著者

安西 祐一郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.234-260, 2017-06-01 (Released:2017-12-01)

参考文献数

203

被引用文献数

1

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“Sharing of information” is one of the fundamentals of any interaction among humans, and any interaction including other kinds of participants. This article presents a theory of interaction by information sharing, regarding an interaction as: a set of internal processes constituted by participants’ first-person inferences, with which each participant, as a goal-directed adaptive information processing system, tries to change its internal state to make it easier to realize the composite goal state constructed by the participant’s first-person inference on goal states of the self, the second persons, and the third persons. It appends related studies from developmental science and cognitive neuroscience, and from the research on human-robot interaction conducted in our laboratory as well.

著者

内海 彰

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.249-266, 2013-06-01 (Released:2014-11-28)

参考文献数

91

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This paper reviews research on computational approaches to metaphor comprehen-sion, and discusses some general issues on the study of language and cognition, i.e.,embodied cognition and roles of computational models in research on language and cog-nition. The reason for choosing metaphors as the topic of this paper is that metaphors pervade language, involve intricately related processes, and provoke interdisciplinary in-terests. Because of these features, computational studies of metaphor can provide many useful insights into the characteristics and possible roles of computational models.

著者

川上 直秋 吉田 富二雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.318-329, 2013-09-01 (Released:2014-12-05)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

---

We examined the effect of subliminal mere exposure on the implicit group evaluation,focusing on the typicality of group members. Recent researches on the mere exposure effects have suggested the important roles of the cognitive factors on preference forma-tion. We considered the exposures to non-typical members in a group as the factor of heterogeneity, investigating the optimum level of heterogeneity to improve the implicit “Otaku” evaluation. We hypothesized that exposure to a few heterogeneous members in a group would have a stronger effect. In the experiment, ten group members were subliminally presented as “Otaku”, and the number of the typical members in the ten members was manipulated. Then their implicit “Otaku” evaluations were measured using the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT). The results showed that the exposure to the seven typical and three non-typical members produced the most powerful effects in all conditions, whereas the exposures which contained more non-typical members than typical members had no effect. The roles of heterogeneity in mere exposure effect and implications for the unconsciousness of the higher mental processes were discussed.

著者

小橋 康章

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.4, pp.498-500, 2006 (Released:2008-11-13)

著者

村上 晴美 米澤 好史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.230-243, 2002-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

---

We obtained fifty-two recall data when the titles of twenty well-known Japanese songs that most Japanese people learn in school were given. Song memory is based on the associative chaining of units of melody and lyrics. The parts found to be well memorized were the beginning of the songs, parts that share words with the titles, and the end of the songs. We found various kinds of errors in the recall of song lyrics, which we classified into four groups: song confusion, lyrics confusion, word construction, and misused characters. The primary constraints on word construction are the number of syllables, vowels, parts of speech, and syntactic contexts. Word construction is based on rationalization that transfers things reasonable and natural to information receivers. We found some interesting errors that change the image of the original song lyrics. Based on these findings, we present a model for recalling songs from a title and a model of error recall in Japanese songs.

著者

鈴木 宏昭 植田 一博 堤 江美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.1_14-1_25, 1998-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

12

---

A series of experiments was conducted to explore sources of difficulties in manipulating daily electronic appliances. In realizing users' goals, these appliances require users to decompose their goals to a set of subtasks in a specific way. We hypothesize that users who have extreme difficulties do not decompose the task or that their decompositions are different from the one that designers assume. To test this hypothesis, we compared the performance of those who had been taught the general idea of task decompsition with that of the control group, using a copy machine. The results of the two experiments showed that the trained group achieved the tasks faster with fewer errors than the control group. The experiment 3 examined this task decomposition hypothesis, using a refined copier that visualized the idea of task decompostion. The results showed that the refined copier reduced errors at the early stages of learning. These results strongly support the idea that users' difficulties lie mainly in the task decomposition.

著者

白水 始 齊藤 萌木

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.492-503, 2015-12-01 (Released:2016-06-01)

参考文献数

35

著者

徳永 弘子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.216-216, 2015-03-01 (Released:2015-09-15)

参考文献数

3

著者

小倉 加奈代 田中 唯太 西本 一志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

日本認知科学会大会発表論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.877-884, 2012

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In this paper, we try to analyze serving food to reveal a situation of “the last on piece of food”. When we analyzed video data of table talks with some platters, we focused on serving food for each platter and for dining table. As a result, we confirmed situations of suspending serving foods from middle stage to end often occurred. In addition, we found after suspending serving food, serving food occurred continuously for short time span. A series of suspending and activating serving food is important for us to handle a situation of “the last one piece of food”.

