著者

小亀 淳

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.4, pp.319-337, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

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Current explanations for the mirror reversal problem assume in common left and right symmetry and⁄or the three dimensional rotation about a vertical axis as the necessary condition. However, it is possible to prove that such theories include logical contradiction because of confusing understanding of the meaning of reversal on images of various objects placed in front of the plane mirror. To obtain right answer, first of all, we should have correct understanding about what is the true meaning of the mirror reversal problem itself, and also should understand different cognitive methods of the reversal of direction. A new reliable solution of the problem independent of these two assumptions (symmetry and rotation) is proposed using a new definition of our right and left based on the clockwise or counterclockwise rotation. In addition, by a “vision coordinate system” or “head axes” which can be physically defined, the logic explaining the mirror reversal becomes simpler and broadly available for sophisticated cases of human mirror images

著者

服部 雅史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.408-427, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

8

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Many fallacies and biases in human reasoning and judgment have been reported individually, but their relationships have rarely been argued, and we are still far from a unified psychological theory of thinking. In this paper, equiprobability is proposed as a key concept in human thinking from a Bayesian probabilistic perspective. The importance of the equiprobability assumption, together with the rarity assumption and a tendency to seek information, is suggested from the results of our probabilistic approaches to various tasks. These tasks include deduction, induction, and probability judgment, including the Wason selection task, covariation assessment, hypothesis testing, and base-rate neglect. People seem to have a general tendency to assume the equiprobability of any two target events they encounter. Using ideas obtained from studies of inference in animals and in people with schizophrenia, the adaptive implications of symmetrical inference, based on its relationships with the phylogenetic origins of human creativity, language, and social intelligence, are discussed.

著者

柴田 克成 後藤 祐樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.96-117, 2017-03-01 (Released:2017-09-01)

参考文献数

111

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It is propounded that in order to avoid the “frame problem” or “symbol grounding problem” and to create a way to analyze and realize human-like intelligence with higher functions, it is not enough just to introduce deep learning, but it is significant to get out of deeply penetrated “division into functional modules” and to take the approach of “function emergence through end-to-end reinforcement learning.” The functions that have been shown to emerge according to this approach in past works are summarized,and the reason for the difficulty in the emergence of thinking that is a typical higher function is made clear.  It is claimed that the proposed hypothesis that exploration grows towards think-ing through learning, becomes a key to break through the difficulty. To realize that,“reinforcement learning using a chaotic neural network” in which adding external ex-ploration noises is not necessary is introduced. It is shown that a robot with two wheels and a simple visual sensor can learn an obstacle avoidance task by using this new reinforcement learning method.

著者

Mik Lamming Mike Flynn

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.1_16-1_25, 1995-02-28 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

484

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コンピュータは記憶を助ける道具である一方, 人間の記憶負荷を驚くほど増加させてもいる. 「Forget-me-not」は, エピソード記憶に似た方法でデータを体制化し, 日常記憶の課題を支援するために開発中のコンピューティング・モデルである. 身につけることの可能なこのモデルは, 利用者とともに移動し, 利用者が遭遇する人や機器からの信号を記録することで利用者の出会ったエピソードを記憶する. 利用者は記憶の断片から「Forget-me-not」の検索機能を使って, 自分でも忘れかけている出来事を思い出すことができる. 本稿では開発中のモデルの仕様と実際の使用例について紹介する.

著者

寺澤 洋子 星-芝 玲子 柴山 拓郎 大村 英史 古川 聖 牧野 昭二 岡ノ谷 一夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.112-129, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2

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Music induces a wide range of emotions. However, the influence of physiological functions on musical emotions needs further theoretical considerations. This paper summarizes the physical and physiological functions that are related to musical emo-tions, and proposes a model for the embodied communication of musical emotions based on a discussion on the transmission of musical emotions across people by sharing move-ments and gestures. In this model, human with musical emotion is represented with (1) the interfaces of perception and expression (senses, movements, facial and vocal expressions), (2) an internal system of neural activities including the mirror system and the hormonal secretion system that handles responses to musical activities, and (3) the musical emotion that is enclosed in the internal system. Using this model, mu-sic is the medium for transmitting emotions, and communication of musical emotions is the communication of internal emotions through music and perception/expression interfaces. Finally, we will discuss which aspect in music functions to encourage the communication of musical emotions by humans.

