluation have already been developed. However, the reliable instrument for the formative evaluation seems to be missing. Therefore, we intended to develop a convenient and effective instrument for formative evaluation of physical education class which can be used in each teaching unit. The subjects were 1428 pupils from 42 classes in 6 elementary schools. They were asked to answer a questionnaire which contained 28 items on the instructional objectives and the ways of learning after each physical education class in the middle part of the teaching units. Four factors were extracted by means of factor analysis. Those were 1) motivation, 2) outcome, 3) ways of learning, and 4) cooperation. These factors were almost consistent with the standards of evaluation in the guidelines issued by the Japanese Ministry of Education and also with those of the instrument for summative evaluation developed in our previous research. Four factor scores showed significant and positive relationships with those of the comprehensive evaluation items concerning good or effective instruction. Thus, the factors were interpreted as effective standards for formative evaluation. A simplified questionnaire which consisted of 12 items from the 4 factors was constructed as a practical instrument of formative evaluation in elementary school physical education classes.

著者

西 泰信 岩井 圭司

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.483-499, 2012 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

---

The purpose of this study was to identify psychological factors that contribute to the development of sub-clinical primary exercise dependence among Japanese exercisers. Most studies of exercise dependence follow a top-down, quantitative, hypothesis-verification approach. The present study, in contrast, used a qualitative method, the Grounded Theory Approach. Dialogue data were collected from 14 exercisers who were evaluated for sub-clinical primary exercise dependence in semi-structured interviews and analyzed by classifying them into categories. Through these steps, seven types as psychological factors were identified as leading to sub-clinical primary exercise dependence among Japanese exercisers: dependence, obsessive-compulsiveness, conflict avoidance, maintenance of a positive self-concept, perceieved benefit of exercise, limited stress-coping resource, and typical increase in exercise volume. It was also found that dependence and obsessive-compulsiveness play a crucial and direct role in the development of sub-clinical primary exercise dependence, and that conflict avoidance and maintenance of a positive self-concept can precipitate obsessive-compulsiveness. Finally, a perceived benefit of exercise was shown to be an integral component of dependence.

著者

藤川 誠勝 石部 安浩 伊藤 昭子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, 1966

著者

石部 安浩

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, 1966

著者

篠原 正志

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.7, pp.166-167, 1957

著者

森下 義隆 勝亦 陽一 神事 努

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.463-474, 2019-12-16 (Released:2019-12-20)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the influence of swing parameters by changing the hitting point in space in baseball batting. Twenty-eight skilled baseball players (12 professional and 16 universitylevel) participated. The participants were instructed to hit a ball that was tossed from 5 m away in the direction of the pitching mound. The balls were tossed to various locations with reference to the home plate. The participants were required to hit the balls in a specific direction according to the tossed course, i.e., a ball tossed to the inside of a home plate was stroked toward the same-field direction and one tossed outside of the home plate was stroked toward the opposite-field direction. The motions of the ball and bat during these attempts were recorded using a motion capture system operating at 500 Hz. The 3D coordinates of the ball center (hitting point) and the swing parameters included the speed of the head of the bat (bat-head speed) and the angle of the swing from a horizontal line (swing angle) measured immediately before ball impact and the time from the start of the swing to ball impact (swing time). These parameters were calculated in each trial. Analysis of a total of 644 trials revealed that the bathead speed tended to increase as the hitting point moved inside, forward, and low. Furthermore, the swing angle and swing time tended to increase as the hitting point moved inside, forward, and high. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the bat-head speed and swing angle were independently associated with (in the following order) the distance in the pitcher’s direction, the hitting height, and the inside-outside direction course (R2=.360 and R2=.589, respectively). These results suggest that the timing of swing initiation and bat acceleration during a swing motion are the main factors changing the swing parameters, and that in order to sharp hit a ball, it is important to impact the ball with the hitting point as close to the pitcher as possible.