著者

永井 由佳里 田浦 俊春 佐野 宏太郎 保井 亜弓

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.506-524, 2010 (Released:2011-03-08)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

6 2

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In the creative design process, it is difficult to observe the creative process from an inner perspective when people are deeply engaged in their work. The reason behind this is that the people who are absorbed in the work are assumed to have entered the flow state. Moreover, an external observation of the design process fails to grasp the designers' thoughts since they are stimulated by intrinsic motivation and formed owing to inner dynamics.The aim of the study described in this paper is to propose a method to observe the internal thoughts elicited during the creative design process by extending Reflections and Poietiques. This method comprises three stages: (1) the creative design process, (2) the formulation of two reports on the designer's work by the designer and a third person (art researcher), and (3) the formulation of another report by the designer after examining both the reports created in the second stage. The process of self-formation is expected to begin in the third stage. The observation is determined to be established, on condition that the self-formation is confirmed during this observation process.We applied this method to a space-designing project. The three reports were analyzed, both quantitatively and qualitatively, and a number of observations that were not included in the previous two reports were identified in the third report. Following these analyses, we could confirm that the process of self-formation was initiated in the third stage and the observation was complete.

著者

高橋 麻衣子 田中 章浩

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.595-603, 2011 (Released:2013-04-09)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

3

---

This study investigated cognitive processing during silent and oral reading. We focused on the allocation of cognitive resources required for reading comprehension and phonological representation. We examined the utilization of cognitive resources by observing the effect of concurrent tapping on the comprehension of visually presented sentences. We also analyzed the impact of the presentation of irrelevant speech on reading comprehension. Thirty-two participants read sentences both silently and orally. Each reading task was performed under four multiple-task conditions: no-tap⁄no-speech, no-tap⁄speech, tap⁄no-speech, and tap⁄speech. The results indicated that for silent reading, tapping interfered with reading comprehension. Irrelevant speech also interfered with reading comprehension when the readers did not perform the tapping. However, when the readers performed the tapping during the silent reading task, there was no additional disruptive effect of the irrelevant speech. In contrast, for oral reading, neither tapping nor irrelevant speech interfered with reading comprehension. Moreover, there was no interaction between the effects of tapping and irrelevant speech when the participants read the sentences orally. These findings suggest that more cognitive resources are used for silent reading comprehension than for oral reading comprehension. Also, more cognitive resources during silent reading are required to use the phonological representations constructed internally and to support reading comprehension.

著者

田浦 俊春 永井 由佳里

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.66-82, 2010 (Released:2010-10-22)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

8

---

Thus far, cognitive studies on concept have not focused on its creative features. The process of concept generation is still an open issue. In order to clarify the concept generation process, we discuss design from the perspective of creativity. First, we consider previous studies on design and segregate design into three categories: drawing, problem solving, and pursuit of the ideal. Next, we discuss each category from three perspectives: time direction, driving force, and creativity as a rational novelty. Following this, we define the generation process of a design image as a model of concept generation related to metaphors, abductions, and operations of abstract concepts. Finally, we redefine design -- that is the process of composing a desirable figure toward the future -- and address that creativity in design is a criterion for the desirable figure on the basis of the knowledge gained from our studies.

著者

青山 征彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.164-174, 2012 (Released:2014-07-22)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

2

---

The concept of agency has been frequently discussed in recent years. In this article,I examine Actor Network Theory and the concept of hybrid collective, both of which propose agency as a hybrid of human and non-human actors. In this theory, human actors and non-human actors are completely symmetrical and equivalent in their analytical procedure. While this symmetry is instructive in emphasizing the importance of non-human agency, it is also problematic in understanding the actualities of agency. To appreciate the concept of agency more precisely, it should be considered as a recursive,dynamic and historical achievement. Agency is an important concept; its theoretical distinctiveness will have an active influence upon the field of psychology and cognitive science.

著者

中村 誠 橋本 敬 東条 敏

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.282-298, 2004 (Released:2007-04-13)

参考文献数

30

---

Creole is one of the main topics in the fields concerning the language change and evolution, such as sociolinguistics, the developmental psychology of language and so on. Our purpose in this paper is to develop an evolutionary theory of language to study the emergence of creole. We discuss how the emergence of creole is dealt with regard to population dynamics. We modify the language dynamics equations by Komarova et al., so as to include the generation parameter ‘t’. From the viewpoint of the population dynamics, we give the definition of creole as a language, which is predefined by the universal grammar together with pre-existing languages. We show experimental results, in which we could observe the emergence of creole. Furthermore, we analyze the condition of creolization in terms of similarity among languages.

著者

松井 哲也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.536-541, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

30

---

In the field of HAI, the “model of others” is widely researched and used. In this paper, the author pointed out the problems of the “model of others” based research. These problems are as follows: inconsistency of real-world interaction, the problem about synchronous and asynchronous, and ethical problems. The author discusses these problems and suggests the prospect of updating the “model of others”.