著者

城 綾実 細馬 宏通

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.103-119, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

9

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How do participants in multi-party conversations project and coordinate the timing and content of their gestures when such gestures are exchanged simultaneously? This paper considers examples of the Simultaneous Gestural Matching (SGM) of spontaneous gestures to examine gestural coordination during conversation. Detailed analyses show that (1) the first utterance of an adjacent pair projects the timing and content of the subsequent gesture; (2) the first recipient initiates a gesture unit or a phrase to respond to the first part of the pair; (3) the other recipients provide gestures that synchronize with the gesture of the first recipient; (4) the parties focus their eye movements on monitoring the gestures made by other participants; (5) the parties control the micro-timing of the gesture phases in the gesture unit or the phrase; and (6) the entire SGM process enables differences in gestures to reveal differences among the parties in terms of their knowledge about the topic. We constructed a simple model of SGM for purposes of further discussion.

著者

VERA Alonso H. SIMON Herbert A.

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.5-15, 1995-02-25

参考文献数

11

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本論文では, 状況的行為 (Situated Action: 以下SA) アプローチと記号処理アプローチとの違いについて, 記号の概念, 表象, プラン, インタラクションの4点で検討する.<br>第一に, SA派は物理記号系仮説が人間の日常の認知には不適切だと主張しているが, 彼らは記号概念を誤解している. 物理記号系においては, 記号とは「何かを指示するパターン」である. それは感覚刺激から形成され, 記憶に貯えられ, 処理され, 運動を生じるものである. ところがSA派は, 物理記号系の「記号」は言語のような明示的な意味解釈を受けるものに限られており, 道の曲がり具合や温度計の水銀柱の高さといった日常生活で扱われている非言語的な「信号」を扱うことができないと誤解している.<br>第二に, SA派は表象が不要であると主張する. 確かにある種の状況においては行為者の持つ表象は単純なもので間に合うが, 表象を持たずに知的な行為をするシステムは未だかつて記述されたことがない. 少なくとも行為が合目的的である限り, 目標や目標と状況や行為との関係については表象されていなければならない. さもなければ, 行動主義心理学に戻ってしまう. また, 生態学的アプローチでは, 行為者と環境との関係である「アフォーダンス」は直接に知覚され, 何のプロセスも必要としないという. しかし, メンタル・プロセスが無意識あるいは意識下で生じるということは, それらが記号処理プロセスでないという証拠にはならない. また, 行為が柔軟であるということは, すべてが新しく生成されていることを意味しない.<br>第三に, SA派の言うように行為はしばしばプランなしに行われる. しかし, それは人間がプランを全く用いていないことを意味しない. プランは常に抽象的であり, 実行時に下位レベルの実装を必要とする. また, プラン通りに遂行されるかどうかは, その遂行途中で生じる出来事に依存している. プランの重要な特徴は, 状況的な行為を必要とするような機会を最小化することにある. ゆえに, 人間がプランを形成し, 行動がそれに影響されることと, 多くの行為が状況的であることとの間には, 何の矛盾もない.<br>第四に, SA派はインタラクションを重視し, アフォーダンスを引き出して適切に反応することによって, 環境に適応できるのだと主張する. しかし, それは環境が比較的独立な構成要素に分割でき, システムが備える方略で間に合うほど環境が単純である場合に限られる. 方略が用意されていない状況は無視されてしまうため, システムは不適応な行動をとることになる.<br>結局, SA派のように, もし研究の目的がSuchmanらが研究したようなコピーをとるというような課題を活動として理解することならば, 活動に注目するのは適切であり, 人間は活動の中の相互作用的構成要素として研究されれば十分である. しかし, その状況の中で人間は思考している. われわれの目的が, 人間が外界とどのように相互作用するかを理解することであるなら, 思考のプロセスに注目することが重要である. 記号派とSA派を分けているのは異なる課題と行動への注目である. 問題は両者の知見をどう統合するかであり, 両者を共約不可能なパラダイムと考えていては認知の理解は進まない.

著者

白水 始 三宅 なほみ 益川 弘如

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.254-267, 2014-06-01 (Released:2015-02-10)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

8

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This paper reviews the birth, growth and future issues in learning sciences, an ever-growing discipline of human learning research. In the former part of this paper, we trace three groups of researchers who dealt with learning in real classrooms based on their own cognitive studies in 1970s through 1980s. Their trajectories demonstrate the learn-ing sciences as a natural outgrowth of cognitive science as well as a good test field of learning in reality. In the latter part, we discuss current moves of the learning sciences,and identify three issues: (1) how to change and realize our visions of “learning goals,”(2) how to use technology in order to keep records of learning, and (3) how to help everybody make the new version of “learning sciences” as a core common science of all. As an example to deal with the issues simultaneously, we introduce teacher-researcher-government partnerships that create knowledge constructive classrooms, from which every participant can learn to revise her or his vision of goals and learning.

