著者

四日市 康博

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.4, pp.443-472, 2005-04-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

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Jarruci is generally regarded as a judge; however, the post included not only judicial duties but also management of census registers and fiscal administration. Although the relation of census registers to jarruci has not attract researchers' attention to date, it is a matter of no small importance in the structural fabric of the Mongol Empire. In the Secret History of the Mongols, there is a description of the origin of jarruci. It seems that Cinggis Qan decreed to share out people to his clan and establish jarruci at a time. It shows that the jarruci's two duties were interrelation, that is to apportion qubi (assigned territories, people and possessions) shared out among the imperial princes and to try transgressors by jarru. The nomadic groups multilayeredly formed by sharing among the Cinggised lines and dominant noyans were called ulus. One ulus corresponded to each jarruci's jurisdictional limits. Jarruci's administrative role was closely connected to the structure of the Mongol Empire composed of multilayered uluses. From superordinate ulus to subordinate ulus, sharing olja (spoils) were shared as qubi. At the connecting points of such a multilayered social structure, jarruci apportioned qubi justly, and kept order among the ulus. Jarruci investigated olja and reported the results to the qan of his ulus, then carried out the apportionment of qubi as ordered by the qan. At the same time, jarruci were dispatched from subordinate ulus to superordinate ulus to ensure qubi of his ulus. Jarruci, in other words, redistributed qubi inside their own ulus and as a dispatched offical ensured qubi outside their own ulus. Ulus and ulus, sedentary territories and nomadic territories were connected by jarruci, and thereby the Mongol Empire was able to maintain a certain degree of uniformity as a single state.

出版者

法政大学出版局

巻号頁・発行日

2015

著者

高木 美也子

出版者

日本生命倫理学会

雑誌

生命倫理 (ISSN:13434063)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.44-51, 2009

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2

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ヒトの脳内神経回路網の一部を植込み電極と体内埋設型刺激デバイスで刺激する脳深部刺激療法(DBS)により、不随意運動など多くの脳機能障害が劇的に改善されることから、日本でもこの治療を受ける患者が年々増加している。近年、うつ病や強迫性障害などの精神疾患に対してもDBSの効果が報告され、ドイツ、フランス、ベルギー、USA、カナダ等で治療として医学的な実験(治験)が開始されている。しかしながらDBSは脳内の神経回路網に組み込まれた刺激デバイスが脳機能を改変する危険性を孕んでおり、特に精神疾患ではその影響が大きいと考えられる。欧米では、治験をどのような安全基準で行なっているのか。ここでは、2008年1月にドイツ、フランスで行なった調査を踏まえ、精神疾患に対するDBS治療の安全性や適用範囲、患者の選択基準、人格に与える影響や社会的な懸念、さらには過去に精神疾患治療に使われたロボトミー手術などから倫理面を考察した。

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経レストラン (ISSN:09147845)

巻号頁・発行日

no.437, pp.45-52, 2011-03

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店舗を増やしていくとき、4店舗まではオーナーのマンパワーで運営することができますが、5店舗目からはオーナー一人では目が行き届かなくなり、店舗運営に支障を来すことが多いのです。それを回避するためにも、全店舗の合同研修などの仕組みを取り入れるのはいいことです。

著者

山本 佐門

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.4, pp.523-530, 2004-04-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

鈴木 淳

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.11, pp.1924, 2004-11-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

小澤 実

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.9, pp.1615-1616, 2004-09-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

小沼 明生

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.12, pp.2081, 2004-12-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

Sayaka Adachi Norie Sawada Kenya Yuki Miki Uchino Motoki Iwasaki Kazuo Tsubota Shoichiro Tsugane

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.21-29, 2021-01-05 (Released:2021-01-05)

参考文献数

52

被引用文献数

6

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Background: Although the consumption of vegetables and fruits is reported to influence the risk of cataract, no prospective study of this association from Asia has yet appeared. Here, we investigated the association between vegetable and fruit intake and cataract incidence in a large-scale population-based prospective cohort study in Japan.Methods: This study included 32,387 men and 39,333 women aged 45–74 years who had no past history of cataract and had completed a dietary questionnaire of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Cohort Study. The incidence of cataract was evaluated after 5-year follow-up. We used multiple logistic regression analyses to estimate the sex-specific odds ratios (ORs), with adjustment for confounding factors.Results: We identified 1,836 incident cataracts in 594 men and 1,242 women. In men, the OR for cataract was decreased with higher intake of vegetables (ORQ5 vs Q1, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59–1.01; Ptrend across quartile categories = 0.03) and cruciferous vegetables (ORQ5 vs Q1, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57–0.96; Ptrend = 0.02). In contrast, the OR for cataract was increased with higher intake of vegetables among women (ORQ5 vs Q1, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06–1.53; Ptrend = 0.01). Green and yellow vegetable and fruit intake were not associated with cataract in either sex.Conclusions: This study suggests that vegetables may reduce the risk of cataract in men, but not in women.