著者

甘利 俊一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.5-13, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

1

---

Deep learning makes it possible to recognize patterns, play games, process and translate sentences, or do other works by learning from examples. It sometimes outperforms humans for some specific problems. Then, there naturally arises a fundamental question how different are the ways of information processing in deep learning and humans. To answer this question, we recapitulate the history of AI and deep learning shortly. We then show that deep learning generates very high-dimensional experimental formulae of interpolation and extrapolation. Humans do similar, but after finding the experimental formulae, they search for the reasons why such formulae work well. Humans search for fundamental principles underlying phenomena in the environment whereas deep learning does not. Humans cognize and understand the world they live in with consciousness. Furthermore, humans have a mind. Humans have obtained mind and consciousness through a long history of evolution, which deep learning does not. What is the role of mind and consciousness for cognition and understanding? The human brain has an excellent ability of prediction (as well as other animals), which is fundamental for surviving in the severe environment. However, humans have developed the ability of postdiction, which reviews the action plan based on a prediction before execution by integrating various pieces of evidence. This is an important function of consciousness, which deep learning does not have.

著者

坂井田 瑠衣 諏訪 正樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.110-125, 2015-03-01 (Released:2015-09-15)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

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We interact with others even without utterances, because observation of others’bod-ily motions often enables guessing their intentions. Others’bodily motions serve as amajor resource for mutual action and collaboration. In this article, we have analyzed,qualitatively with multimodal and fine-grained transcripts, “implicit collaborations”that are constituted by not only utterances but also bodily motions, and have revealedthe way people organize those. The example domain we have selected is a table cookingof “monja-yaki”, because implicit collaboration occurs frequently during cooking. Ourfindings are the following: (1) reading appropriate timing based on observations of eachother’s bodily motions made smooth transitions of cooking phases successful, and (2)even when the current speaker, addressing a certain hearer, asked a question and the hearer did not make an oral reply, the lack of reply did not cause any problem in theircommunication if the hearer intended to reply by his or her bodily motions, and thespeaker properly attended to those. This way, communication and/or collaborationhold even without oral turn-taking.

著者

宮澤 史穂 田中 章浩 西本 武彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.122-130, 2012 (Released:2013-12-27)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

---

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between pitch rehearsal and phonological rehearsal with regard to working memory. We conducted a dual-task experiment using musical tones and speech sounds. A standard-comparison task was the primary task and a suppression task was the secondary task. The participants were asked to engage in articulatory or musical suppression while they maintain speech sounds (phonological information) or musical tones (pitch information). Under articulatory suppression, the participants were asked to say “a, i, u” repeatedly; under musical suppression, they were asked to hum in three pitches (e.g., do, re, mi) repeatedly. The results revealed that articulatory suppression decreased the performance of recognition of phonological information but not of pitch information. Moreover, musical suppression decreased the performance of recognition of pitch information but not of phonological information. This implies that ariticulatory suppression selectively interfered with the rehearsals of speech sounds, and musical supersession selectively interfered with the rehearsals of musical tones. Consequently, the results suggest that pitch rehearsal is independent from phonological rehearsal.

著者

上野 直樹 ソーヤー りえこ 茂呂 雄二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.173-186, 2014-03-01 (Released:2015-02-02)

参考文献数

24

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According to the viewpoint of this paper, artifacts can be regarded as a socio-technological arrangement. Further, agency is not independent from a socio-technological arrangement but is something emerging from a socio-technological ar-rangement, while agency has traditionally been defined as a human capacity of having needs and preferences and of seeing possible actions. If so, the design of an artifact is not the design of a single artifact but the design of a socio-technological arrangement and of agency. Thus, in this paper, first of all, we attempt concretely to analyze the design of an artifact as that of socio-technological arrangement, based on our field-works concerning the cases of open data and integrated learning. Second, we show how agency emerges from a socio-technological arrangement, also based on our fieldworks. Third, we propose some viewpoints for designing artifacts dependent on the first and the second analysis.

著者

長谷川 眞理子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.2, pp.168-178, 1999-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

26

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Following the major paradigm shift from group selection to gene selection, game theoretical approach came into the study of animal behaviour as a powerful tool. Vast aspects of animal beheaviour are thought to be under one or other kind of game situation, and under those circumstances, evolutionary game theory often predicts the coexistence of more than 2 different strategies in one population. Evolutionarily Stable Strategy is the key concept to understand those situations. Game theoretical approaches have played an important role in the study of animal conflict, communication, cooperation, habitat selection, etc. In traditional game theory which are used in social sciences, strategies are assumed to be adopted by rational choice. In evolutionary game theory, each strategy has a genetic basis and the outcome of the competition among them are determined through natural selection. In the analysis of human behaviour, it is not yet clear what is the basic adaptive architecture of the workings of our brain and how cultural contexts insert influence on them. Nor are we yet successful to give full scientific explanation to the origin and maintenance of different types of cultures. However, evolutionary game theory makes a host of testable predictions about human behavioural diversity. It will be productive both for behavioural ecology and human social sciences to reconsider human behaviour from the evolutionary perspective.