著者

筧 一彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.659-669, 2015

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Speech perception in prelexical processing is reviewed mainly due to the research of the author of this paper to show a view of speech perception. Phonemic features are distributed in time course by co-articulation in speech pro-duction. The distributed features are perceptually integrated to perceive the phoneme according to the intensity of the feature. The basic perceptual unit of speech is larger than phoneme unit. It is determined due to the timing (rhythmic) system of the lis-tener's native language e.g. syllable (French), mora (Japanese), unit determined due to stress (English). These results indicate that the perceptual integration of phonemic feature is organized to perceive a basic perceptual unit. Then cross-linguistic experiments among French, Dutch and Japanese show that a listener of each language perceive the unit not to violate the phonotactic constraints of his/her native language. The results show that it is important to take into account language rhythmic system to learn the language as the second one. Finally, it is proposed that the study of speech perception could contribute to that of language acquisition and second language learning and vice versa.

著者

秋谷 直矩 川島 理恵 山崎 敬一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.78-90, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

4

---

This paper considers how people gain particular participant's orientation in multiparty settings, and explicates its structural features. For that purpose, we did videotape and examine naturally occurring interactions between elderly visitors and care workers within nursing care home for elderly. We analyze how interaction is initiated between elderly visitors and care workers, and how interaction is coordinated between them. In relation to this, Schegloff (2002=2003) and Heath (1984) discussed actions as a pre-initiating activity. Heath (1984) made a definition of it: ‘...whereas a display of availability serves as a pre-initiating activity providing an environment for the occurrence of a range of actions...’(Heath, 1984: 250). In particular, we focus on cases in which a care worker is not displaying availability to an elderly visitor who want to talk to this care worker. In such a situation, an elderly visitor does extra work in order to gain the care worker's availability. Then, When do an elderly visitor gain the care worker's availability? As a result, a care worker's utterance and behavior that suggests possibility of disengagement from participant framework by then are very useful resource for an elderly visitor who want to gain the care worker's availability.

著者

古山 宣洋

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.4, pp.494-498, 2009 (Released:2010-09-10)

参考文献数

15

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This paper discusses the present special issue on “Communication Viewed from Hearers' Behaviors,” focusing on Erving Goffman's participation framework and gestural phenomena observed in conversation. In particular, it points out the possibility to conceive of speaker as a) a hearer, b) a receiver of the information, as well as c) an addressee. It also points out that grand gesture and simultaneous gestural matching can be loci of analysis in understanding how social-interactional plain and cognitive plain interact in investigatory conversation between the suspect and the policemen and⁄or prosecutory officials, and in psychological counseling.

著者

瀧澤 純 山下 利之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.343-352, 2013-09-01 (Released:2014-12-05)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2

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When people make inference about other’s mental state, they refer as an anchor to privileged information which they know and other doesn’t know, thereafter they make adjustment from the anchor to shared information which they know and other know. When adjustment are insufficiently, they use more privileged information, and have more egocentric biases. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether or not considering an anchor could affect strength of egocentric biases. Participants read a story about an e-mail sent from a person to another person and then the participants were asked to infer mental state of recipient. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to make a considering privileged information before making an inference. In Experi-ment 2, cognitive load were operated, participants made an inference under a condition prevented conscious cognitive process. These results showed that participants who con-sidered privileged information had more egocentric biases. These results are discussed cognitive processes controlling use of privileged information.

著者

山田 憲政 阿部 匡樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.4, pp.330-340, 2000-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

20

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Paintings convey static information in two-dimensional form. Human beings have tried to express three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional plane using techniques such as perspective. Attempts have also been made to express changes over time in humans and nature on a static plane. This procedure also requires some techniques for embodiment of the movements in a static canvas.In this study, we examined the embodied movement in the famous painting “The Milkmaid” by Vermeer. The painting was reconstructed in the three-dimensional space, and the movement embodied in the painting (i.e., the milk flowing from the jug) was analyzed.The results of analysis showed that the jug held by the maid must be moving slightly for the milk be to flowing from the jug. This implies that a slight arm movement was embodied by Vermeer in the maid's gesture in the painting, which is contrary to past interpretation of the painting.