著者

仲田 直樹 三嶋 康嗣 横山 喬之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20004, (Released:2020-10-09)

著者

吉岡 利貢 中垣 浩平 向井 直樹 鍋倉 賢治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.89-98, 2009-06-30 (Released:2009-11-05)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

4 5

---

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between muscle morphological characteristics and running performance. Eighteen elite Japanese male distance runners (10000 m, seasonal best time 29:39.74±0:32.54) completed five 4-min submaximal and approximately 10-min maximal progressive treadmill tests to determine running economy (VO2 at submaximal velocity) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Axial images of the trunk, thigh and shank muscles were taken by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). From these images, cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the psoas major, quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus muscle, hamstring, sartoris, adductor magnus, adductor longus, gracilis, triceps surae, soleus and gastrocnemius were measured. The CSAs were divided by lean-body-mass0.67 measured by air-displacement plethysmography. The mean running economy (VO2 at 310 m/min) was 70.9 ml/kgLBM/min and VO2max was 82.0±4.3 ml/kgLBM/min (76.1±3.2 ml/kgBM/min). Simple correlation analysis revealed a negative association between hamstring CSA and 10000 m time (r=−0.681, p<0.05). On the other hand, quadriceps femoris CSA was positively associated with 10000 m time (r=0.637, p<0.05). Furthermore, triceps surae CSA was significantly correlated with running economy (r=0.573, p<0.05). Thus, these results suggest that hamstring CSA can explain long distance as well as sprint performance.

著者

藤田 英二 赤嶺 卓哉 高井 洋平 川西 正志 Dennis R. Taaffe 柳沼 悠 山本 正嘉

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.797-806, 2019-12-16 (Released:2019-12-20)

参考文献数

26

---

Here, in comparison with community-dwelling middle-aged and older men, we investigated the skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density of a Japanese alpinist (Mr. A) who, at the age of 80 years, is to date the oldest person to have climbed to the summit of Mount Everest (8,848 m). Using dual X-ray absorptiometry, we determined the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), total bone mineral density (tBMD), whole body fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) of Mr. A (84.6 yr) and 209 community-dwelling middle-aged and older men (50-79 yr, mean age: 68.1 yr). The SMI, tBMD, FFMI and FMI were 8.79 kg/m2, 1.075 g/cm2, 22.3 kg/m2 and 9.8 kg/m2, respectively, in Mr. A and 7.46 ± 0.81 kg/m2, 1.020 ± 0.100 g/cm2, 18.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2 and 5.5 ± 1.7 kg/m2, respectively, in the community-dwelling middle-aged and older men. The values in Mr. A were higher than those in the community-dwelling middle-aged and older men, with z-scores for the SMI and tBMD of 1.63 and 0.55, respectively. Mr. A maintained a high skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density even at the age of 84 years, which may have been attributable in part to his long-term training for mountain climbing.

著者

川端 浩一 伊藤 章

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.11097, (Released:2012-09-29)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

5 1

---

A study was conducted to investigate differences in bat swing between the use of long and short bat grip positions. Fifteen male baseball players were videotaped at 250 Hz using two high-speed video cameras while they were batting balls placed on a batting tee and pitched at 80, 100, and 120 km/h by a pitching machine. The bat head and grip end were digitized, and the three-dimensional coordinates were calculated using the direct linear transformation (DLT) method. Bat head velocity at impact employing the long grip position was significantly higher than that when the short grip position was used, but grip velocity and bat angular velocity at impact employing the short grip position were significantly higher than those when the long grip position was used, independent of pitching speed. These findings suggest that bat head velocity at impact was affected mainly by the radius of gyration. Bat head velocity at impact using both grip positions decreased significantly as pitching speed increased. This may have reflected the efforts of the players to improve batting accuracy, since the bat head velocity at impact was significantly lower for the short grip position than for the long grip position at all pitching speeds. These results regarding the relationship between speed and accuracy indicate that the short grip position is advantageous for improving batting accuracy.

著者

太田 洋一 中本 浩揮

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.527-537, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

---

This study aimed to clarify the effects of changing to a short bat grip position from the long bat grip position on baseball bat swing timing, peak ground reaction force with the front leg, and activation of the upper and lower limb muscles.   Nine male college baseball players participated in this study. By using a batting simulator, the coincident timing task was to swing the bat coincidentally with the arrival timing of a moving target by using the long or short bat grip position. The batter performed 10 sets of 4 swings for a total of 40 swings for the coincident timing task. During the four swings, the batter swung the bat by using the long grip position in the first, second, and fourth swings. Only in the third swing did the batter use the short grip position. The ground reaction force with the front leg was measured, and electromyograms of the upper and lower limb muscles were obtained during the coincident timing task.   Our results indicated no significant differences in absolute and variable timing errors between the long and short bat grip positions. In contrast, the constant timing error was significantly increased with the short bat grip position. Moreover, the time to peak ground reaction force and time to peak muscle activation of both the upper and lower limb muscles were significantly delayed when the short bat grip position was employed. Significant positive relationships were observed between the constant timing error and time to peak ground reaction force, which showed differences between the second and third swings. No significant difference in swing time was observed between the long and short bat grip positions.   These findings indicate that changing to the short bat grip position from the long bat grip position will not improve the batter's swing timing. Furthermore, changing to the short bat grip position could delay the batter's swing timing, probably because the change causes a delay in swing preparation.