著者

佐々木 紳

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.7, pp.118-119, 2002-07-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

渡部 良子

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.2, pp.256-257, 2003-02-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

吉田 豊子

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.10, pp.1621-1645,1731-, 2002-10-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

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It has been maintained that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) continued to adopt a policy of granting "national-territorial autonomy" to the nationalists in the Inner Mongolia and that the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government was a landmark of this policy. This essay aims at shedding light on this problem by analyzing the changes of the CCP's Mongolia policy in terms of changing domestic and international circumstances, especially its relationship to the kuomintang (KMT). Immediately after World War II, the nationalist movement began to gather momentum in the East Mongolia, West Mongolia and Kholon Buir, resulting in the establishment of a government in each area, supported by the Soviet-Outer Mongolia army. These governments claimed to be annexed to Outer Mongolia; however, that claim was rejected. The nationalists in East Mongolia, the strongest group in power in the three areas, established a government that was meant to be a "autonomous to a high degree" and attempted to negotiate with the CCP and KMT to attain that purpose. Opposing this, the CCP organized the Federation of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Movement in west Mongolia where it wielded strong influence. The CCP's policy at that juncture was first to establish a self government at the aimag (盟) -banner (旗) -level under the provincial governments and then establish an autonomous government at a higher level in order to unite the entire area of Inner Mongolia. After the Political Consultative Conference, however, the CCP changed its policy towards the Mongolia in line with the purport of the Resolution of the Conference, by which the CCP made concessions to the KMT in terms of local self-government under provincial governments. This change in policy put the CCP in an advantageous political position against the KMT, but it worked to its disadvantage in terms of its East Mongolia policy. Subsequently, the CCP succeeded in reorganizing East Mongolia, which was being hard pressed by the withdrawal of the Soviet-Outer Mongolia army and deployment of the KMT army, into the 'legitimate' Khinggan Provincial Government through the Chengde Conference. The CCP was, however, caught in a dilemma, being faced with dissatisfaction among the Mongolian people over its policy and the strained military circumstances. It is rather ironical that the CCP was freed from this by the KMT's revocation of the Resolution of the Political Consultative Conference in its National Assembly,which caused dismay among the Mongolian people. On this, the CCP agreed to give a"high degree autonomy" to East Mongolia, purposing to mobilize the East Mongolian people against the KMT. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government was thus established, meaning that this government would not lead directly to"national-territorial autonomy".

著者

杉浦 幹太

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.10, pp.1702-1703, 2002-10-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

塩谷 哲史

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.6, pp.1116-1117, 2003-06-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

鍋谷 郁太郎

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, no.12, pp.2164-2165, 2001-12-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

著者

佐藤 専次

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.8, pp.108, 2002-08-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

鈴木 楠緒子

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.1, pp.75-98, 2003-01-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

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The Prussian government sent a mission to East Asia between 1860 and 1862 headed by Prussian Count Eulenburg, for the purpose of establishing diplomatic relations with Japan, CHina (Qing Dynasty) and Siam (Thaialnd).This Eulenburg Mission (the Prussian Expedition to East Asia) is known as the originator of the German view of East Asia, and was the first diplomatic move that Prussia made on behalf of "Germany",expect for Austria.The present article reconsiders the historical meaning of the Mission in the context of history of German unification, since it has been interpreted merely within the framework of the history of the two parties : Germany, on one hand and each of the East Asian states, on the other.The author attempts to clarify the hopes and the responses to this event among Prussian liberals who took the lead in discussing german Unification at that time, based on Koelnische Zeitung and the official records of Prussian parliamentary proceedings.She makes clear that the experiences of the Mission contributed very much to deepeng the discussion about the future of "Germany" among them.They highly estimated the meaning that this event could have in "German" national politics as the first foreign policy based on the Lesser German prnciple.However, by establishing diplomatic relations with the three East Asian states, they recognized that as long as they maintained existing "German"institutions, the human rights of "Germans" might be violated in such area as East Asia, where the principle of personalism was being applied to Europeans and Americans.Thereafter, the German Question came to be discussed in consideration of overseas "Germans" and related laws began to be passed.Although it was eventually the militry conquest of "Germany" by Bismarck that quickly solved such problems, the encounter between the Mission and East Asia also played an important role in the development of the German unification problem, this way.

著者

山鳥 重

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1988, no.93, pp.81-95, 1988-03-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

15

著者

藤村 幹 冨永 悌二

出版者

日本脳神経外科コングレス

雑誌

脳神経外科ジャーナル (ISSN:0917950X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.10, pp.844-850, 2016 (Released:2016-10-25)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

2 1

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頭蓋外内血行再建術は脳虚血症状を有するもやもや病に対する有効な治療法である. 直接血行再建術による術直後から脳血流改善に加え, 間接血行再建術により慢性期血管新生誘導が期待できる. 鈴木分類で示される本疾患の基礎病態, すなわち内頚動脈系から外頚動脈系への緩やかな血流依存の変換 (IC-EC conversion) といった本疾患に内蔵された生理的代償機構を達成・促進するうえでも, 頭蓋外内血行再建術は完成されたコンセプトを持つ治療法である. Japan Adult Moyamoya Trialの結果を受け, 本術式の適応は出血発症例にも拡大傾向にある. 周術期においては脳虚血や過灌流症候群などの合併症回避が重要である.

著者

倉持 清美

出版者

一般社団法人 日本発達心理学会

雑誌

発達心理学研究 (ISSN:09159029)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.1-8, 1992-09-25 (Released:2017-07-20)

被引用文献数

1

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幼稚園の自由遊び時間に生じた子ども達のいざこざを観察し, いざこざの中で使用される方略が, いざこざ当事者の子ども達の関係によって異なるかどうかを検討した。子ども同士の関係は, 同じ遊び集団に所属しているのか, あるいは異なる遊び集団に所属しているのかどうかで分類した。幼稚園の年長2クラスの5歳から6歳までの42人の子ども達について, 4月から10月までの自由遊び時間にテープレコーダーとフィールドノートを使って週に2〜3回観察して, 37の事例を収集した。同じ遊び集団に属する子ども達の間では, 主に, 物を先取りしていることを主張する方略と, その物を所有することが展開されている遊びにとって必要であること, 例えばお母さん役の子どもが所有することが妥当であることを示す方略を使用した。異なる遊び集団に属する子ども達は, 貸すための条件を示す方略と借りる限度を示す方略を使用した。この結果は, 子ども達がいざこざの中で使用する方略が子ども達同士の関係の違いによって選択されていることを示した。