著者

西村 友 鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.136-138, 2006 (Released:2008-09-25)

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

1

著者

徃住 彰文

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.369-375, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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The present paper describes a cognitive and computational model of literature appreciation. Thinking and emotion processes involved in literary text processing are analyzed and a layered model of comprehension-appreciation is proposed. Based on psychological experiments, a computational algorithm for a story appreciation mechanism was constructed on a goal/plan based knowledge architecture. Our analysis of aesthetic emotions related to rhetoric aspects of literary texts suggests a cognitive (appraisal and action readiness) structure for aesthetic experiences. Partial implementations of aesthetic processing evoked by a passage from a poetry are described. Finally, the paper discusses an artificial brain approach aimed to unify the mind level theories and the brain level findings.

著者

伊東 昌子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1_121-1_134, 1994-05-20 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

66

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This article discusses 1) theoretical models of text revision, 2) skills required in revision, and 3) effects of writing support systems, including wordprocessors. Revision is not only a corrective process which comes after writing but a recursive reevaluation of the text's intended meaning and structure, occurring over the whole course of writing. Revision basically consists of detecting problems in a text and diagnosing those problems to discover ways of solving them. Diagnosing calls for more skills than detecting does. A writer's personal definition of revision has a strong influence on the processes and results of his revising; as does his ability to make a strategic use of skills and knowledge. Whereas an experienced writer tries to discover in a text what he really wants to communicate to readers and how to express that, a beginning writer identifies revision with rewording - a step which comes after he has already determined what to say. Word processors were expected to improve students' revision by reducing the physical workload in editing a text, which would encourage students to spend more of their cognitive resources in reevaluating a text's structure and coherence. Studies which examined the effects of using a word processor in comparison with pen and paper writing did not support that expectation. When a writer uses a word processor to write and revise a text, he spends less time in planning than when he uses pen and paper. Attention is focused on small segments, rather than on the whole of the text. In addition, writers find it easier to read and understand a text on paper than one on a computer display. In conclusion, also discussed are educational and technological methods for facilitating and improving revision.

著者

溝口 文雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.3, pp.3_1-3_1, 1995-08-31 (Released:2008-10-03)

著者

楠見 孝 田中 優子 平山 るみ

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.69-82, 2012 (Released:2013-12-27)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

5

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This study reports the results of a learning program especially designed to improve critical thinking abilities of freshman undergraduate students. In this learning program, a variety of 90-minute activities was carried out with the help of worksheets that were used for(a) critical reading and discussion,(b) solving problems in three textbooks, (c) short presentation and small group discussion of controversial issues, (d) cooperative textbook reading by pairs, and (e) reflection about one’s own activities in a discussion. Two experimental class studies (Ns =20,18) examining the changes in students’ critical thinking ability, attitude, and knowledge due to this learning program over the period of one semester were carried out. The results of these two studies revealed that the scores of self-rated scales of critical thinking attitude, skills, knowledge, and perception of effectiveness, media literacy signi.cantly improved from the begin-ning to the end of the program. Although mean scores of the Watson-Glaser critical thinking appraisal did not significantly improve in Study 1, signi.cant improvement was observed in the scores of a new cognitive skill-based critical thinking ability scale in Study 2. Finally, the implications of this new learning program of critical thinking are discussed.

著者

若林 芳樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.38-50, 2008 (Released:2009-10-30)

参考文献数

80

被引用文献数

8

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The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of maps in the cognition of geographic space. The research topics were divided into (1) maps as a model of spatial cognition, and (2) maps as a source of spatial knowledge. As for the first topic, maps have become a conceptual model of the spatial cognition and enabled us to elaborate the model of cognitive processing of geospatial information, since Tolman (1948) devised the term of “cognitive map”. As a result, methods for measuring distortions in cognitive maps has been developed and applied by geographers. On the other hand, the role of maps as a source of spatial knowledge will become important as geographic information technologies spread among people. Specifically, advanced techniques for communicating geographic information through 3D view, animation, sound, and VR enabled by GIS lead to reconsideration of the dichotomy between direct and indirect sources of information. Hence, recent trend of digitization of geospatial information can change the role of maps in the cognition of geographic space.

著者

Carl Bereiter

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.3, pp.321-327, 2002-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

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Although there is innovation in education it tends to be sporadic and discontinuous, with the result that innovative practices seldom win out against those with a long evolutionary history. Factors contributing to this condition include the difficulty of envisioning the human consequences of innovations and the predominance of research models that do not contribute to innovation. Design research is an emerging effort to bring what Whitehead called “disciplined progress” into education, but it has not yet taken on a clear form or purpose. Design research is not defined by its methods but by the goals of those who pursue it. Design research is constituted within communities of practice that have certain characteristics of innovativeness, responsiveness to evidence, connectivity to basic science, and dedication to continual improvement.