著者

小嶌 麻木 中村 潤二 長野 明紀

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.827-836, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

25

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[Objective] Various methodologies have been employed for memory rehabilitation, such as environmental control, improvement of learning methods, compensatory strategy training, or group-based interventions based on the characteristics of the patients. In some cases, however, these approaches have been reported to be inappropriate for patients suffering from marked memory deficit. Therefore, new, more effective approaches for recovery of memory deficit are needed. Several previous studies have reported that physical activity and exercise can affect cognitive function. However, empirical evidence obtained from patients with memory deficit is still insufficient. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of aerobic training on memory ability in a patient with memory deficit. [Methods] The subject was a 48-year-old, right-handed male with memory deficit subsequent to hypoxic encephalopathy. We used an A-B-A single-case experimental design. The word delayed recall task and word fluency task were conducted 10 times in each phase. During the baseline A and washout A-phases, after memorizing 3 words, the subject performed a paper and pencil task for 15 minutes, and thereafter recalled the 3 memorized words and performed the word fluency task. During the B-phase, after memorizing 3 words, the subject pedaled a bicycle ergometer at 50W for 15 minutes, and thereafter performed the recall and word fluency tasks. [Results] Average performance in the delayed recall task was 0±0 words in the baseline A-phase, 2.3±1.1 words in the B-phase, and 0.1±0.3 words in the washout A-phase (F(2,18)=37.098, p<0.0001). That in the word fluency task was 2.7±0.9 words in the baseline A-phase, 2.3±1.3 words in the B-phase, and 3.6±1.3 words in the washout A-phase. [Discussion] These results suggest that aerobic training can lead to recovery of memory deficit. However, although we were able to observe acute effects, comprehensive recovery of cognitive function was not achieved, and the long-term effect was not tested. Further research is needed in this area.

著者

菅野 淳

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第53回(2002) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.60, 2002-08-30 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

鈴木 康弘 佐藤 三佳子 森松 文毅 高松 薫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.159-169, 2004-03-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

3 9

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The histidine-containing dipeptide carnosine (p-alanyl-L-histidine) exists widely in the skeletal muscle of vertebrates. The biological role of carnosine has not been well established, but it is believed to act as a cytosolic buffering agent. We prepared an extract of chicken breast meat that is an abundant source of carnosine and its related dipeptide anserine (β-alanyl-1-methyl-L-histidine). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of extract (CBEX^<TM>) supplementation on high-intensity intermittent exercise performance. Eight male subjects performed two experimental trials (CBEX and placebo treatment). Each trial consisted of two intermittent cycle ergometer sprints separated by a 20-min recovery period. Intermittent exercise consisted often 5-s maximal sprints with 25-s of recovery between each sprint. The subjects were given 190 g of experimental soup containing either 40 g of CBEX or no CBEX 30 min before each trial. Anserine and its related amino acid in plasma were detectable 30 min after CBEX supplementation. However, plasma carnosine was not detectable. In the CBEX group, the subjects exhibited high power during the latter half of intermittent exercise compared with the placebo group. These results suggest that pre-exercise CBEX supplementation improves intermittent exercise performance, possibility by restraining the decrease of intracellular pH and thereby delaying the onset of fatigue.

著者

湯 海鵬

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.161-169, 1995-09-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

1

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A technique is presented for determining the angular momentum of the human body about its mass centre for general three-dimensional movements. The three orthogonal components of the angular momentum X, Y, and Z of 15 body segments composed of a transfer term and a local term were computed. The total angular momentum of the whole body was considered to be composed of the sum of the angular momentum of each body segment. The three-dimensional coordinates for determining the angular momentum were computed by a Direct Linear Transformation Method from film data. For calculated individual angular momentum the relative error is estimated to be within 7.2%. The application of the principle of conservation of angular momentum was discussed for the jumping smash of badminton. A large angular momentum was generated by rotation of the smash arm during the airborne phases. The lower limbs react upon the arm with an equal and opposite angular momentum to keep the angular momentum constant. This kind of counter rotation to the smash arm was useful to keep the body balance and reinforce the hitting arm.