著者

楠戸 一彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.4, pp.292-297, 1997-11-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

著者

曽我 芳枝

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.297-313, 2008

被引用文献数

1

---

It is thought that the &ldquo;singing dance&rdquo;, a childcare technique advocated by Fr&ouml;bel, was first performed in Japan at Tokyo Women's Normal School Kindergarten, which was opened in 1876 (9th year of the Meiji era). The part played in its introduction by Clara Matsuno, the first senior kindergartner, Fuyu Toyoda, Hama Kondo and others was clearly recorded, but there has been little study of the role played by the <i>Reijin</i> (musicians) belonging to the <i>Gakubu</i> (Japanese Imperial Court Music Department), Board of Ceremonies, Imperial Household Ministry, to whom composition of <i>Hoiku-shoka</i> (childcare songs) was requested, especially in relation to &ldquo;singing dance&rdquo;.<br>In this study, the author attempted to clarify the creation process of the <i>Hoiku-shoka</i> by reference to the <i>Gagaku-roku</i> (The Official Document Of Japanese Imperial Court Music), preserved at the <i>Gagaku-ka</i> (Japanese Imperial Court Music Section) and <i>Shoryobu</i> (Archives and Mausoleum Department, Imperial Household Agency).<br>The research revealed the following facts:<br>1. Creation process of <i>Hoiku-shoka</i><br>1) Teaching place, schedule, honoraries to the <i>Reijin</i><br>2) There was selection examination for the songs chosen (composed) by Hama Kondo, a kindergartner.<br>3) There was a plan to publish the <i>Hoiku-shoka</i>, but its realization took a long time.<br>2. Introducing process of &ldquo;singing dance&rdquo;<br>1) The concerned <i>Reijin</i> not only composed but also choreographed <i>Tamigusa</i>.<br>2) <i>Shinado-no-kaze</i> (Wind of Shinado) was originally a &ldquo;singing dance&rdquo;.<br>3) At the <i>Gakubu-daienshukai</i> (Great recital of dance and music) held on 30th and 31st October, 1880 (13th year of Meiji), the <i>Gagaku-ka</i> was thought to have organized a performance of <i>Hoiku-shoka</i> by the students of Tokyo Women's Normal School and the children of its kindergarten.<br>These findings clarify the contribution of the <i>Reijin</i> of the <i>Gagaku-ka</i> to modernization of kindergarten education early in the Meiji era by not only selection of the <i>Hoiku-shoka</i> but also its involvement in choreography of the &ldquo;singing dance&rdquo; and its teaching.

著者

蔭山 雅洋 大石 祥寛 亀田 麻依 藤井 雅文 北 哲也 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19102, (Released:2020-08-05)

著者

木内 敦詞 荒井 弘和

出版者

一般社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.5, pp.677-688, 2006

---

It has been clarified that self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977) predicts behavior and plays an important role in improving performance. However, there have been no reports of any practical trials for improving sports performance through the development of self-efficacy. The purpose of this study was to propose concrete application of the concept of self-efficacy to sports coaching, using base-running behavior in baseball as a theme. In Study 1, we examined the reliability (internal consistency and stability) of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Base-Running (SES-BR). In Study 2, we examined whether the intervention of the SES-BR could improve the self-efficacy and the performance of base-running as well as psychological competitive abilities such as "decisiveness," "predictive ability," and "judgment." In Study 1, three coaches from a college baseball team extracted 31 types of base-running behavior that are considered critical in baseball games. In order to examine the reliability of the scale, the self-efficacy scores of the fielders in the team (N =24) were measured twice: once on the first day of the season, and again, one week later. The results indicated Cronbach's a =.94 and a test-retest correlation coefficient r =.81 ( p <.001) for the SES-BR, thus verifying the scale's reliability. In Study 2, the college baseball players received cards on which the SES-BR was printed and were instructed to verify the 31 base-running behavioral items every five days. The results revealed a significant increase in the self-efficacy score during the intervention period ( p <.05). Moreover, the base-run errors—an index for base-running performance—decreased due to the intervention of the SES-BR: 8.30/game before the intervention, 6.77/game (-18%) in the first season, and 4.32/game in the second season (-48%). Furthermore, "decisiveness" and the comprehensive evaluation of psychological competitive ability, as evaluated by DIPCA (Tokunaga, 2001), showed significant improvement during the second intervention season ( p <.05 for both). Therefore, the intervention of the SES-BR, which was developed in this study and confirmed to be highly reliable, was suggested as a possible measure for improving self-efficacy and performance in base-running as well as "decisiveness" and overall psychological competitive ability.