著者

内山 治樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19061, (Released:2019-11-15)

参考文献数

45

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The purpose of this study was to clarify guidelines for cooperation within an entity known as a “team” that transcend the individual, based on the theory that universal validity criteria and norms that are inherent in them play an important role in team victory. For this purpose, procedures were taken to outline team values and then formulate guidelines that are universally valid by extracting value criteria and normative principles from the analysis. The study results were as follows. 1) It was suggested that criteria allowing distinction between acceptable and nonacceptable actions performed by the team are essential for collaboration among individual athletes, and that conversely, a convergence of various values occurs among athletes. 2) The success or failure of collaborative acts should be based on 2 criteria: “whether or not team performance can be improved,” and “whether or not individual athletes can be satisfied.” In addition, it was clarified that teams and individuals acted in a binary manner, allowing the team to inspire individual athletes, while at the same time individual athletes inspired the team. 3) Finally, it was concluded that team victory is supported and ordered by 2 criteria with a normative principle that “personal assets accumulated through standard value judgments of ‘whether or not personal talents are utilized’ do not reside with the individual as a right of nonaggression, but must be used for the team as a whole in accordance with its needs.” It is anticipated that the present findings will not only help to solve practical problems in team sports, but will also contribute to the debate over athletic capability, which plays an important role in establishing team performance.

著者

柴山 一仁 貴嶋 孝太 森丘 保典 櫻井 健一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18120, (Released:2019-07-05)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

2

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The present study aimed to define the phases of the 110m hurdle race and to clarify the relationship between the race pattern and performance of elite hurdlers. Seventy-six male hurdlers (groups: G1, 12.94–13.38 s, n = 24; G2, 13.40–13.68 s, n = 26; G3, 13.70–14.16 s, n = 26) participating in official competitions were videotaped using high-speed video cameras panning from start to finish (239.76 or 299.70 Hz). The landing step after hurdling was defined as the first step, and the take-off step was defined as the fourth step. The timing of each step and each interval (from touchdown on the landing step to the next landing step) were calculated. Intervals were divided into the acceleration phase (G1: from 1st to 2nd, G2 and G3: 1st), maximum velocity phase (G1: from 3rd to 5th, G2 and G3: from 2nd to 5th) and deceleration phase (G1, G2 and G3: from 6th to 9th). The results obtained were as follows: 1) Faster hurdlers sprinted with a shorter time and a larger mean interval velocity in all phases; 2) G1 had longer acceleration segments and larger acceleration from the acceleration phase to maximum velocity phase than G2 and G3 because of the larger increase in the frequency of the second step; however, deceleration from the maximum velocity phase to the deceleration phase showed no significant difference according to performance; and 3) the pattern of change in the mean interva3l velocity during the race was similar between G2 and G3. These results indicate that athletes in G2 need to improve their race pattern to achieve a larger acceleration in the 2nd interval by sprinting with a larger increase in the frequency of the second step. Improvement of the race pattern is less important for G3. Additionally, G2 and G3 need to improve their sprinting velocity to obtain a higher frequency at the fourth step.

著者

梶田 和宏 川村 卓 島田 一志 八木 快

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.319-320, 2015

著者

竹﨑 一真

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19025, (Released:2019-11-08)

参考文献数

50

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In postwar Japan, the United States (US) could be viewed as Japan’s “significant other.” The US had a considerable cultural impact on Japan and was responsible for alterations in postwar Japanese identity. Of particular importance was the influence of the US on the popular view of body form. The postwar restructuring of Japan’s national identity included the adoption of new views of the body as a result of US influence. This study investigated the culture of male beauty/body (bodybuilding) that emerged in Japan during the postwar period of occupation, and revealed how “male beauty” consciousness was generated in relation to nationalism by focusing on (1) the social context in which “male beauty/body culture” emerged and (2) the changes in conceptions of masculinity and body consciousness. This analysis yielded the following results: (1) Bodybuilding emerged in the social context of the occupation/reconstruction period and from a masculine crisis of male feminization in Japan. It was developed by the Japan Bodybuilding Association (JBA) as part of a movement to create “new Japanese men”. (2) However, bodybuilding was criticized as being feminine, linked to homosexuality, and leading to a useless “Hercules-type” body. (3) In response to this criticism, the JBA shifted its aim from the acquisition of a burly, Herculean build to one of a healthy and functional (“Hermes-type”) body that represented harmony between the body and the spirit. The aim of this shift was to gain legitimacy for bodybuilding as a masculine act. In addition to these aims in trying to help create “new Japanese men”, the JBA also intended to legitimize male bodybuilding culture within a national context, seeking to popularize and expand its activity by criticizing the American “Hercules-type” body while promoting the “Hermes-type” body preferred in Japan. In this way, discourse concerning the legitimacy of male beauty/body (bodybuilding) culture developed in conjunction with nationalism, and created an important forum for consideration of the ideal Japanese male body form.