著者

木内 敦詞 荒井 弘和 浦井 良太郎 中村 友浩

出版者

一般社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.329-341, 2008

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a physical education program based on behavioral science, which includes homework (project First-Year Physical Education: FYPE) on the health level and lifestyle of first-year college students. The study participants comprised 1,090 male college freshmen from an institute of technology in the Kinki area of Japan (intervention group, N=515; non-intervention group, N=575). The programs that were common to all the classes were as follows (the numbers correspond to the sequence of activities of the program). 1: guidance, 2–4: sports activity, 5: lecture (health science), 6–8: sports activity, 9: lecture (health science), 10–12: sports activity, and 13: summary of the class. Health behavior promotion programs were intended only for the intervention group. The programs comprised (1) education on behavioral change skills (self-monitoring, goal setting, self-reinforcement, and so on), and (2) out-of-class practical assignments such as physical education homework. We evaluated the health level and life habits of the students by using the Diagnostic Inventory of Health and Life Habit (DIHAL; Tokunaga, 2003) and evaluated their physical activity level using the Physical Activity Assessment Scale (PAAS; Wakui & Suzuki, 1997). As a result, significant intervention effects were observed with regard to the DIHAL scales for "Eating," "Resting," and the "Sum of lifestyle," and with regard to the subscales of "Level of physical health," "Eating regularly," "Relaxing," "Sleeping regularly," and the "Fulfillment level of sleep." The PAAS revealed a significant intervention effect with regard to "Daily activity," which indicates the relatively light physical activities in daily life; however, this was not observed with regard to the DIHAL scale of "Exercise." These results clearly indicate that physical education programs based on behavioral science and including homework can improve the overall lifestyle (namely, physical activity, eating, and resting) of first-year college students.

著者

角川 隆明 萬久 博敏 荻田 太

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18053, (Released:2019-02-25)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2

---

Through pressure measurement and underwater motion capture analysis, the aim of this study was to clarify how propulsive forces, Froude efficiency, and stroke parameters change with swimming velocity during front-crawl swimming. Eight male swimmers performed 2 trials, once using pressure measurement and underwater motion capture analysis and once using a MAD system. In the analysis using pressure measurement and underwater motion capture, each swimmer performed 16-m front-crawl swimming 10 times at various velocities. During the trials, pressure forces acting on the hand and hand kinematics were analyzed to obtain the hand propulsive forces at each velocity. In the analysis using the MAD system, each swimmer performed 25-m front-crawl swimming 10 times at various velocities while pushing the pad set under the water, and the propulsive force at each velocity was obtained from the pushing force of the pad. This revealed that the mean propulsive force increased exponentially with the increase in mean swimming velocity, and the propulsive index n was 2.62 on average for the 8 participants. Maximal propulsive forces and maximal propulsive powers at maximum were significantly correlated with the results obtained using the MAD system. Froude efficiency varied considerably among the participants, being 0.54 ± 0.05 on average for all trials.

著者

岡野 憲一 山中 浩敬 九鬼 靖太 谷川 聡

出版者

日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.105-114, 2017

---

This study examined for the first time the correlation between the spike jump (SPJ), an action specific to volleyball, and other jumps among 202 top-level male volleyball players from domestic leagues (84 from the V. League and 118 from the first division of the Kanto University Volleyball Association). We then categorized the ability of the players during stretch-shortening cycle exercise (SSC) to examine the characteristics of SPJ performance and other positions. The results indicated that, on the one hand, ability in both the counter movement jump (CMJ) and rebound jump (RJ) is required for the SPJ, RJ showing more prominence among elite players. On the other hand, for SSC ability, exercise requiring a longer duration, such as the CMJ, was found to be more critical for the SPJ with a one-step run-up. In terms of different player positions, the results suggested that a middle blocker (MB) with a shorter run-up required a jump that exerts force through longer-duration SSC exercise, whereas a wing spiker (WS) with a full run-up demonstrated more ballistic SSC exercise in his jump. On the basis of these findings, this study has shown the importance of evaluating the characteristics of jump performance according to each player position when designing or choosing the most appropriate physical training exercises for volleyball players.<br>