著者

水野 忠文 猪飼 道夫 丹羽 昇 浅見 高明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.204, 1965-06-10 (Released:2016-12-31)

被引用文献数

1

著者

岡部 祐介 友添 秀則 春日 芳美

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.129-142, 2012

被引用文献数

2

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<i>Konjo</i> is the willpower necessary to endure suffering, and for making an effort, having become a word in daily use in society, as well as in sports. The purpose of this study was to clarify the opportunity and the factors responsible for the transformation of <i>konjo</i> in Japanese society in the 1960s. Our study focused on three points: 1) Clarifying how the meaning of the word <i>konjo</i> changed in the 1960s, from its dictionary definition and usage in newspaper articles. 2) Clarifying the situation in which <i>konjo</i> became popular through the Tokyo Olympic Games, and its spread to the sports community and to society. 3) Considering the factors responsible for the transformation of <i>konjo</i>, and to propose a hypothesis that could account for it.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;Our conclusions were as follows: 1) The meaning of <i>konjo</i> evolved from a negative context of &ldquo;a fundamental character and mindset with which a person is born&rdquo; to a positive context of &ldquo;a strong, resilient character that cannot be suppressed&rdquo; and &ldquo;a strong motivation to accomplish an aim&rdquo; at the beginning of the 1960s. 2) <i>Konjo</i> was considered to the spiritual keynote for athletes at the Tokyo Olympic Games. Hirobumi Daimatsu's &ldquo;<i>konjo</i> theory&rdquo; had the persuasive reason by winning &ldquo;Oriental Witches&rdquo; championship at the Tokyo Olympics. In view of these factors, we considered that <i>konjo</i> was interpreted as a popularized moral virtue by society, and impacted on both education and popular culture. 3) We considered that the concept of <i>konjo</i> became transformed and was used to promote competitiveness in sports at the Tokyo Olympics as part of the strategy for &ldquo;character building&rdquo;. It also played a role in bolstering human resources that played a key role in economic development during the 1960s, and thus was of strategic value. The considerations listed above show that the Tokyo Olympic Games played an important role in the transformation of the concept of <i>konjo</i> in the 1960s.<br>

著者

尾縣 貢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.Report, pp.R11_1-R11_18, 2015 (Released:2015-07-15)

著者

高橋 豪仁

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第40回(1989) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.136, 1989-09-10 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

上地 広昭 森丘 保典 尾山 健太

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.455-469, 2012 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1 1

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This study sought to develop an instrument for assessment of motivation for exercise, the Exercise Orientation Scale, and use it to examine the relationship between exercise orientation and use of a behavioral change technique in an exercise setting. In Study 1 designed to develop the scale, we employed 204 elementary school students, 310 junior high school students, and 252 university students. Factor analysis of the 18-item Exercise Orientation Scale revealed a six-factor structure comprising (1) relatedness orientation, (2) discipline orientation, (3) fulfillment orientation, (4) practice orientation, (5) reward orientation, and (6) superiority orientation. The scale was found to have reliability and validity. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine differences in exercise orientation by sex and developmental stage. The scores for fulfillment orientation, reward orientation, and relatedness orientation differed significantly between boys and girls: boys had significantly higher fulfillment and reward orientation scores, while girls had significantly higher relatedness orientation scores. Almost all orientation scores for elementary school students were significantly higher than those for the older groups. In Study 2, the participants were 195 university students. Covariance structure analysis revealed that content-related motivation (i.e. the practice, discipline, and fulfillment orientation factors) in particular predicted the use of a behavioral change technique to promote exercise participation. Moreover, fulfillment orientation was directly related to the duration of exercise participation. The results of these studies suggest that content-related motivation promotes exercise participation via the use of a behavioral change technique.

著者

岡野 憲一 九鬼 靖太 秋山 央 谷川 聡

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.355-366, 2018-06-10 (Released:2018-06-20)

参考文献数

32

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This study focused on volleyball spike jump performance. We classified players based on different types of jumping ability and tested the effects of strength training and plyometrics for each type of ability. Players who excelled in their ability to acquire greater impulse (countermovement jump or CMJ type) showed no significant changes in spike jump height with strength training (improvement in maximum muscle strength), but demonstrated a significant improvement in jump height after plyometrics. In contrast, players with outstanding execution of ballistic movement (rebound jump or RJ type) showed a significant improvement in their spike jump height with strength training (an improvement in maximum muscle strength), but a significant loss of jump height after plyometrics. This reveals that the same training program results in players jumping lower or higher, depending on the jump type. When formulating training to improve the jump height of volleyball players, these results suggest that the type of training must be selected based on the individual player’s jumping ability.

著者

横山 泰行

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.111-122, 1982-09-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

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To investigate the somatotype in the male and female physical education majors, the Sheldon's Trunk Index and Heath-Carter's Anthropometric Methods were applied to 25 male and 24 female college students. Comparisons of the trunk index and anthropometric methods of assessing physique types were made in the rating scores of the somatotype components. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The means of the three somatotype components (endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy) as assessed by the trunk index and anthropometric techniques for the male subjects were 2.8-4.9-2.9 and 2.4-5.0-3.1. 2) The means of the three somatotype components as assessed by the two methods for the female subjects were 3.6-4.7-2.5 and 4.5-4.5-2.0. 3) The differences between the means for the endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic components as assessed by the two methods in the male subjects were not significant by application of the t ratio. 4) The difference between the endomorphic means as assessed by the two methods was significant at the 0.01 level in the female subjects. The higher mean was obtained by the anthropometric method. The mesomorphic and ectomorphic means were not significant between the two methods. 5) The correlations between the trunk index and anthropometric methods for the three somatotype components at two sexes were significant beyond the 0.05 level or the 0.01 level. 6) The endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy correlation coefficients between the two methods were 0.514, 0.446, 0.891 in the male subjects and 0.622, 0.554, 0.817 in the female subjects. 7) The distributions of the male physical education majors into Primary Endomorph, Mesomorph, Ectomorph, Endomesomorphy and Mid-type on the basis of the trunk index and anthropometric assessments were 0-16-1-0-8 and 0-14-1-1-9. The distributions of the female physical edncation majors were 3-10-0-1-10 and 4-5-0-5-10.

著者

加賀 秀雄 鈴本 敏夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第36回(1985) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.85, 1985-08-20 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

田中 美吏 柄木田 健太 村山 孝之 田中 ゆふ 五藤 佳奈

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17120, (Released:2018-04-16)

参考文献数

54

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Motor behavior couples with several types of environmental information perceived by actors. The phenomenon by which perceptions are distorted by the psychological state of an actor, including motivation, desire, and anxiety, is known as dynamic perception, and many athletes experience this under the psychological pressure of competition. The effects of pressure on the perception of target size before (pre-performance judgement) and after (post-performance judgement) a dart-throwing task and the relationship between size perception and performance outcome in the task were investigated experimentally. Healthy novice female university students (N=20) participated in the experiment. Pressure manipulations included performance contingent competitive cash rewards and comparative others. The results indicated that psychological and physiological stress responses were successfully induced, as indexed by significant increases in state anxiety and heart rate under pressure. Moreover, there were no significant differences in pre- and post-performance size perception between pressure and nonpressure conditions in all participants. However, participants with reduced throwing accuracy under pressure, as compared with non-pressure, perceived the target to be smaller under pressure in post-performance judgement. It is possible that attentional change including conscious processing and distraction, as well as kinematic changes, led to a decrement of motor skills performance that might have caused perceptual distortion under pressure. Exploratory multiple regression analysis to identify factors leading to perceptual distortions of target size under pressure indicated that participants reporting larger trait anxiety judged the target to be smaller in only preperformance judgement.

著者

山岡 誠一 蜂須賀 弘久 桝岡 義明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.4, pp.203-212,4, 1967-03-25 (Released:2016-12-31)

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As compared with the physical fitness between children and adults from point of view of energy metabolism, the results are as follows. In the case of sprint, oxygen requirement of adults is more than that of children because adults are faster in speed than children. But in the case of giving the same load to children and adults at bicycle work, there is no difference in oxygen requirement between them. Moreover, in the exercise in proportion to each physique (body weight), oxygen requirement of children is less than that of adults, and comparing oxygen requirement per body weight, we don't see the difference.

著者

中房 敏朗

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第37回(1986) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.95, 1986-10-01 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

片岡 康子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, 1975