著者

菊政 俊平 國部 雅大

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, pp.237-252, 2020

---

The present study aimed to examine the influence of game situation information, such as inning and score, on the decision making of baseball catchers in a situation requiring directions to teammates on a play. Collegiate baseball catchers (n = 10) watched a series of video images, recorded from the catcher's viewpoint, showing a simulated sacrifice bunt to the pitcher with no outs and a runner at first base. The participants made a decision about instructing the pitcher where to throw the ball (i.e., toward either first or second base) by pressing a button at an appropriate time. The study was conducted under 4 conditions: 1) same score at the top of the first inning, 2) a one-run behind at the top of the ninth inning, 3) same score at the top of the ninth inning, and 4) a one-run lead at the top of the ninth inning. The participants verbally reported their decision-making strategy. The results suggested that the catcher's judgment bias changed depending on the game situation. It was less biased toward first base when their team was behind at the end of the game, compared to when both teams had the same score at the start of the game and when the catcher's team was in the lead at the end. Also, catchers consciously selected a different decision-making strategy depending on the game situation. When both the teams had the same score at the start of the game and when the catcher's team was leading at the end, there was a strong tendency to avoid the risk of a losing score due to an erroneous decision. This tendency was weak when both teams had the same score and when the catcher's team was behind at the end. Furthermore, the catcher's judgment bias changed depending on the consciously selected decision-making strategy. These results suggest that catchers consciously choose a different decision-making strategy depending on the game situation, and that their judgment bias changes according to their choice.

著者

蔭山 雅洋 鈴木 智晴 杉山 敬 和田 智仁 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.14061, (Released:2015-03-17)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

5 3

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between ball velocity and the mechanical power of the lower limbs during pitching motion in 30 collegiate baseball pitchers. Three-dimensional positions of 37 reflective markers attached to the subject were tracked by an optical motion capture system (Mac3D System) with 12 cameras. The ground-reaction forces (GRF) of the pivot and stride legs during pitching were determined using two multicomponent force plates. Pitching motion was assessed in terms of the joint torques, joint torque powers and work done by each of joint in the lower limbs using a three-dimensional motion system. The joint torques of the hip, knee, and ankle were calculated using inverse-dynamics computation of a musculoskeletal human model (nMotion musculous 1.51). Pitching motion was divided into two phases: phase 1 was defined as the time taken from the knee of the stride leg reaching maximal height (MKH; 0%time) to the stride foot making contact with the ground (SFC; 100%time), and phase 2 was defined as the time taken from SFC to the ball being released (REL; 200%time).  These studies revealed that the positive work resulting from hip abduction (r=0.401) and knee extension (r=0.355) of the pivot leg (Phase 1) was positively correlated with ball velocity (p<0.05). The positive work resulting from hip adduction (r=0.359) and knee extension (r=0.409) of the stride leg (Phase 2) was positively correlated with ball velocity (p<0.05). In addition, the pitched ball velocity was positively correlated with pivot hip abduction torque at 74-94%time, pivot hip internal rotation torque at 76-89%time, stride hip adduction torque at 96-114%time, stride hip adduction torque power at 108-114%time, stride knee extension torque at 101-131%time, stride knee extension angular velocities at 158-189%time, and stride knee extension torque power at 156-174%time (p<0.05).  These results indicate that a pitcher with high pitched ball velocity can generate hip abduction and knee extension power of the pivot leg, and that these are increased by hip abduction and hip internal rotation torque when moving the body forward before stride foot contact. In addition, it is suggested that high-ball-velocity pitchers can generate hip abduction and knee extension torque in order to stabilize the body just after stride foot contact, and that these are increased by the knee extension power for increasing trunk rotation and trunk twisting from the first half to the middle of the second phase.  Therefore, the present results indicate that pitchers with a higher ball velocity can generate greater mechanical power of the lower limbs for increasing the energy of trunk rotation and the arm.